OF     THE 


RESERVE, 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


The  History  of  The  jd  Regiment, 
Pennsylvania  Reserve. 

By  MAJ.  E.  M.  WOODWARD, 

Author  of  The  Citizen  Soldiery;  Our  Campaigns;  Bonaparte's  Park  and  The  Murats; 

History  of  Burlington  County.  N.  J.;  Old  Families  of  Burlington 

County,  N.  J.;  etc.,  etc. 

Embellished  with  four  finely-executed  Steel  Portraits. 

327  pages,  large  type,  heavy  tinted  paper,  substantially  bound  in  board 
and  cloth.     Full  index.     Price,  $2.50.     Now  ready  for  delivery. 

It  contains  the  only  full  arpmmfr  p. v^r  published  of  the  expedition  _nf    ^*"*" 
X     General  George  Crook,  ("  the  Grey  Fox  "  5T  the  Indians,)  in  West  Virginia.        / 


The  History  of  The  iy8th  Regiment, 

Pennsylvania  Vohmteers,  (Sixth 

Union  Leag^ley  Phila^) 

By  MAJ.  E.  M.  WOODWARD. 

Embellished  with  four  finely-executed  Steel  Portraits. 

About  200  pages,  large  type,  heavy  tinted  paper,  substantially  bound 
in  board  and  cloth.  Full  index.  Price,  $2.00.  Will  be  ready  for  delivery 
in  November  next. 

These  Regiments  were  organized  by  Major  General  H.  G.  Sickel,  and  composed  part  of 
his  command.  Their  services  jointly  covered  the  period  of  the  existence  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  from  Drainesville  to  Appomatox  Court  House.  A  correct  and 
vivid  description  is  given  of  their  camps,  marches,  bivouacs,  skirmishes  and  bat- 
tles, and  of  the  hardships,  joys  and  glories  of  the  tented  field.  Also,  the  personal 
record  of  every  officer  and  man  during  his  term  of  service.  Many  amusing  inci- 
dents and  anecdotes,  illustrative  of  the  lile  and  feelings  of  a  soldier,  are  also  given. 

The  journal  of  General  Sickel,  the  regimental  books,  the  reports  of  battles  and  cam- 
paigns, the  evidence  elicited  by  the  Congressional  Committee  on  the  Conductor 
the  War,  the  maps  of  the  Engineer  Bureau,  war  books,  numerous  letters  from 
officers  and  men,  the  author's  journal  and  knowledge  of  facts,  furnished  the 
material  for  these  histories.  The  whole  manuscript  was  submitted  to  the  inspec- 
tion of  a  number  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Regiments;  no  statement  has 
been  made  that  did  not  seem  to  rest  upon  authentic  information,  and  the  end  and 
aim  of  the  author  has1  been  to  give  clear,  truthful  and  impartial  histories  of  the 
Regiments  and  the  scenes  they  participated  in.  Minor  omissions  doubtlessly 
have  been  made,  and  errors  have  crept  in — perfection  is  not  claimed. 

The  History  of  The  3d  Pennsylvania  Reserve  will  be  sent  to  any 
address,  post  paid,  upon  the  receipt  of  the  price,  $2.50.  Postals  Notes  on 
Bordentown,  N.  J.,  or  Bank  Checks  preferred. 

Orders  for  the  History  of  the  198th  Regiment,  Pennsylvania  Volunteers, 
received,  and  book  mailed  to  subscribers  in  November  next. 

Address, 

E.   M.   WOODWARD, 
ELLISDALE,  MONMOUTH  Co.,  NEW  JERSEY. 


THIRD  PENNSYLYMIH  RESERVE 


*by  AJf  Ritchie 


HISTORY 


COMPLETE  RECORD  OF  THE  REGIMENT, 


INCIDENTS  OF  THE  CAMP,  MARCHES,  BIVOUACS,  SKIRMISHES 

AND  BATTLES;    TOGETHER  WITH  THE  PERSONAL 

RECORD  OF  EVERY  OFFICER  AND  MAN 

DURING  HIS  TERM  OF  SERVICE. 


MAJOR  E.  M.  WOODWARD, 

AUTHOR   OF 

The  Citizen  Soldiery;    Our  Campaigns;  History  of  the  One  Hundred 
and  Ninety-eighth  Pennsylvania  Vohmteers ;  Bonaparte's  Park 
and  the  Murats ;  History  of  Burlington  County,  N.  J.; 
Old  Families  of  Burlington  County,  N.  J.,  etc.      X^ 


EMBELLISHED  WITH  FOUR  STEEL-PLRTE  PORTRAITS. 


TRENTON,  N.  J. : 

MACCRELLISH    &    QUIGLEY,    BOOK    AND    JOB    PRINTERS,    l6    E.   STATE    ST. 

I883. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1883,  by 

E.  M.  WOODWARD, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


TO   THE   MEMORY   OF 

GEORGE  GORDON  MEADE, 

THE    HERO   OF    GETTYSBURG,    THE   SUCCESSFUL   COMMANDER    OF   THE 
ARMY   OF   THE  POTOMAC,  AND   OK  THE  RESERVES. 

WITH   THE 

HIGHEST  ADMIRATION 

jjp  OF   HIS 

j^N  DISTINGUISHED   ABILITY,    UNSELFISH    PATRIOTISM 

^5  AND   CHRISTIAN   VIRTUES, 

THIS  RECORD 

ac 

<  OF   THE   SCENES   HE   PARTICIPATED    IN 

OC  ^ 

OB  3  IS   RESPECTFULLY   INSCRIBED   BY 

THE  AUTHOR. 


I 

ul 


443343 


CONTENTS, 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIFFERENCE  IN  THOUGHTS  AND  SENTIMENTS — THE  THREATS  OF  THE  SOUTH 

—  STATES  SECEDE  —  THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES  —  PRESIDENTS  DAVIS 
AND    LINCOLN  —  FALL    OF    SUMTER  —  CHARLESTON    IN    ECSTASY  — 
SEVENTY-FIVE    THOUSAND    TROOPS    CALLED    FOR  —  PENNSYLVANIA'S 
RESPONSE — ORGANIZATION   OF  THE  RESERVE  CORPS  —  CAMP  WASH- 
INGTON—  MOTTOES  —  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  THIRD  — ROSTER  OF  THE 
REGIMENT. 

CHAPTER  II. 

BATTLE  OF  BULL  RUN,  1861  —  LEAVE  CAMP  WASHINGTON  —  CAMP  CURTIN 

—  BALTIMORE — WASHINGTON  —  MUSTERED  INTO  THE  U.  S.  SERVICE 

—  EXCHANGE  OF  ARMS  —  To   TENALLYTOWN  —  GENERAL   M'CALL  — 
SCHOOL  OF  INSTRUCTION — LIQUOR  AND  CARDS  PROHIBITED  —  REVIEW 
OF  THE  DIVISION  —  CAPTURE  BY  PICKETS  —  REVIEW  BY  THE  PRESI- 
DENT—  ALARM  —  PRESENTATION  OF  FLAGS  —  ORGANIZATION  OF  BRI- 
GADES AND  DIVISIONS  —  THR  STAFFS  —  THE  POTOMAC  LODGE  —  STATE 
ELECTION. 

CHAPTER  III. 

INTO  VIRGINIA  —  CAMP  PIERPONT  —  THE  LONG  ROLL  — DEATH  OF  PRI- 
VATE SEIFERT  —  RECONNOISSANCE  TO  DRAINESVILLE  —  BALLS  BLUFF 

—  REVIEW  —  MOVE  CAMP  —  RESIGNATIONS  AND  PROMOTIONS  —  REVIEW 
AT  MUNSON'S  HILL  —  WINTER  QUARTERS  —  THE  COLONEL  AND  THE 
DELINQUENTS  —  BAYARD'S  SKIRMISH  —  FORAGING  EXPEDITION  —  BAT- 
TLE OF  DRAINESVILLE — GALLANTRY  OF  LIEUTENANT-COLONEL  KANE  — 
CHRISTMAS  AND  PISTOLS  —  WINTER  —  VIRGINIA  FAMILY  —  A  BRAVE 
GIRL  —  PICKETING  —  "  TAKING  FRENCH  "  —  DEATHS  AND  PROMOTIONS. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

1862 — WAITING  FOR  THE  ADVANCE  —  JOHNSTON  SUPERCEDES  BEAUREGARD 

—  ARMY  CORPS  —  OPENING  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  OF  1862  —  MARCH  OF 
THE    RESERVES  —  HUNTER'S    MILLS  —  ACTIVE    MINDS    vs.    BODILY 


8  CONTENTS. 

STRENGTH — PATRIOTS  AROUSED  —  To  ALEXANDRIA  —  REVIEW  OP  THE 
FIRST  CORPS  —  DEPARTMENT  OP  THB  RAPPAHANNOCK  —  GENERAL 
M'DOWELL —  To  MANASSAS  JUNCTION  —  INSURGENT  DEBRIS  —  CON 

FEDERATE     EAGLE  —  NAUGHTY     BOYS  —  CATLETT     STATION  —  WHITE 

RIDGE  —  SLAVES  —  THE  CONCEALED  FLAG  —  A  FINANCIAL  TRANSAC- 
TION—  REVIEW  AND  INSPECTION  —  THE  PRESIDENT  —  FREDERICKS- 
BURG —  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  BRIDGES — IN  SEARCH  OF  HER  HUS- 
BAND. 

CHAPTER  V. 

EMBARKATION  FOR  THE  PENINSULA  —  BY  STEAM  TO  THE  WHITE  HOUSE  — 
"FOR  THE  EMBALMING  THE  DEAD"  —  BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE  SIEGE  OF 
YORKTOWN  —  EXTRACTS  FROM  "  THE  LOST  CAUSE  ''  —  MAGRUDER'S 
REPORT,  AND  COLONEL  FREMANTLE  —  GENERALS  BARNARD,  SUMNER 
AND  KEYES;  W.  H.  HURLBERT  AND  REV.  MR.  MINNIGERODE,  ON 
FAIR  OAKS  —  To  DISPATCH  STATION  —  To  THE  CHIOKAHOMINY —  THE 
THIRD  SHELLED  OUT  —  COURTESY  OF  THE  PICKET  LINE  —  A  GALLANT 
DASH  —  BATTLE  OF  MECHANICSVILLE — INSURGENTS'  ACCOUNT  OF  THE 
BATTLE  —  MEADE'S  COLORED  MAN. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  RETREAT  COMMENCED  —  BATTLE  OF  GAINES'  MILLS  —  STRENGTH  OF 
THE  ARMIES  —  DESPERATE  FIGHTING  —  CAPTURE  OF  THE  ELEVENTH 
RESERVES  AND  THE  FOURTH  N.  J. —  RE-ENFORCEMENTS  CALLED  FOR  — 
FORM  FOR  THE  LAST  STRUGGLE — SUCCOR  ARRIVES  —  THE  ENEMY  AT 
BAY  —  THE  FIELD  HOSPITAL  —  GENERAL  REYNOLDS  CAPTURED — THE 
FRENCH  PRINCES  —  AN  INSURGENT'S  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  RESERVES  — 
THE  Loss  OF  THE  ARMIES  AND  THE  RESERVES  —  M'CLELLAN'S  REPORT 

—  MAGRUDER'S   REPORT  —  CROSSING  THE   CHICKAHOMINY — TRENT'S 
HlLL  —  M'CLELLAN  AND  LEE  DECEIVED — THE  RETREAT  CONTINUED 

—  NIGHT  MARCH — SAVAGE  STATION  — THE  WOUNDED  —  MOVEMENTS 
OF  THE  ARMIES  —  BATTLES  OF  ALLEN'S  FARM  AND  SAVAGE  STATION  — 
STRAGGLERS  AND  CAMP  FOLLOWERS  —  A  NIGHT  ON  PICKET. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  BATTLE  OP  GLENDALE  —  SIMMONS'  DESPERATE  CHARGES  —  DEATH  OP 
SIMMONS  AND  BIDDLE  —  COOPER'S  AND  KERNS'  BATTERIES  CHARGED  — 
GLORIOUS  CHARGE  OF  THE  NINTH  —  RANDALL'S  BATTERY  CHARGED  — 
THE  LAST  STRUGGLE  OF  THE  DAY  —  DESPERATE  CONFLICT  —  BRAVERY 
OF  CAPTAIN  TAPPER — THE  BATTERY  DEMOLISHED  —  MEADE  WOUNDED 

—  M'CALL  WOUNDED  AND  PRISONER,  His  STAFF  AND  ESCORT  KILLED 
OR  WOUNDED  —  WHAT  M'CALL,  LEE,  PRYOR,  AN  OFFICER  OF  THE 
CONFEDERATE  ARMY,  M'CLELLAN,  PORTER,  MEADE  AND  BEATTY  SAY 
ABOUT  IT  —  To  MALVERN  HILL. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  MALVERN  HILL  —  THE  FIELD  —  FEELING  OUR  LINE  — 
OMINOUS  STILLNESS  —  THE  THREE  O'CLOCK  ASSAULT  —  THE  Six 
O'CLOCK  ASSAULT  —  FEARFUL  CARNAGE  —  UTTER  REPULSE  AND  CON- 
FUSION OF  THE  ENEMY  —  GENERAL  TRIMBLE'S  ACCOUNT — HEAVY 
Loss  OF  THE  ENEMY  —  THE  Loss  OF  BOTH  ARMIES  IN  THE  SEVEN 
DAYS'  BATTLE  —  BOTH  ARMIES  RETREAT  —  INDIGNATION  —  PORTER'S 
AND  HOOKER'S  OPINION  —  KEARNY'S  PROTEST  —  HARRISON'S  LAND- 
ING—  REMARKS  —  LIBBY  PRISON  —  KINDNESS  OF  THE  INSURGENT 
PRIVATES. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

PUTTING  THE  ARMY  INTO  FIGHTING  ORDER  —  As  BRIGHT  AS  NEW  DOLLARS 
—  NICE  PREDICAMENT  —  VISIT  OF  THE  PRESIDENT  —  GAMBLING  LIEU- 
TENANT—  RESIGNATIONS  AND  PROMOTIONS  —  MIDNIGHT  SHELLING  — 
THE  COLES  HOUSE  —  RUFFIN  FIRES  THE  FIRST  AND  LAST  SHOT  — 
THE  YOUNG  SPY — HOOKER'S  FIGHT  AT  MALVERN  HILL  —  THE  AMBU- 
LANCE CORPS  —  M'CALL  —  REYNOLDS'  SWORD  —  WITHDRAWAL  OF  THE 
ARMY  —  ABANDONMENT  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  —  CAUSE  OF  ITS  FAILURE. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  RESERVES  TO  THE  RELIEF  OF  POPE  —  EMBARKATION  OF  THE  THIRD  — 
ACQUIA  CREEK  —  FALMOUTH  —  BANKS  AT  CEDAR  MOUNTAIN  — POPE'S 
MOVEMENTS  —  ARRIVAL  OF  GENERAL  MEADE  —  To  RAPPAHANNOCK 
STATION  —  THE  FIRST  TO  JOIN  POPE  —  WARRENTON  —  MARCH  —  SKIR- 
MISH —  SECOND  BULL  RUN  —  FIGHTING  OF  THE  28TH  —  KING'S  BATTLE 
—  RICKETTS'  COMBAT  —  TOPOGRAPHY  OF  MANASSAS  PLAINS  —  FIGHT- 
ING OF  THE  29TH  —  JACKSON'S  AND  LONGSTREET'S  POSITION  —  THE 
JOINT  ORDER  —  POPE'S  MISTAKE  —  M'DOWELL  AND  PORTER — MA- 
NOEUVRE —  HARD  FIGHTING  —  CHARGE  A  BATTERY  —  THE  30iH  —  Two 
DAYS  WITHOUT  FOOD  —  THE  POSITION  OF  THE  ARMIES  —  RESERVES 
SKIRMISHING  —  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  THUNDERBOLT  —  POPE'S  PLAN  OF 
BATTLE  —  POPE'S  FATAL  BLUNDER  —  THE  RESERVES  SEIZE  HENRY'S 
HILL  —  GLORIOUS  CHARGE  —  INCESSANT  ASSAULTS  —  THE  BRIDGE 
SAVED  —  ORDERLY  WITHDRAWAL  —  STRENGTH  OF  THE  ARMIES  — 
CAUSE  OF  THE  Loss  OF  THE  BATTLE  —  GENERAL  PORTER'S  CASE  — 
CENTREVILLE  —  PICKET —  BATTLE  OF  CHANTILLY —  RUNAWAY  SCHOOL- 
GIRLS. 

2* 


10  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

POPE  SUPERSEDED  BY  M'CLELLAN —  CROSS  THE  POTOMAC  —  THE  MARCH 
THROUGH  MARYLAND  —  FREDERICK,  EARLY  IN  THE  MORNING  —  THE 
BOUQUET  OF  FLOWERS — WANTED  His  TOOTH  PULLED  —  BATTLE  OF 
SOUTH  MOUNTAIN  —  PLEASANTON  ATTACKS  —  BURNSIDE  COMES  UP  — 
LONGSTREET  SUPERSEDES  HlLL  —  FALL  OF  RENO — HOOKER  FLANKS  — 
LAUGHABLE  SCENE  —  RESERVES  SCALE  THE  MOUNTAINS —  FREE  FIGHT 
—  VICTORY  —  MARCH  —  BOONSBORO  —  PRISONERS. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

BATTLE  OF  ANTIETAM  —  STRENGTH  OF  THE  ARMIES  —  THE  RESERVES 
OPEN  THE  BATTLE  —  THE  I?TH  —  ATTACK  BEFORE  DAYLIGHT  —  DES- 
PERATE FIGHTING  —  FALL  OF  MANSFIELD — "BULL"  SUMNER  GOES 
IN  —  HOOKER  WOUNDED  —  GALLANTRY  OF  BARLOW  —  RICHARDSON 
KILLED  —  BURNSIDE  ON  THE  LEFT — BRILLIANT  CHARGE  OF  HART- 
RANFT — LOSS  OF  THE  THIRD  —  LOSS  OF  THE  TwO  ARMIES  —  TROPH. 
IBS  —  FIELD  HOSPITAL  —  A  SURGEON'S  DUTY  —  REBELS  RECROSS  THE 
POTOMAC  —  THE  FIELD  AFTER  THE  BATTLE  —  BURYING  THE  DEAD 

—  GRIFFIN  CAPTURES  A  BATTERY  —  STUART  REPULSED. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  VISIT  —  STUART  RAIDS  TO  CHAMBERSBURG  —  RESIGNA- 
TIONS AND  PROMOTIONS  —  THE  DOCTOR'S  BIRTHDAY  —  EFFORT  TO 
REORGANIZE  THE  RESERVES  —  ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-FIRST  AND 
ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY  SECOND  REGIMENTS,  PENNSYLVANIA  VOLUN- 
TEERS—  PROMOTION  OF  REYNOLDS  —  MEADE  COMMANDS  THE  RESERVES 

—  MARCH  TO  BERLIN  —  CROSS  THE  POTOMAC  —  SNICKER'S  GAP  —  MID- 
DLEBURG  —  PAROLED   REBS  —  WHITE   PLAINS  —  WARRENTON  —  THE 
GENEROUS   CORPORAL  —  BURNSIDE    SUPERSEDES    M'CLELLAN  —  FITZ 
JOHN  PORTER  RELIEVED  —  PLANS  OF  CAMPAIGN  —THE  GRAND  DIVI- 
SION—  To   FAYETTEVILLE  —  DEPARTURE  OF   SEYMOUR  —  BEALTON  — 
HARTWOOD  —  BROOKE'S  STATION — THE  PICKET — COOL  POLITENESS  — 
MARCH. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

SUMNE-R  SUMMONS  FREDERICKSBURG  —  BOMBARDMENT  —  LAYING  PONTOOVS 

—  BATTLE  OF  FREDERICKSBURG  —  THE  FIELD,  AND  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
ARMIES  —  GLORIOUS  CHARGE  OF  THE  RESERVES  —  THE  HEIGHTS  CAR- 
RIED—  SUPPORT  FAILS  —  FRANKLIN'S  TESTIMONY  —  MEADE'S  REPORT 


CONTENTS.  11 

—  LEE'S    REPORT — EXTRACT  —  JACKSON'S   Loss   EXCEEDS   THE   RE- 
SERVES' STRENGTH  —  BACK  OP  THE  CITY,  ON  THE  RIGHT  —  MARYE'S 
HEIGHTS  —  DESPERATE  CHARGES — HUMPHREY'S  GALLANT  BUT  FATAL 
CHARGE  —  THE  Loss  OP  THE  Two  ARMIES  —  UNWORTHY  OF  LEE  — 
JACKSON'S    REPORT  —  DIVINE    SERVICE   ON   THE    FIELD  —  FLAG    OP 
TRUCE  —  OUR  DEAD  AND  WOUNDED  —  RE-CROSS  THE  RIVER  —  BURN- 
SIDE'S  NOBLE  QUALITIES. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

MARCH  TO  WHITE  OAK  CHURCH  —  WINTER  QUARTERS  —  GENERAL  MEADE 
PROMOTED  —  SICKEL  SUCCEEDS  HIM  —  BURNSIDE'S  MUD  EXPEDITION 

—  HOOKER  SUPERSEDES  BURNSIDE  —  BELL   PLAIN — ALEXANDRIA  — 
SICKEL  IN  COMMAND  OF  THE  DEFENCES  —  THE  FIRST  AND  THIRD  BRI- 
GADES TO  GETTYSBURG — DETAILS  —  CAPTAIN  FISHER'S  ESCAPE  FROM 
LIBBY  —  TWENTY-ONE  PATRIOTS  —  NEW  FLAGS  —  RESIGNATIONS  AND 
PROMOTIONS. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

1863-64  —  MOVE  TO  MARTINSBURG  —  NEW  CREEK  —  AFTER  ROSSER  — 
BACK  TO  MARTINSBURG  —  AFTER  GILMORE  —  To  VANCLEVESVILLE  — 
HARPERS  FERRY  —  To  GRAFTON  —  WEBSTER  —  FENCE  RAILS  —  ACCI- 
DENT TO  MAJOR  BRINER  —  ARRIVAL  OF  SICKEL  —  To  PARKERSBURG — 

DOWN  THE  OHIO  AND  UP  THE  KANAWHA —  BROWNSTOWN. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

1864  —  GENERAL  CROOK'S  EXPEDITION  —  ITS  STRENGTH  —  SICKEL  COM- 
MANDS THE  THIRD  BRIGADE —  His  STAFF  —  THE  MARCH  —  EX-PRES- 
IDENT HAYES  —  GREAT  FALLS  —  COTTON  MOUNTAIN  —  FAYETTE  COURT 
HOUSE  —  AVERILL  DETACHED  —  WILD  AND  RUGGED  COUNTRY — THE 
MOUNTAINEERS  —  RALEIGH  COURT  HOUSE  —  ROSECRANS' TRAIN — THE 
MOUNTAINS  FIRED  —  SKIRMISH  AT  PRINCETON  COURT  HOUSE  —  INSUR- 
GENTS' WORKS  —  SKIRMISH  —  WOOLF  CREEK  —  SKIRMISH  —  CAPTAIN 
HARMER  KILLED  —  VERY  THOUGHTFUL  —  SHANNON'S  BRIDGE  —  BAT- 
TLE OF  CLOYD  MOUNTAIN  —  POSTING  THE  TROOPS — POSITION  OF  THE 
ENEMY  —  CLIMBING  THE  MOUNTAIN  —  WOOLWORTH  KILLED  AND  LEN- 
H ART  WOUNDED  —  SICKEL  LAYS  Low  AND  FLANKS — SWINGING  FROM 
BUSH  TO  BUSH — STORMING  THE  WORKS  —  VICTORY  —  ONTO  DUBLIN 

—  THE  WOUNDED  AND  TROPHIES  —  THE  LOSSES — TELEGRAPHING  TO 
THE  INSURGENTS  —  BRECKENRIDGE  DECEIVED  —  DESTRUCTION  OF  DE- 
POTS—  TEARING  UP  THE  RAILROAD — BATTLE  OF  NEW  RIVER  BRIDGE 

—  DEFEAT  OF  M'CAUSLAND  —  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  BRIDGE. 


12  CONTEXTS. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

AVERILL'S  FIGHT  AT  WTTHEVILLE  —ATTACKING  THE  REAR  GUARD — THE 
RETURN  MARCH  — BLACKSBURG —  LA  RUE'S  SKIRMISH  —  NINETEENTH 
VIRGINIA  CAVALRY  —  UNION  COURT  HOUSE — CROSSING  THE  GREEN- 
BRIER —  HARD  MARCHES  —  POOR  FORAGING  —  MEADOW  BLUFF — SUF- 
FERING OF  THE  WOUNDED  —  LEWISBURG — THE  RESERVES'  THREE 
YEARS  EXPIRE — THE  BATTALION  —  ITS  OFFICERS — FAREWELL  TO 
COMRADES  —  FACES  HOMEWARD  —  CROSS  THE  SEWELL  —  REACH  CAMP 
PIATT —By  STEAMER  TO  PITTSBURG  —  BY  RAIL  TO  PHILADELPHIA  — 
THE  BAND — THE  WELCOME. 


ILLUSTRKTIONS. 


THE  AUTHOR,   -  Frontispiece. 

MAJOR-GENERAL  H.  G.  SICKEL,  -  -        Page     17 

LIEUTENANT  COLONEL  JOHN  C.  CLARK, Page  202 

"Ton," Page  118 


PREPUCE. 


PO  LONG  as  the  sword  is  to  be  the  arbitrator  of  the  dif- 
^  ferences  among  nations,  the  only  safety  that  remains  to 
a  government  is  in  the  courage  of  its  soldiery.  In  the  late 
struggle  the  national  unity  was  preserved,  the  principles  of 
self-government  perpetuated,  and  every  man's  right  to  him- 
self established,  through  the  blessing  of  God  and  the  bravery 
of  the  men  who  carried  the  musket,  and  who  led  in  the 
deadly  conflict.  It  is  a  pleasing  task  to  record  their  deeds 
of  valor,  their  privations,  hardships  and  sufferings,  their  fidel- 
ity and  constancy. 

While  the  regiment  preserved  its  identity  in  battle  and 
throughout  the  campaign,  it  also  sustained  intimate  relations 
to  the  brigade,  division,  corps  and  army.  Therefore,  in  giv- 
ing its  history,  so  much  of  the  operations  of  the  higher 
organizations  has  been  given  as  to  show  its  relations  with 
them  and  preserve  the  thread  of  the  general  narrative. 

The  journal  of  General  Sickel,  kept  on  the  field,  the  regi- 
mental books,  the  reports  of  battles  and  campaigns  made 
by  general  officers,  the  evidence  elicited  by  the  Congressional 
Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War,  the  maps  of  the 
Engineer  Bureau,  war  books,  numerous  letters  from  officers 
and  men,  the  author's  journal,  and  knowledge  of  facts,  fur- 
nish the  material  for  this  history. 

The  rolls  have  been  so  prepared  as  to  show  the  main  items 
of  the  record  of  ea«h  individual  soldier,  and  the  lists  of  the 
killed,  wounded  and  missing  of  each  battle  taken  from  the 


16  PMEFACE. 

company  reports.  The  whole  manuscript  was  submitted  to 
the  inspection  of  a  number  of  officers  and  men  of  the  regi- 
ment, before  printing;  no  statement  has  been  made  that 
did  not  seem  to  rest  upon  authentic  information,  and  the 
end  and  aim  of  the  author  has  been  to  give  a  clear,  truthful 
and  just  history  of  the  regiment  and  the  scenes  it  partici- 
pated in.  Minor  omissions  doubtlessly  have  been  made,  and 
errors  have  crept  in — perfection  is  not  claimed. 

If  the  perusal  of  this  volume  should  interest  the  reader, 
or  revive  in  the  memory  of  the  participants  the  happy  days 
of  the  glorious  Reserve,  or  recall  the  names  of  comrades  or 
the  loved  dead,  it  will  be  a  high  source  of  gratification  to 

the  author. 

E.  M.  W. 

ELLISDALE,  MONMOUTH  Co.,  N.  J., 
May  30th,  1883. 


. 


THE  THIRD  RESERYE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DIFFERENCE  IN  THOUGHTS  AND  SENTIMENTS  —  THE  THREATS  OF  THE  SOUTH 
—  STATES  SECEDE  —  THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES  —  PRESIDENTS  DAVIS 
AND  LINCOLN  —  FALL  OF  SUMTER  —  CHARLESTON  IN  ECSTASY  — 
SEVBNTY-FIVE  THOUSAND  TROOPS  CALLED  FOR  —  PENNSYLVANIA'S 
RESPONSE  —  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  RESERVE  CORPS  —  CAMP  WASH- 
INGTON—  MOTTOES  —  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  THIRD  —  ROSTER  OF  THE 
REGIMENT. 

WHEN  the  Northern  war-drum  tapped  in  response  to 
Sumter's  guns,  it  awoke  in  the  loyal  heart  a  sad  but 
firm  resolve  to  sustain  the  government  at  any  sacrifice,  and 
the  world  witnessed  such  an  uprising  of  the  masses  as  his- 
tory never  recorded.  In  the  North,  slavery  had  long  been 
looked  upon  as  a  great  wrong,  and  a  violation  of  the  rights 
of  man.  Still,  under  the  compact  of  the  Constitution,  they 
deemed  themselves  bound  to  respect  its  existence  in  its 
locality,  but  were  firmly  resolved  not  to  submit  to  its  exten- 
sion into  the  territories.  The  declaration  of  the  leading 
men  and  newspapers  of  the  South,  that  the  election  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  which  the  division  of  their  party  had 
made  evitable,  would  be  followed  by  the  dissolution  of  the 
Union,  and  the  measures  taken  by  the  Legislature  of  South 
Carolina  in  case  of  his  election,  clearly  indicated  their  deter- 
mination to  destroy  the  government  they  could  no  longer 
control. 

On  the  20th  of  December,  1860,  a  few  days  after  the  result 
of  the  election  was  known,  the  State  of  South  Carolina  form- 
9 


18  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

ally  seceded  from  the  Union.  Other  States  followed  her 
lead  in  rapid  succession,  and  on  the  9th  of  February,  a 
Southern  Convention  elected  Jefferson  Davis  President  of 
the  "  Confederate  States  of  America."  They  adopted  a 
Constitution,  and  proceeded  to  organize  their  new  govern- 
ment by  the  creation  of  Departments  of  State,  Judiciary, 
War,  Navy,  etc.;  to  raise,  arm,  equip  and  drill  a  large  army, 
seize  the  forts,  arsenals,  barracks,  vessels,  navy  yards  and 
public  buildings  of  the  United  States,  and  accredit  agents 
abroad  to  foreign  governments;  and  upon  the  inauguration 
of  Mr.  Lincoln,  he  found  a  hostile  government  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States. 

He  had  but  one  duty  to  perform,  and  God  gave  him  the 
light  to  see  it,  and  the  firm  resolution  to  keep  steady  to  his 
purpose  until  it  was  accomplished — the  Union  saved.  And 
how  trifling  was  the  precious  blood  the  warm  hearts  poured 
out,  and  the  treasures  spent,  in  comparison  with  the  rich 
birth-right  secured  to  the  living  and  to  the  millions  unborn. 

When  Mr.  Lincoln  assumed  charge  of  the  government, 
he  found  the  army  scattered  and  disintegrated ;  the  navy 
sent  to  distant  quarters  of  the  globe ;  the  Northern  arsenals 
depleted  of  arms ;  the  treasury  bankrupt ;  the  credit  of  the 
United  States  seriously  injured  by  forced  sales  of  Govern- 
ment securities ;  the  public  service  demoralized ;  the  various 
Departments  of  the  Government  filled  with  unfaithful  clerks 
and  officers,  whose  sympathies  were  with  the  South,  who 
had  been  placed  in  their  positions  for  the  purpose  of  para- 
lyzing his  administration.  But  he  drew  around  him  trusty 
and  wise  counselors,  and  proceeded  quietly  to  mature  his 
plans  and  prepare  for  the  coming  storm. 

Five  months  had  nearly  elapsed  since  the  secession  move- 
ment was  formally  inaugurated,  and  its  plotters  and  upholders 
were  reduced  to  the  choice  of  either  attacking  the  Union, 
and  thus  provoking  a  war,  or  sinking  gradually  but  surely 
out  of  existence  beneath  a  general  appreciation  of  their  own 
weakness,  insecurity,  and  the  stagnation  of  business.  On 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  19 

the  14th  of  April,  the  starry  flag  of  freedom  was  lowered 
and  that  of  treason  and  slavery  hoisted  in  its  stead,  over 
Sumter's  walls.  Charleston  was  drunk  with  excitement 
and  joyous  exultation.  Seven  thousand  men  had  over- 
come seventy !  Her  white  population  and  her  gay  crowds 
of  visitors  thronged  her  streets  and  quays.  The  houses  of 
her  wealthy  citizens  were  thrown  open,  and  all  were  wel- 
comed to  enter  and  partake.  Champagne  flowed  on  every 
hand  like  water:  thousands  quaffed  and  feasted  on  the 
richest  viands,  and,  amid  the  chiming  of  bells,  the  firing  of 
cannon  and  cheers  of  the  citizens,  South  Carolina  took  her 
position  as  the  first  nation  on  the  planet.  Beauregard  at 
once  rose  to  the  altitude  of  the  world's  greatest  captain,  and 
his  achievement  ranked  with  the  most  memorable  deeds  of 
Alexander  or  Napoleon.  Already,  in  their  imagination,  the 
Confederacy  had  established  its  independence  beyond  dis- 
pute, and  its  chivalry  was  about  to  start  upon  its  triumphal 
march,  to  conquer  and  despoil  the  rich  cities  of  the  cowardly 
shop-keepers  and  mechanics  of  the  North. 

On  the  15th  of  April,  1861,  President  Lincoln  issued  a 
proclamation,  calling  out  75,000  three-months  volunteers,  to 
maintain  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  admonishing 
the  insurgents  to  lay  down  their  arms  and  quietly  submit 
to  the  laws  within  twenty  days.  It  was  received  with  the 
wildest  enthusiasm  throughout  the  North,  and  in  Philadel- 
phia business  was  suspended,  rendezvous  opened,  and  the 
enrollment  and  drilling  of  volunteers  commenced.  Recruit- 
ing parties  traversed  the  city  in  every  direction,  the  armo- 
ries of  the  volunteer  companies  were  crowded  to  overflowing 
with  men  constantly  drilling,  the  public  parks  were  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  and  the  quietude  of  the  Sabbath  was  for- 
gotten amidst  the  preparation  for  war. 

The  quota  of  Pennsylvania  was  fourteen  regiments,  and 
in  three  days  after  the  call,  six  hundred  men — the  first  to 
arrive  for  its  defence — were  placed  in  the  national  capitol 
at  Washington,  and  ten  days  later  twenty-five  regiments 


20  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

were  organized  and  put  in  the  field,  eleven  more  than  the 
State  quota.  In  addition  to  this,  the  Governor  was  forced 
to  refuse  the  services  of  thirty  more  regiments.  The  second 
call  was  made  upon  the  State  in  May,  for  ten  regiments; 
which  was  simply  credited  to  her,  as  she  had  already  fur- 
nished more  than  her  two  quotas. 

An  extra  session  of  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  con- 
vened on  the  30th  of  April,  and,  fully  appreciating  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  war,  wisely  resolved,  in  accordance  with  Gov- 
ernor Curtin's  recommendation,  to  organize,  arm,  and  equip 
a  division,  to  be  called,  "  The  Reserve  Volunteer  Corps  of 
the  Commonwealth,"  and  to  be  composed  of  thirteen  regi- 
ments of  infantry,  one  of  cavalry,  and  one  of  light  artillery, 
to  be  held  in  readiness  to  obey  any  requisition  of  the  Presi- 
dent on  the  State  for  troops.  In  organizing  this  division, 
the  conception  of  which  originated  with  the  Governor,  the 
greatest  difficulty  he  experienced  was,  not  in  finding  officers 
and  men  to  fill  it,  but  to  select  from  the  numerous  applicants 
who  beset  him  at  all  hours  of  the  night  and  day  in  every 
place  he  could  be  found.  His  Excellency  having  resolved 
that  the  division  should  be  a  true  type  of  Pennsylvania, 
proportioned  it  among  the  different  counties,  so  that  every 
township  should  be  represented  in  it. 

Among  the  regiments  organized  in  Philadelphia  at  that 
time,  were  those  of  Mann's,*  March's  and  De  Korponay's,f 
from  the  first  of  which  eight  companies  were  accepted,  from 
the  second,  seven,  and  from  the  last,  five.  All  were  mus- 
tered into  the  State  service  the  latter  part  of  May,  by  Cap- 
tain Henry  J.  Biddle,  Assistant  Adjutant-General  of  the 
Division,  at  the  Girard  House,  where  the  men  were  subjected 
to  the  most  severe  examination  by  the  surgeons,  who 
required  every  one  to  strip,  and  rejected  all  who  had  the 
least  blemish  or  defect.  The  Surgeon-General  of  the  State 

-William  B.  Mann,  District  Attorney  of  Philadelphia. 

t  Lieutenant  Colonel.    Colonel  Twenty-eighth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  21 

afterwards  pronounced  them  the  finest  formed  and  hardiest 
body  of  men  he  had  ever  seen  collected  in  one  division. 

About  the  same  time,  Captain  H.  G.  Sickel  organized  the 
Ontario  Guards,  and  Captains  J.  O.  Finnie,  P.  I.  Smith,  and 
G.  A.  and  E.  M.  Woodward,  of  the  DeKorpouay  regiment, 
received  orders  to  report  to  him,  and  with  their  companies 
to  proceed  to  Easton,  Pa.  Accordingly,  on  the  morning  of 
the  30th  of  May,  they  marched  to  Broad  and  Green  streets, 
where  they  found  the  guards  formed,  and  the  battalion, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Sickel,  proceeded  to  Master 
and  America  streets,  where  they  took  a  special  train  on  the 
North  Pennsylvania  Railroad  to  near  Easton,  where  they 
arrived  during  the  afternoon,  and,  crossing  the  Lehigh, 
marched  through  the  city  and  out  to  Camp  Washington, 
where  quarters  were  assigned  them  to  the  right  of  Colonel 
Mann's  regiment. 

The  camp  was  on  the  Fair  Grounds,  which  covered  about 
thirty-five  acres,  situated  on  an  elevated  plateau  near  the 
Lehigh  river.  On  the  east  and  north  sides  of  the  enclosure 
were  long  rows  of  bunk-rooms,  three  of  which  were  assigned 
to  each  company,  and  in  front  of  which  were  the  kitchens, 
facing  inwards;  and  outside  of  these  were  the  officers'  quar- 
ters, facing  outwards.  To  the  west,  occupying  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  enclosure,  was  the  race-course,  and  in  the  cen- 
tre was  the  large  fair-building,  from  whose  roof  rose  a 
stately  dome,  from  the  balcony  of  which  was  presented  a 
magnificent  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Soon  after  arriving  in  camp,  the  men  were  furnished  with 
a  day's  ration,  fuel,  knives,  forks,  spoons,  tin  cups  and 
plates,  and  plenty  of  straw  to  sleep  upon.  Colonel  Mann, 
commanding  camp,  the  next  day  issued  the  following  calls : 

Reveille,  4  A.M.  Fatigue,  7:45  A.M.       Dress  Parade,  6  P.M. 

Drill,  4:30  A.M.  Sick  Call,  8  A.M.         Recall,  7  P.M. 

Recall,  6  A.M.  Drill,  9  A.M.  Supper,  7:30  P.M. 

Breakfast,  7  A.M.  Recall,  10  A.M.  Tattoo,  9  P.M. 

Guard  Mounting,  7:30  A.M.  Orderlies'  Call,  12  M.  Taps,  9:30  P.M. 
Dinner,  12:30  P.M. 


22  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Four  roll-calls  were  had  each  day,  and  in  a  little  time 
everything  worked  smoothly. 

A  few  days  later,  Colonel  March  arrived,  with  his  seven 
companies.  Other  companies  soon  followed,  and  by  the 
middle  of  June  there  were  twenty-five  present.  As  no 
clothing  or  blankets  were  yet  furnished  by  the  State,  and  as 
the  men  had  nothing  but  what  they  stood  in,  they  soon  pre- 
sented a  rather  dilapidated  appearance,  which  circumstance, 
however,  did  not  in  the  least  affect  the  buoyancy  of  the 
spirits  of  the  young  patriots,  who  seemed  rather  to  enjoy  the 
novely  of  their  tattered  garments.  The  good  citizens  of 
Easton,  with  a  noble  generosity,  took  the  matter  in  hand; 
and  a  Ladies'  Aid  Society  was  formed,  which  supplied 
abundance  of  clothing,  blankets,  quilts,  jellies,  etc.,  for  the 
hospital,  and  pantaloons,  shirts,  etc.,  for  the  needy  of  the 
camp. 

The  rations  furnished  us  was  abundant,  and  of  the  best 
quality,  consisting  of  fresh  beef,  bacon,  bread,  potatoes, 
beans,  rice,  coffee,  sugar  and  small  stores,  and  all  were  satis- 
fied with  them,  except  those  who  had  not  been  used  to  as 
good  at  home.  The  health  of  the  troops  was  very  good, 
and,  as  a  precaution  against  small-pox,  the  whole  camp  was 
vaccinated;  and  to  promote  the  general  health,  the  men 
were  taken  to  the  Lehigh  every  other  day,  where  they 
enjoyed  themselves  hugely  in  swimming,  diving,  splashing 
and  paddling  around  in  general. 

Among  the  first  things  that  agitated  the  brains  of  the 
boys,  was  to  devise  quaint  names  and  mottoes  to  place  over 
their  quarters,  and  many  of  them  were  typical  of  those  who 
adopted  them.  Commencing  at  the  main  entrance  was 
Captain  McDonough's  company,  with  "  Fourth  Ward," 
"Fort  Mann,"  "Fort  McCandless."  On  the  right  was, 
"  Quaker  City  Headquarters,"  "  Quaker  Bridal  Chamber," 
"  Live  and  Let  Live."  Next,  "  Hibernia  Engine  Company," 
"  Bird-in-Hand."  Next,  "  Rose  Cottage,"  "  Dart's  Heads," 
"The  Old  House  at  Home,"  "Gay  Roosters,"  "Don't  Tread 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  23 

on  Me,"  "  Old  Lebanon  Garden,  Captain  Tim  Mealey." 
Next,  "Happy  Home,"  "Punch  Bowl,"  "Black  Horse," 
"  The  Government  Keeps  Us,  and  "We  will  Keep  the  Govern- 
ment." Next,  "  Bristol  Boys,  Captain  Thompson,"  "  Bower 
of  Love,"  "  Happy  Crew,"  "  The  Old  School-House,"  "  The 
Old  Spring-House."  Next,  "  Ontario  Guards,  Captain 
Sickel,"  "  Bill  Pool  Club,"  "  We  Respect  All  and  Fear 
None."  Next,  "  Never  Sink,"  "  Live  Oak,"  "  Kensington 
Boys,"  "  Hike  Out  and  Simmer  Down."  Next,  "  Balmoral 
Castle,"  "Scotch  Rifles,"  "Wallace's  Cave,  Captain  Finnie." 
Next,  "  Penn  Rifles,  Captain  G.  A.  Woodward,"  "  The  Flag 
Wyoming."  Next,  "  Sunday  Mercury,  Captain  E.  M. 
Woodward,"  "  Green  Shirts."  Next, "  Consolidation  Guards, 
Captain  Smith,"  "  Gay  and  Happy."  Next,  "  Free  and 
Easy,"  "  Happy  Family,  Captain  Kimbell."  Next,  "  Wide 
Awake,  Captain  Curtis."  Next,  "Long  Island  of  Reading, 
Captain  Briner,"  "  Keystone  Hook  and  Ladder  Company." 
Next,  "  Elephant  Guards,  Captain  Richards."  Next,  "  The 
Star  of  North  Birdsborough,  Captain  Lenhart,"  "Fort 
Sumter,"  "The  Plow  Boys,"  "Japanese  Hotel,"  "Arctic 
Circle,"  "  Death  to  Traitors,"  "  Jeff'.  Davis  at  the  Sheriff's 
Ball,"  "The  Blue-Eyed  Stranger,"  "Mount  Vernon," 
"  Washington  and  Lincoln,"  "  White  Hall,  Newtown,  Cap- 
tain Feaster;"  "Traitor  Hunters,"  "Love  and  Glory," 
"Game  Chickens,"  "Ellsworth's  Heart,"  "Never  Sur- 
render," "The  Wheat  Field,"  "  The  Red  Curtain,"  "  Sus- 
quehanna  Tigers,"  "  Gloria  Dei,"  etc. 

It  was  not  to  be  supposed  that  so  many  young  men  col- 
lected together,  many  of  whom  were  unused  to  being  free 
from  the  restraints  of  home,  would  all  behave  with  the 
strictest  decorum.  A  good  many  of  them  looked  upon  it  as 
a  grand  frolic  or  excursion,  and  were  bound  to  enjoy  them- 
selves, the  principal  obstacle  to  which  was  the  guard,  which 
they  soon  showed  remarkable  adroitness  in  dodging.  Four 
men  from  each  company  were  given  a  day's  absence  from 
camp  at  a  time,  but  many  more  managed  to  get  out  without 


24  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

passes.  Almost  every  bunk  had  its  "rat  hole,"  through 
which  the  boys  made  their  exit  past  the  conveniently  blind 
guard,  who  had  not  been  soldiers  long  enough  to  know  how 
to  perform  their  duty.  A  few  of  these  patriots  were  caught 
upon  their  return,  and  put  in  the  guard-house ;  but  it  soon 
being  discovered  it  afforded  a  most  easy  means  of  egress,  a 
new  one  was  built  inside  the  enclosure,  which  was  christ- 
ened "Fort  Mann." 

The  boys  in  camp  managed  occasionally  to  get  a  little 
whiskey,  but  the  orders  prohibiting  its  introduction  into  the 
guard-house  were  so  strict,  that  it  was  thought  impossible  to 
get  any  to  the  prisoners.  And  it  would  have,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  naughty  guard,  who  exchanged  arms  with  those 
at  the  gate,  and  treated  the  prisoners  from  their  musket 
barrels. 

On  pleasant  afternoons  the  camp  was  the  fashionable  resort 
of  the  neighboring  farmers,  their  wives  and  daughters  and 
the  good  citizens  of  Easton,  and  it  often  presented  a  gay 
and  animated  appearance,  particularly  on  Sundays,  when,  in 
addition  to  the  dress  parade,  the  troops  passed  in  review 
before  the  commander  and  staff. 

On  the  14th  of  June,  General  M'Call  visited  camp,  to 
organize  the  regiments,  supposing  the  independent  com- 
panies had  associated  with  one  or  the  other  of  the  three 
colonels  who  had  parts  of  regiments  quartered  there.  Not 
finding  such  to  be  the  case,  he  issued  an  order  in  which  he 
stated,  if  the  regiments  were  not  organized  by  voluntary 
association  of  companies  by  the  19th  inst.,  he  would  proceed 
to  organize  them  in  the  following  manner :  "  The  ten  com- 
panies which  first  arrived  in  camp,  and  in  the  order  they  are 
now  quartered,  will  constitute  the  Second  Regiment ;  the 
next  ten  will  form  the  Third  Regiment;  and  the  next  ten, 
the  Fourth  Regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  Reserve  Volun- 
teer Corps.  Each  regiment,  so  formed,  will  proceed,  without 
delay,  to  elect  their  field  oflicers."  The  companies  so  quar- 
tered were :  First,  eight  of  Colonel  Mann's  and  two  inde- 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  25 

pendent;  next,  five  of  Colonel  DeKorponay's  and  five  inde- 
pendent; next,  seven  of  Colonel  March's  and  three  inde- 
pendent. 

Upon  a  careful  canvass  of  the  camp,  it  was  ascertained 
there  were  not  independent  companies  enough  who  were 
willing  to  join  either  of  the  proposed  colonels,  to  complete 
their  regimental  organization.  One,  by  reason  of  the  office 
he  held  in  civil  life,  was  unjustly  very  unpopular  with  an 
active  minority  of  the  men.  Another  had  ruined  his  pros- 
pects by  promising  the  field  offices  to  almost  every  captain 
in  camp,  and  being  followed  to  camp  by  several  civilians  to 
whom  he  had  promised  the  Quartermastership,  and  of  whom 
he  had  borrowed  money.  Under  these  circumstances  three 
officers  agreed  to  organize  an  independent  regiment,  and 
selected  seven  companies,  whose  officers  gave  the  greatest 
promise  of  efficiency,  and  whose  character  and  bearing  were 
congenial,  and,  upon  sounding  them,  they  readily  acquiesced. 
For  the  purpose  of  consultation,  those  interested  obtained 
passes  in  the  evenings,  and  went  down  to  the  Lehigh, 
where  a  boat  was  in  readiness  to  convey  them  across  the 
river,  whence  they  proceeded  to  the  parlor  of  Mr.  Young's 
hotel,  at  South  Easton.  The  only  agreement  entered  into 
was  secrecy,  the  entire  ignoring  of  the  question  of  field 
offices  until  after  the  organization  of  the  regiment,  and  then 
the  choice  of  candidates  for  said  offices  by  the  vote  of  the 
officers,  and  the  submission  of  the  same  to  the  men.  Each 
officer  pledged  his  honor  to  this,  and  cheerfully,  in  spirit  and 
letter,  they  carried  it  out. 

On  the  20th,  General  M'Call  again  visited  camp,  and  in 
the  evening  convened  the  officers  at  the  commissary's  build- 
ing, and  proceeded  to  organize  the  regiments.  The  order 
was  read,  when  Lieutenant  Beatty  arose  and  stated  that  as 
Captain  Thompson's  company  did  not  arrive  until  several 
days  after  some  of  the  companies  of  the  second  division  had, 
he  should  not  be  thrown  in  the  first  division.  Against  this 
the  officers  interested  earnestly  protested.  After  all  got 


26  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

through  who  wished  to  speak,  the  General  announced  that 
the  names  of  Captains  Thompson,  Sickel  and  four  of  the 
second  division  be  placed  in  a  hat,  and  the  question  of  which 
two  companies  should  go  into  the  first  division  be  decided 
by  lot.  Lieutenant  Scheetz,  Aid-de-camp  to  General 
M'Call,  drew  the  slips,  and  the  first  two  names  drawn  were 
Captains  G.  A.  and  E.  M.  Woodward,  which  completed  the 
Second  Regiment. 

The  companies  constituting  the  Third  Regiment,  Pennsyl- 
vania Reserve  Volunteer  Corps  (the  Thirty-second  Regi- 
ment, Infantry,  of  the  Line,  Pennsylvania  Volunteers), 
were  : 

Company  A — "  The  Second  Reading  Artillery,"  of  Berks 
county.  Captain,  Jacob  Lenhart,  Jr. ;  First  Lieutenant, 
Jacob  Lehman ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Jeremiah  A.  Clouse. 

Company  B — "  The  Salem  Independents,"  of  Wayne 
county.  Captain,  William  D.  Curtis;  First  Lieutenant, 
George  C.  Davenport;  Second  Lieutenant,  J.  M.  Bucking- 
ham. 

Company  C- — "The  Union  Rifles,"  of  Bucks  county.  Cap- 
tain David  V.  Feaster;  First  Lieutenant,  Strickland  Yard- 
ley;  Second  Lieutenant,  Joseph  B.  Roberts. 

Company  D — "  The  Mechanic  Infantry,"  of  Berks  county. 
Captain,  William  Briner;  First  Lieutenant,  Frank  S.  Bick- 
ley ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Florentine  H.  Straub. 

Company  E — "  The  De  Silver  Greys,"  of  Philadelphia. 
Captain,  John  Clark;  First  Lieutenant,  Robert  Johnston; 
Second  Lieutenant,  George  H.  Lindsey. 

Company  F — "  The  Washington  Guards,"  of  Berks  county. 
Captain,  Washington  Richards ;  First  Lieutenant,  Albert  P. 
Moulton  ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Albert  H.  Jameson. 

Company  G — "  The  Germantown  Guards,"  of  Philadel- 
phia. Captain,  Richard  H.  Woolworth ;  First  Lieutenant, 
John  Stanton  ;  Second  Lieutenant,  John  Connally. 

Company  H — "The  Applebachville  Guards,"  of  Bucks 
county.  Captain,  Joseph  Thomas;  First  Lieutenant,  Ben- 
jamin F.  Fisher;  Second  Lieutenant,  Nelson  Applebach. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  27 

Company  I — "The  Montgomery  Guards,"  of  Bucks 
county.  Captain,  William  S.  Thomson ;  First  Lieutenant, 
H.  Clay  Beatty ;  Second  Lieutenant,  Samuel  J.  La  Rue. 

Company  K — "The  Ontario  Guards,"  of  Philadelphia. 
Captain,  Horatio  Gates  Sickel ;  First  Lieutenant,  David  W. 
Donaghy  ;  Second  Lieutenant,  David  Wonderly. 

The  officers,  the  same  night,  unanimously  chose  Captains 
Sickel  as  their  candidate  for  Colonel,  Thompson  for  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel,  and  Woolworth  for  Major;  and  the  next 
day  the  men  confirmed  them  without  a  single  dissenting 
vote.  Lieutenant  Albert  H.  Jameson  was  appointed  Adju- 
tant; Lieutenant  Franklin  S.  Bickley,  Quartermaster;  Dr. 
James  Collins,  of  Philadelphia,  Surgeon ;  Dr.  George  L. 
Pancoast,  of  the  same  city,  Assistant  Surgeon;  and  the 
Reverend  William  H.  Leake,  of  Wayne  county,  Chaplain. 

The  vacancy  in  Company  K  was  filled  by  the  election  of 
William  Brian,  of  Philadelphia,  Captain;  in  Company  I, 
by  that  of  First  Lieutenant  H.  C.  Beatty,  Captain ;  Second 
Lieutenant  Samuel  J.  La  Rue,  First  Lieutenant,  and  Samuel 
Beatty,  Second  Lieutenant;  and  in  Company  G  that  of 
Hugh  Harkins,  of  Philadelphia,  Captain.  Soon  after,  arms, 
accoutrements  and  clothing  were  received  from  the  State 
and  issued  to  the  men. 

On  the  14th  of  July,  His  Excellency  Andrew  G.  Curtin 
and  staff  arrived  in  camp,  and  a  review  of  the  troops  was 
ordered.  The  men  were  dressed  in  light  blue  pants,  dark 
blue  blouses  and  fatigue  caps,  and  as  they  marched  in 
review  in  column  of  companies  past  the  Governor  they  pre- 
sented a  very  creditable  appearance. 

The  next  day  Major  H.  D.  Maxwell,  the  Paymaster  Gen- 
eral of  the  State,  arrived  and  payed  off'  the  Fourth  Regi- 
ment, which,  on  the  16th,  left  camp  for  Harrisburg,  and  the 
same  day  the  Second  and  Third  were  paid  off. 


28  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 


CHAPTER  II. 

BATTLE  OF  BULL  RUN,  1861  —  LEAVE  CAMP  WASHINGTON  —  CAMP  CURTIN 

—  BALTIMORE — WASHINGTON  —  MUSTERED  INTO  THE  U.  S.  SERVICE 

—  EXCHANGE  OF  ARMS  —  To   TENALLYTOWN  —  GENERAL   M'CALL  — 
SCHOOL  OF  INSTRUCTION — LIQUOR  AND  CARDS  PROHIBITED — REVIEW 
OF  THE  DIVISION  —  CAPTURE  BY  PICKETS  —  REVIEW  BY  THE  PRESI- 
DENT—  ALARM  —  PRESENTATION  OF  FLAGS  —  ORGANIZATION  OF   BRI- 
GADES AND  DIVISIONS  —  THE  STAFFS  —  THE  POTOMAC  LODGE  —  STATE 
ELECTION. 

IT  WAS  on  this  same  day  that  General  McDowell  advanced 
from  the  Potomac  at  the  head  of  35,000  men,  to  meet  the 
enemy  at  Bull  Run.  The  battle  was  fought  on  the  21st. 
The  enemy  were  entrenched  beyond  the  creek.  The  plan 
of  battle  was  to  make  a  heavy  feint,  and  occupy  his  atten- 
tion on  his  right,  while  the  main  body  of  our  troops  was  to 
turn  his  left.  It  succeeded,  and  they  were  doubled  up  and 
thrown  back  upon  themselves  for  over  a  mile  and  a  half. 
While  being  thus  driven,  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston* 
arrived  with  15,000  fresh  troops  from  the  Valley  of  the  Shen- 
andoah  to  the  aid  of  Beauregard,  and  M'Dowell  was  over- 
whelmed.f 

•Subsequently  a  member  of  the  46th  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

fThe  effect  of  this  unfortunate  victory  on  the  Southern  mind  was  most  singular 
and  delusive.  President  Davis  considered  the  recognition  of  the  Confederate  States 
by  the  European  powers  as  certain.  The  newspapers  declared  that  the  question  of 
manhood  between  the  North  and  South  was  settled  forever;  and  the  phrase  of  "one 
Southerner  equal  to  five  Yankees,"  was  adopted  in  all  speeches  about  the  war.  "  De- 
Bow's  Review"  considered  it  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world.  So  certain  was 
the  establishment  of  the  Confederacy  considered,  that  politicians  commenced  plot- 
ting for  the  Presidential  succession  more  than  six  years  distant.  Mr.  Hunter,  of  Vir- 
ginia, left  the  Cabinet,  being  unwilling,  by  any  identification  with  it,  to  damage  his 
chances  as  Mr.  Davis'  successor.  General  Beauregard,  who  was  designated  in  some 
quarters  as  the  next  Confederate  President,  wrote  a  weak  and  theatrical  letter  to  the 
newspapers,  dated  "  Within  Hearing  of  the  Enemy's  Guns,"  declining  to  be  a  candi- 
date for  the  office.  There  was  actually  a  controversy  between  different  States  as  to 
the  permanent  location  of  the  Confederate  capital;  and  the  city  council  of  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  appropriated  8750,000  for  a  residence  for  the  President  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy,  as  an  inducement  to  remove  the  capital  there.— Extracted  from  page  153 
of  "  The  Lost  Caute." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  29 

The  defeat  of  our  array  and  the  expiration  of  the  term  of 
service  of  most  of  the  three-months  men  endangered  the 
capital,  and  the  authorities  at  Washington  were  unprepared 
for  the  emergency.  Instantaneous  relief  must  be  had,  and 
Pennsylvania  alone,  through  the  foresight  of  its  Governor, 
was  prepared  to  give  it;  and  the  15,000  Reserves,  whose 
services  had  been  a  few  days  before  offered  and  declined, 
were  now  gladly  accepted.  If  accepted  at  first,  and  they 
had  participated  in  the  battle,  if  the  result  had  not  been 
altered,  the  army  would  have  been  saved  from  disgraceful 
retreat.  The  Governor,  prompted  by  that  generous  patriot- 
ism that  always  actuated  him,  hurried  forward  all  the  avail- 
able troops  that  could  be  raised,  and  the  whole  resources  of 
the  State  were  exerted  for  that  purpose. 

On  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21st,  1861, 
Colonel  Sickel  received  orders  to  move  his  regiment  to 
Washington.  About  nine  o'clock  the  next  morning,  the 
Third  bid  farewell  to  their  old  camp,  and  crossed  the  Lehigh 
to  the  depot.  As  they  marched  through  Easton,  headed  by 
a  fine  baud,  the  bells  were  rung,  the  citizens  cheered  and 
the  ladies  waved  their  handkerchiefs.  Embarking,  the  train 
moved  off  amidst  the  cheers  of  the  vast  crowd  and  shrieks 
of  steam  signals.  The  day  was  exceedingly  warm,  and  the 
box-cars  in  which  they  were  transported  having  no  ventila- 
tion, the  boys  produced  it  by  knocking  the  sides  out  with 
the  butt  of  their  muskets.  Along  the  route,  fiags  were  dis- 
played from  every  house,  and  at .  the  villages  the  populace 
turned  out  en  masse  to  welcome  their  passage,  and  brought 
offerings  of  flowers,  fruits,  cake  and  milk.  About  five 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  they  arrived  at  Harrisburg  and 
marched  out  to  Camp  Curtin,  where,  that  night,  they  made 
their  first  bivouac.  The  next  day  they  received  the  balance 
of  their  arms  and  equipments  and  forty  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion, and,  towards  sunset,  entered  the  cars  and  moved  tow- 
ards Baltimore,  where  they  arrived  about  daybreak  the 
following  morning. 


30  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

As  this  city  was  not  particularly  noted  for  \ts  loyalty,  the 
colonel  thought  best  to  halt  the  train  before  entering  it,  and 
distribute  ammunition,  being  aware  of  the  tranquilizing 
effect  of  loaded  muskets.  Resting  in  a  field  near  the  depot 
for  a  few  hours,  and  receiving  the  necessary  orders  from 
General  Dix,*  they  formed  and  moved  to  the  depot  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Washington  Railroad,  where  they  embarked. 
They  numbered  nine  hundred  and  seventy-two  officers  and 
men,  perfectly  armed,  equipped  and  well  drilled ;  and  as 
they  marched  through  the  streets  to  the  soul-inspiring  strains 
of  their  band,  they  were  received  with  a  becoming  silence 
and  respect. 

Leaving  Baltimore  at  noon,  they  arrived  in  Washington 
near  sunset,  on  the  24th,  and  marched  to  the  Mount  Vernou 
Cane  Factory,  where  they  were  informally  visited  by  His 
Excellency  President  Lincoln,  who  addressed  a  few  words 
of  welcome  and  thanks. 

At  this  time  the  city  would  have  been  in  great  danger  if 
the  enemy  had  possessed  the  requisite  dash.  Its  streets  were 
filled  with  three-months  men,  stragglers  and  fugitives  from 
Bull  Run,  who  were  more  intent  upon  getting  their  hair 
dressed  and  boots  blacked  than  upon  finding  their  regi- 
ments. Men  with  and  without  arms  lined  the  steps  and 
curb-stones  and  filled  the  saloons,  and  such  was  the  crowded 
state  of  the  hotels  that  some  of  the  soldiers  could  not  obtain 
comfortable  board  and  single  rooms.  Many  of  the  veterans 
were  surrounded  with  eager  groups  of  idlers,  listening  to 
their  recital  of  the  carnage  on  the  field — their  hair-breadth 
escapes — or  their  hardships  in  not  having  butter  for  their 
bread  or  cream  for  their  coffee.  These  strange  scenes 
impressed  sad  forebodings  upon  the  minds  of  officers  who 
had  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  seriousness  of  the  work 
before  them. 

After  dinner  the  next  day,  the  Third  was  formed  and 
marched  out  Seventh  street  some  distance  and  encamped, 

*  Subsequently  Minister  to  France  and  Governor  of  New  York. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  31 

where  they  were  mustered  into  the  United  States  service  on 
the  27th  of  July,  by  Lieutenant  John  Ellwood,  Fifth  U.  S. 
Infantry.  Early  on  the  30th,  the  regiment  was  marched 
by  companies  to  the  United  States  Arsenal,  where  they 
exchanged  their  smooth-bore  Harpers  Ferry  muskets  for 
rifled  ones,  and  received  a  complete  outfit  of  accoutrements 
and  non-commission  swords. 

At  one  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  August  1st,  1861,  the 
reveille  sounded,  and  soon  bright  fires  were  burning,  and 
the  men  engaged  in  cooking  two  days'  rations.  Breakfast 
was  eaten,  tents  struck,  the  regiment  formed,  arms  stacked, 
and  the  men  laid  down  near  by  to  wait  for  the  wagons  which 
they  were  to  receive  from  the  quartermaster's  department. 
Teamsters,  generally  speaking,  are  in  no  hurry  to  start  when 
they  have  no  one  particularly  interested  in  hurrying  them 
oft',  but  they  learned  wonderful  promptness  in  the  Reserves 
in  a  remarkably  short  time.  This  day,  however,  they  did 
not  arrive  until  eight  o'clock,  when  the  Third  took  up  its 
march  through  Washington  and  Georgetown  to  Tenally- 
town,  some  six  miles  northwest  of  the  capital,  where  it 
arrived  in  the  afternoon.  On  the  road  they  met  the  Eighth 
Reserve  for  the  first  time,  and  little  did  they  think,  as  they 
gazed  on  each  other,  of  the  love  they  would  form,  the  strong 
love,  that  grew  so  warm  between  all  the  regiments  of  the 
Reserve,  and  so  unselfishly  showed  itself  upon  many  fields 
when  one  went  in  to  save  the  other.  They  marched  together 
to  the  camp,  and  pitched  their  tents  in  a  fine  woods. 

Tenallytown  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Rockille 
and  Poolsville  roads  with  the  Georgetown  road,  three  miles 
from  the  latter  town,  and  one  and  a  half  from  the  Chain 
Bridge.  Here  was  erected  Fort  Pennsylvania,  a  most 
important  and  formidable  earthwork,  with  a  broad  and  deep 
ditch,  heavy  abatis,  and  guns  mounted  en-barbette,  and,  near 
by,  two  lunettes,  named  Gaines  and  Bayard.  They  were 
built  by  the  Reserve,  details  being  made  from  all  the  regi- 
ments for  that  purpose. 


32  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Here,  George  Archibald  M'Call,  a  graduate  of  West 
Point,  subsequently  an  officer  in,  and  Inspector-General  of, 
the  United  States  Army,  and  a  distinguished  soldier  in  the 
war  with  Mexico,  who  had  been  appointed  by  Governor 
Curtin  a  Major-General  to  command  the  Reserve,  had,  after 
much  difficulty  and  opposition,  succeeded  in  collecting  and 
consolidating  them  into  one  division.  This  was  the  earnest 
desire  of  the  Governor,  and  of  every  officer  and  soldier  of 
the  Reserve. 

The  next  evening,  the  Third  was  ordered  on  picket  about 
a  mile  from  camp,  and  the  boys,  for  the  first  time,  experi- 
enced the  pleasant  excitement  of  watching  for  the  enemy. 
But  all  passed  quietly,  and  towards  dark  the  next  afternoon 
they  were  relieved  by  the  Sixth  Reserve,  and  returned  to 
camp. 

Here  General  M'Call  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Reserve's 
future  efficiency  by  his  indefatigable  exertions  to  instruct 
the  officers,  and  through  them  the  men,  in  their  duties  in 
the  field.  For  this  purpose,  the  colonels  were  directed  to 
organize  the  officers  into  classes  for  mutual  instruction  in 
military  tactics  and  army  regulations,  and  the  captains  to 
form  classes  of  non-commission  officers  for  instruction  in 
company  drill,  and  the  non-commissions  to  instruct  the  men. 
Weekly  reports  of  the  progress  made  by  the  officers  were 
required,  so  that  those  who  were  incapable  or  unwilling  to 
learn,  could  be  known  and  got  rid  of.  Battalion  and  com- 
pany drill  was  commenced  with  spirit,  the  manual  of  arms 
taught  and  target  firing  practiced.  The  articles  of  war  were 
frequently  read  to  the  companies  and  inspections  held. 

Although  the  introduction  of  liquor  was  prohibited  by 
Division  orders,  still  there  was  plenty  of  it  brought  into 
camp;  but  the  Colonel  being  one  who  was  disposed  to  have 
orders  obeyed — by  mildness  if  possible,  and  force  if  neces- 
sary— issued  orders  to  permit  neither  citizen  nor  soldier  to 
enter  camp  without  being  searched.  He  also,  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  men  and  to  prevent  unkind  feelings  occurring 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  33 

among  them,  as  much  as  was  in  his  power,  positively  pro- 
hibited card  playing  for  money,  and  all  species  of  gambling. 
While  many  of  the  men  did  not  like  these  orders,  and  knew 
they  would  be  strictly  enforced,  the  kind  words  spoken  by 
the  Colonel  caused  a  ready  acquiescence.  Divine  service  was 
held — and  well  attended  every  Sunday  morning — by  Chap- 
lain Leake,  who  was  one  of  the  foremost  to  volunteer  as  a 
private  in  company  B.  Forty  rounds  of  ammunition  were 
kept  in  the  boxes  of  each  man ;  the  sentinels  were  ordered 
to  report  all  signal  rockets,  fire  or  smoke,  and  musket  firing 
was  strictly  forbidden. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  14th,  the  division  was  reviewed 
by  General  M'Call  on  a  neighboring  hill,  Colonel  Sickel 
commanding  a  temporary  brigade.  The  next  afternoon,  by 
orders,  the  division  was  reviewed  by  Colonel  Sickel.  On 
the  20th,  the  Reserves  were  temporarily  organized  into  two 
brigades ;  the  First  consisting  of  the  First,  Third,  Fourth, 
Sixth  and  Eighth  Regiments  and  Batteries  A,  B,  D  and  F. 
The  Second,  of  the  Fifth,  Seventh,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh 
and  Twelfth  Regiments  and  Batteries  C,  E,  G  and  H.  The 
regiment  of  Reserve  cavalry  was  unattached.  The  "  Buck- 
tails  "  and  Second  were  with  General  Banks.  These  two 
regiments  joined  the  division  on  the  25th  of  September. 

About  this  time  the  pickets  of  the  Third  captured  some 
enterprising  drovers,  who  were  about  sending  cattle  over 
the  river  into  Virginia.  They  and  their  herd  were  taken  to 
division  headquarters  for  investigation.  Their  expressions 
of  loyalty  and  willingness  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  United  States  did  not,  however,  save  their  cattle  from 
confiscation  and  themselves  from  imprisonment. 

On  the  morning  of  the  21st  of  August,  the  Reserve  passed 
in  review  before  His  Excellency  the  President,  attended  by 
his  cabinet  and  Major-General  George  B.  M'Clellan,*  who 
had  a  short  time  before  been  appointed  Commander-in-Chief 


*  Afterwards  Governor  of  New  Jersey. 

3 


34  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  the  armies  of  the  United  States.  In  the  afternoon  the 
Third  was  marched  to  the  reviewing  ground  and  exercised 
in  battalion  drill  and  firing. 

The  next  day  the  following  address  was  read  on  dress 
parade  : 

"  HEADQUARTERS  ^ 

"  PENNSYLVANIA  RESERVE  VOLUNTEER  CORPS,  V 

"  CAMP  TENALLY,  August  21st,  1861.     j 

"Soldiers  of  the  Pennsylvania  Reserve:  This  day  must  be 
recognized  as  a  propitious  inauguration  of  your  future  mili- 
tary history.  You  have  this  day  passed  under  the  scrutiniz- 
ing inspection  of  the  Commanding  General  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  in  whose  ability  to  successfully  prosecute  this 
war  the  confidence  of  the  country  is  reposed;  you  have 
passed  in  review  before  the  President  of  the  United  States 
and  his  Cabinet;  and  both  the  General  and  the  President 
have  expressed  to  me  their  unqualified  approval  of  your 
soldier-like  appearance  on  review,  and  of  the  discipline  thus 
manifestly  shown  to  exist  in  the  corps. 

"It  now  rests  with  you,  officers  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Reserve,  to  carry  out  to  perfection  the  work  so  well  begun. 
Upon  you  devolves  the  care  of  your  men  ;  let  that  be  unre- 
mitting ;  let  every  attention  to  their  wants  temper  the  rigid 
discipline  necessary  to  the  formation  of  the  soldier,  and  with 
one  heart  we  will  uphold  the  flag  of  our  State,  and  place  her 
name  among  the  foremost  in  the  cause  of  our  common 

«GEO.A. 


"  Brigadier-General  Commanding'.'' 

On  the  27th,  the  enemy  fired  on  the  Reserve  picket  >  ;>r 
Great  Falls,  consisting  of  a  detachment  of  cavalry  an-i  ;i 
battery  of  artillery  ;  and  that  evening  the  drums  were  lu-nm, 
and  fires  seen,  of  what  appeared  to  be  a  considerable; 
encampment.  A  colored  man  also  called  across  that  "  the 
Rebels  had  a  sight  of  men  a  half-mile  from  the  river," 
which  was  proved  to  be  true  by  our  scouts.  The  Reserves 


THE  THIRD   RESERVE.  35 

were  ordered  to  prepare  two  days'  rations  for  the  haver- 
sacks, and  be  in  readiness  to  move  at  a  moment's  notice ; 
but  the  enemy  failed  to  make  further  demonstration. 

On  the  29th,  Lieutenants  Benjamin  F.  Fisher,  of  Com- 
pany H,  and  David  Wouderly,  of  Company  K,  having  suc- 
cessfully passed  their  examination,  were  detailed  for  duty  in 
the  Signal  Corps.  These  officers  rose  to  distinction  in  the 
service,  and  were  attached  to  the  headquarters  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  the  first  being  subsequently  promoted  Chief 
Signal  Officer  and  Colonel  U.  S.  A.,  and  the  latter  a  Cap- 
tain. Corporal  Samuel  Cartledge,  Company  E,  privates 
George  Worthington,  Company  H,  James  A.  Todd,  Com- 
pany K,  and  Thomas  D.  Boone,  Company  D,  were  also 
transferred  to  the  same  corps. 

About  this  time  the  enemy  across  the  river  showed  con- 
siderable activity  on  our  right,  and,  upon  one  occasion, 
opened  upon  the  Reserve  picket  at  Great  Falls  with  no  less 
than  nine  guns,  to  which  the  section  of  Cooper's  battery 
made  no  reply,  being  smooth-bores  of  short  range.  Upon 
another  occasion,  on  information  received  from  General 
Smith,  General  M'Clellan  ordered  the  Reserves  to  be  held 
in  readiness  to  fight,  the  dispatch  stating,  "  he  would  cer- 
tainly be  attacked  within  forty-eight  hours ;"  which  being 
read  at  dress  parade,  produced  the  most  joyous  excitement 
among  the  officers  and  men.  Colonel  Sickel  was  ordered  to 
the  command  of  the  reserve,  consisting  of  five  regiments, 
and  General  M'Call  put  the  rest  of  the  troops  in  motion  for 
the  Chain  Bridge,  but  had  not  proceeded  far  -when  the 
orders  were  countermanded.  These  pleasant  little  excite- 
ments were  very  acceptable  to  the  men,  for  they,  like  all 
new  troops,  were  exceedingly  anxious  to  have  a  fight.  . 

The  camp  of  the  Third,  in  a  fine  woods  of  majestic  trees, 
was  put  into  most  excellent  order,  the  lower  branches  being 
cut  off,  stumps  extracted,  underbrush  cleared,  barrels  sunk 
at  the  springs,  sinks  surrounded  with  bushes,  and  all  thor- 
oughly cleaned  up.  Upon  dress  parade  one  day  the  Third 


36  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

was  visited  by  General  M'Call  and  staff,  accompanied  by 
Hon.  William  D.  Kelly,*  of  Philadelphia,  who,  at  the  invi- 
tation of  the  Colonel,  delivered  a  short  but  most  impressive 
and  eloquent  address,  which  was  responded  to  by  hearty 
cheers. 

The  Society  of  Cincinnati  of  Pennsylvania,  having  pre- 
sented to  the  State  five  hundred  dollars,  to  be  used  towards 
arming  and  equipping  the  volunteers,  and  the  Legislature 
having  directed  the  same  to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of 
regimental  flags  for  the  Reserves,  on  the  10th  of  September, 
1861,  the  presentation  took  place.  The  day  was  a  clear  and 
beautiful  one,  and  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  nine 
regiments  then  with  the  command  were  drawn  up  in  a  large 
field  near  the  river  road,  about  a  half  mile  from  camp.  The 
scene  is  thus  described  in  Prof.  Bates'  History  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers: 

"  The  color  companies  were  formed  in  line  in  front,  with 
the  colonel  of  each  regiment  at  the  head  of  the  company. 
The  parade  ground  was  surrounded  by  a  line  of  guards,  to 
exclude  the  vast  multitude  of  soldiers  and  civilians  that  had 
collected  to  witness  the  presentation.  At  eleven  o'clock, 
President  Lincoln,  accompanied  by  Hon.  Simon  Cameron,f 
Secretary  of  War,  drove  into  the  enclosure ;  a  few  minutes 
later,  General  M'Clellan  arrived,  escorted  by  the  M'Clellan 
Rifle  Guards,  of  Chicago,  and  accompanied  by  Adjutant- 
General  Lorenzo  Thomas,  General  Butler  and  General 
Mansfield.!  Half  an  hour  later,  the  sound  of  artillery,  fir- 
ing the  appropriate  salute,  announced  the  arrival  of  His 
Excellency  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania.  Governor  Cur- 
tin^  accompanied  by  the  members  of  his  staff,  Surgeon- 
General  Henry  H.  Smith,  Judge  Maxwell,  Paymaster-Gen- 
eral, and  many  distinguished  citizens,  soon  appeared  on  the 

*  A  member  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  for  twenty-five  years. 

fSubsequently  U.  S.  Minister  to  Russia  and  U.  S.  Senator. 

JGen.  J.  K.  F.  Mansfield,  killed  at  Antietam. 

g  Twice  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  subsequently  Minister  to  Russia. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  37 

parade  ground.  Colonel  Simmons,  Fifth  Reserve,  which 
had  marched  to  Washington  to  escort  the  Governor  to  Ten- 
allytown,  moved  into  position  at  the  right  of  the  line,  and 
General  M'Call  reported  his  command  in  readiness  to  receive 
the  colors.  After  receiving  most  cordial  greetings  from  the 
President,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  General-in-Chief  and 
the  General  commanding,  His  Excellency  the  Governor 
proceeded  to  formally  present  the  colors  to  the  colonels  of 
the  several  regiments,  at  the  head  of  their  color  companies. 

"Attended  by  his  staff'  and  General  M'Call,  he  com- 
menced at  the  right  of  the  line  and  placed  in  the  hands  of 
each  colonel  the  beautiful  flag  provided  by  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  saying,  at  the  same  time,  '  that  he  had  been 
delegated  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  to  present  these 
colors  to  them,  and  he  hoped  their  glory  would  never  be 
tarnished  in  their  keeping.' ' 

After  receiving  the  colors,  the  companies  wheeled  by 
platoons  and  marched  around  the  right  and  left  of  the  line 
to  the  rear,  and  took  their  places  in  the  line  with  their  new 
colors  unfurled  to  the  breeze. 

The  flags  were  made  of  silk,  fringed  with  yellow;  in  the 
blue  field  was  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State,  surrounded  by 
thirty-four  golden  stars.  Having  delivered  the  flags,  the 
Governor  returned,  and,  mounting  the  seat  of  his  carriage, 
thus  addressed  the  soldiers  : 

"General  M'Call  and  Men  of  Pennsylvania:  Were  it  not 
for  the  surroundings,  one  might  be  struck  by  the  novelty  of 
the  scene.  Large  assemblages  of  the  people  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  any  occasion  which  calls  them  together  for  deliber- 
ation on  subjects  touching  the  general  welfare  and  the  public 
good,  are  always  attended  with  a  charm  that  fascinates. 
But  when  I  look  over  the  thousands  of  Pennsylvanians  away 
from  the  soil  of  their  State,  in  arms,  there  is  inspiration  in 
the  occasion. 

"I  came  here  to-day  on  a  duty  enjoined  by  the  Legislature 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  remnant  of  the  descendants  of  the 


443343 


38  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

heroes  and  sages  of  the  Revolution  in  the  Keystone  State, 
known  as  the  Cincinnati  Society,  presented  me  with  a  sum 
of  money,  to  arm  and  equip  the  volunteers  of  Pennsylvania 
who  might  go  into  public  service  in  the  present  exigency. 
I  referred  the  subject  to  the  Legislature.  They  instructed 
me  to  make  these  flags  and  pay  for  them  with  the  money  of 
the  Cincinnati  Society.  I  have  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
azure  field  the  coat-of-arms  of  your  great  and  glorious  State, 
and  around  it  a  bright  galaxy  of  stars.  1  give  these  flags  to 
you  to-day,  and  I  know  you  will  carry  them,  wherever  you 
appear,  in  honor,  and  that  the  credit  of  your  State  will 
never,  sufter  in  your  hands. 

"  Our  peaceful  pursuits  in  Pennsylvania  have  been  broken. 
Many  of  our  people  have  abandoned  those  arts  of  industry 
which  lead  to  development  and  progress,  and  have  been 
forced  to  bear  arms.  They  have  responded  to  the  call  of 
the  National  Government,  and  while  you  are  here- in  obedi- 
ence to  that  call,  your  fellow-citizens  at  home  are  occupying 
the  camps  you  have  lately  vacated.  All  our  material  wealth, 
and  the  life  of  every  man  in  Pennsylvania,  stands  pledged 
to  vindicate  the  right,  to  sustain  the  Government,  and  to 
restore  the  ascendancy  of  law  and  order.  You  are  here  for 
that  purpose,  with  no  hope  of  acquisition  or  vengeance,  nor 
from  any  desire  to  be  enriched  by  the  shedding  of  blood. 
God  forbid !  Our  people  are  for  peace.  But  if  men  lay 
violent  hands  on  the  sacred  fabric  of  the  Government, 
unjustly  spill  the  blood  of  their  brethren,  and  tear  the  sacred 
Constitution  to  pieces,  Pennsylvania  is  for  war — war  to  the 
death ! 

"How  is  it,  my  friends,  that  we,  of  Pennsylvania,  are 
interrupted  in  our  progress  and  development  ?  How  is  it 
that  workshops  are  closed,  and  that  our  mechanical  and 
agricultural  pursuits  do  not  secure  their  merited  reward? 
It  is  because  folly,  fanaticism,  rebellion,  murder,  piracy  and 
treason  prevail  over  a  portion  of  this  land ;  and  we  are  here 
to-day  to  vindicate  the  right,  to  sustain  the  Government,  to 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  39 

defend  the  Constitution,  and  to  shed  the  blood  of  Pennsyl- 
vanians,  if  it  need  be,  to  produce  this  result.  It  will  do  no 
harm  to  repeat  here,  in  the  presence  of  so  many  Pennsyl- 
vanians  in  arms,  that  in  our  State  the  true  principles  of 
human  liberty  were  first  promulgated  to  the  world;  and 
there,  also,  the  convention  met  that  framed  the  Constitu- 
tion ;  and  Pennsylvania,  loyal  in  the  Revolution,  now  stands 
solidly  and  defiantly  to  arrest  the  treason  and  rebellion  that 
would  tear  into  pieces  the  sacred  instrument  of  our  Union 
of  States. 

"  My  friends,  one  might  regret  to  see  so  many  men  of 
Pennsylvania  here  in  arms  to-day.  But  there  is  a  pleasure 
in  the  recollection  that  you  have  been  willing  to  volunteer 
your  services  iu  the  defence  of  the  great  principle  of  human 
liberty.  Should  the  wrong  prevail,  should  treason  and 
rebellion  succeed,  we  have  no  government.  Progress  is 
stopped,  civilization  stands  still,  and  Christianity  in  the 
world,  for  the  time,  must  cease — cease  forever.  Liberty, 
civilization  and  Christianity  hang  upon  the  result  of  this 
great  contest. 

"  God  is  for  the  truth  and  the  right.  Stand  by  your 
colors,  my  friends,  this  day  delivered  to  you,  and  the  right 
will  prevail.  I  present  to  you  to-day,  as  the  representative 
of  the  people  of  Pennsylvania,  these  beautiful  colors.  I 
place  in  your  hands  the  honor  of  your  State.  Thousands  of 
your  fellow-citizens  at  home  look  to  you  to  vindicate  the 
honor  of  your  great  State.  If  you  fail,  hearts  and  homes 
will  be  made  desolate.  If  you  succeed,  thousands  of  Penn- 
sylvanians  will  rejoice  over  your  success;  and,  on  your 
return,  you  will  be  hailed  as  heroes  who  have  gone  forth  to 
battle  for  the  right. 

"  They  follow  you  with  their  prayers.  They  look  to  you 
to  vindicate  a  great  government,  to  sustain  legitimate  power, 
and  to  crush  out  rebellion.  Thousands  of  your  friends  in 
Pennsylvania  know  of  the  presentation  of  these  flags  to-day; 


40  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  I  am  sure  that  I  am  authorized  to  say  that  their  blessing 
is  upon  you. 

"  May  the  God  of  battles,  in  His  wisdom,  protect  your 
lives,  and  may  right,  truth  and  justice  prevail." 

General  M'Call  responded : 

"  General  Curtin :  Permit  me,  in  the  name  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Reserve  Corps,  to  return,  through  your  Excellency, 
to  the  State  of  our  birth,  the  thanks  with  which  we  receive 
the  splendid  banners  that,  in  accordance  with  an  act  of  the 
State  Legislature,  you  have  this  day  presented. 

"  The  bestowal  of  these  noble  banners  devolves  upon  the 
regiments  of  this  division  a  responsibility  they  cheerfully 
accept;  and  they  trust,  with  the  aid  of  the  God  of  battles, 
to  bear  these  stars  and  stripes  proudly  in  the  conflict,  and 
to  place  the  banner  of  our  State  amongst  the  foremost  in 
the  cause  of  the  Constitution  and  the  Union  of  our  com- 
mon country." 

The  presentation  over,  the  regiments  passed  in  review 
before  the  Governor.  The  distinguished  visitors  then  par- 
took of  a  collation  in  picnic  style  in  the  grove  fronting 
General  M'Call's  headquarters.  There  were  a  number  of 
ladies  in  the  party,  whose  presence  added  greatly  to  the 
pleasure  of  the  occasion.  The  greatest  sociability  prevailed, 
and  wit  and  sentiment  ruled  the  hour,  without  any  stiff 
formality.  President  Lincoln  was  in  his  happiest  mood, 
and  was  the  life  of  the  company,  and  all  present  seemed  to 
enjoy  themselves  much. 

After  supper  on  the  llth,  the  Third,  Seventh,  Eighth  and 
Eleventh  Regiments  marched  to  the  Chain  Bridge,  to  sup- 
port General  Smith,  who  was  skirmishing  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river,  and  returned  to  camp  about  midnight. 

On  the  16th,  the  regiments  of  the  Reserve  were  organ- 
ized into  three  brigades,  and  the  brigades  into  a  division,  to 
be  officially  known  as  "  M'Call's  Division,"  but  popularly  in 
the  army,  and  throughout  the  world  where  the  record  of  our 
warfare  was  read,  as  the  "Pennsylvania  Reserve." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  41 

The  First  Brigade  was  composed  of  the  Fifth  Regiment, 
Colonel  Seneca.  G.  Simmons ;  the  First  Eegiment,  Colonel 
R.  B.  Roberts;  the  Second,  Colonel  Wm.  B.  Mann;  and 
the  Eighth  Regiment,  Colonel  Geo.  S.  Hayes — commanded 
by  Brigadier-General  John  F/ Reynolds,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Fourteenth  Infantry,  U.  S.  A.  General  Reynolds  appointed 
on  his  staff,  Captain  Charles  Kingsbury,  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General;  Lieutenants  Charles  B.  Lamborne  and  Henry  S. 
Spear,  Aids-de-camp ;  Captain  Chandler  Hall,  Quartermas- 
ter, and  Captain  James  B.  Clow,  Commissary  of  Subsist- 
ence, and  Dr.  Jas.  B.  King,  Brigade  Surgeon. 

The  Second  Brigade  was  composed  of  the  Third  Regi- 
ment, Colonel  Horatio  G.  Sickel;  the  Fourth  Regiment, 
Colonel  R.  G.  March ;  the  Seventh  Regiment,  Colonel  E. 
B.  Harvey,  and  the  Eleventh  Regiment,  Colonel  Thomas  F. 
Gallagher — commanded  by  Brigadier-General  George  Gor- 
don Meade,  Captain  U.  S.  Topographical  Engineers.  Gen- 
eral Meade  appointed  Captain  Edward  C.  Baird,  Assistant 
Adjutant-General;  and  Lieutenants  J.  Hamilton  Kuhn  and 
William  W.  Watmough,  Aids-de-camp ;  Captain  Samuel 
Ringwalt,  Quartermaster;  Captain  James  P.  Fredericks, 
Commissary  of  Subsistence;  and  Dr.  Anthony  E.  Stocker, 
Brigade  Surgeon. 

The  Third  Brigade  was  composed  of  the  Tenth  Regiment, 
Colonel  John  S.  M'Calmont;  the  Sixth  Regiment,  Colonel 
W.  W.  Ricketts ;  the  Ninth  Regiment,  Colonel  Conrad  F. 
Jackson ;  and  the  Twelfth  Regiment,  Colonel  John  H.  Tag- 
gart — commanded  by  Brigadier-General  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  Cap- 
tain Third  U.  S.  Artillery.  General  Ord  appointed  on  his 
staff  Captain  Placidus  Ord,  Assistant  Adjutant-General; 
Lieutenants  Samuel  S.  Steward  and  A.  Brady  Sharp,  Aids- 
de-camp;  Captain  Wm.  Painter,  Quartermaster;  Captain 
Jas.  M.  Tillapaugh,  Commissary  of  Subsistence;  and  Dr. 
W.  G.  Lowman,  Brigade  Surgeon. 

The  First  Rifles,  popularly  known  as  the  "  Bucktails," 
Colonel  Charles  J.  Biddle,  were  temporarily  attached  to  the 


42  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Second  Brigade,  and  then,  for  a  short  time,  made  independ- 
ent; but  on  the  opening  of  the  campaign,  in  1862,  were 
permanently  assigned  to  the  First  Brigade. 

The  First  Reserve  Cavalry,  Colonel  Geo.  D.  Bayard, 
Lieutenant  Fourth  Regiment  U.  S.  Cavalry,  was  not  bri- 
gaded, its  commander  reporting  direct  to  division  head- 
quarters. 

Of  the  First  Reserve  Artillery,  Colonel  Charles  T.  Camp- 
bell ;  Battery  A,  Captain  Hezekiah  Easton ;  Battery  B, 
Captain  James  H.  Cooper;  and  Battery  G,  Captain  Mark 
Kern,  were  retained  with  the  division,  and  the  rest  of  the 
batteries  distributed  through  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

General  M'Call,  having  previously  appointed  Captain 
Henry  J.  Biddle  Assistant  Adjutant-General,  and  Lieuten- 
ants Henry  A.  Scheetz  and  Eldridge  Maconkey  Aids-de- 
camp, completed  the  organization  of  the  departments  of 
his  division  by  appointing  Captain  Chandler  Hall  Quarter- 
master; Captain  Jas.  B.  Clow,  Commissary  of  Subsistence; 
Lieutenant  Estruries  Beatty,  Ordnance  Officer;  and  Dr. 
Anthony  E.  Stocker,  Surgeon  at  division  headquarters. 
Subsequently,  Professor  Henry  Coppee  was  attached  to  the 
staff  as  Inspector-General,  and  the  Hon.  Edward  M'Pherson, 
having  resigned  his  commission  as  Captain  in  the  First 
Regiment  on  account  of  having  been  chosen  a  representa- 
tive in  Congress  from  the  Seventeenth  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  Pennsylvania,  was  accepted  as  a  volunteer  aid  on 
the  staff  of  General  M'Call  during  the  recesses  of  Congress. 

While  at  Camp  Tenally,  September  24th,  A.  L.  5861, 
A.  D.  1861,  upon  application  of  Colonel  Sickel,  Captain 
Feaster,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thompson,  H.  L.  Strong,  Cap- 
tains Beatty  and  Briner,  Hospital  Steward  F.  M.  Niblo, 
Captain  Curtis,  Sergeant  H.  C.  Tripp,  Sergeant-Major 
Duvall  Doran  and  Captain  Richards,  the  R.  W.  G.  M. 
George  C.  Whiting,  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Free  and 
Accepted  York  Masons  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  granted 
a  warrant  for  the  establishment  of  a  Lodge  in  the  Third 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  43 

Reserve,  to  be  known  and  recognized  as  "  The  Potomac 
Lodge."  The  warrant  appointed  Colonel  Sickel  Worshipful 
Master,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thompson  Senior  Warden,  and 
Captain  Curtis  Junior  Warden,  and  authorized  and  empow- 
ered them  to  hold  communications  thereof,  for  social  inter- 
course and  Masonic  instruction.  The  Lodge  was  organized 
four  days  afterwards,  and  continued  to  hold  camp-meetings 
as  circumstances  permitted,  taking  in  a  number  of  new 
members,  and  entered,  passed  and  raised  to  the  sublime 
degree  of  Master  Masons  others.  This  Lodge  was  the  only 
one  of  Masons  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  although  the 
Most  Worshipful  Grand  Lodge  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
as  early  as  May  2d,  1861,  advised  that  the  M.  W.  G.  M. 
grant  special  dispensations  to  such  regiments  or  corps  of 
volunteers  of  the  several  States  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  in  their  jurisdiction. 

On  the  morning  of  the  7th  of  October,  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel Thompson,  in  command  of  four  companies,  with  wagons 
to  convey  the  tents,  etc.,  marched  to  the  Great  Falls,  for  a 
week's  picket  duty.  Late  in  the  afternoon  a  violent  hail 
storm,  accompanied  by  high  winds  and  thunder,  occurred. 
Some  of  the  stones  were  of  the  size  of  bullets,  cutting 
through  the  tents,  and  almost  driving  the  horses  wild.  It 
lasted  about  a  half  hour,  leaving  the  atmosphere  quite  cool. 

The  next  day,  the  fall  election  in  our  State  taking  place, 
the  Reserves  exercised  the  right  of  casting  their  vote,  each 
company  voting  at  its  captain's  quarters.  Tickets  of  both 
the  political  parties  were  supplied  in  abundance  from  home, 
and  the  men  were  free  from  any  restraint  or  improper  influ- 
ence of  officers  or  politicians. 


44  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 


CHAPTER  III. 

INTO  VIRGINIA  —  CAMP  PIERPONT  —  THE  LONG  ROLL — DEATH  OF  PRI- 
VATE SEIFERT  —  REOONNOISSANOE  TO  DRAINESVILLE —  BALLS  BLUFF 
—  REVIEW  —  MOVE  CAMP  —  RESIGNATIONS  AND  PROMOTIONS  —  REVIEW 
AT  MUNSON'S  HILL  —  WINTER  QUARTERS  —  THE  COLONEL  AND  THE 
DELINQUENTS  —  BAYARD'S  SKIRMISH  —  FORAGING  EXPEDITION  —  BAT- 
TLE OF  DRAINESVILLE  —  GALLANTRY  OF  LIEUTENANT-COLONEL  KANE  — 
CHRISTMAS  AND  PISTOLS  —  WINTER  —  VIRGINIA  FAMILY  —  A  BRAVE 
GIRL  —  PICKETING  —  "  TAKING  FRENCH  "  —  DEATHS  AND  PROMOTIONS. 

EARLY  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  of  October,  General 
Smith  advanced  his  division  from  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Chain  Bridge  to  Langley,  where,  deploying  his  skir- 
mishers, he  pushed  forward  a  brigade  on  the  Drainesville 
pike,  and  took  possession  of  Prospect  Hill.  With  his  main 
body,  he  diverged  from  the  pike  at  Langley  to  the  left, 
advancing  towards  Lewinsville,  which  village  he  entered 
and  occupied  without  opposition,  leaving  the  main  portion 
of  his  troops  at  Smoot's  Hill,  and  pushing  on  a  detachment 
to  hold  Miner's  Hill. 

To  occupy  this  extention  of  the  lines,  the  same  day  orders 
were  issued  for  the  Reserves  to  march.  The  two  days' 
rations  of  the  Third  were  just  being  put  on  the  fires,  when 
the  long  roll  beat,  and  the  men  fell  in  with  their  knapsacks 
slung,  eager  for  the  move.  No  one  can  conceive  what  a 
scene  of  animation  it  was  without  having  felt  the  joy  of 
young,  thoughtless  soldiers,  as  they  prepare  for  what  they 
suppose  is  their  first  battle.  Every  heart  is  light  and  happy, 
every  eye  is  bright  and  sparkling,  every  bosom  heaves  with 
emotions  of  love  and  tenderness  for  those  at  home,  and  the 
manly  thought  flashes  through  that  they  are  about  to  prove 
themselves  worthy  of  the  name  of  Americans.  The  drums 
beat,  the  bands  peal  forth  martial  strains,  the  bugles  sound, 
the  cavalry  tramp  by  with  rattling  sabres,  the  artillery 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  45 

rumbles  over  the  ground,  the  masses  of  infantry,  with  their 
bright  flashing  muskets  and  nodding  ensigns,  unravel  them- 
selves and  move  in  long  columns  of  blue,  fringed  with  bright 
bayonets,  followed  by  the  ammunition  wagons  and  ambu- 
lances, and  all  wind  down  to  the  banks  of  the  Potomac 
towards  the  Chain  Bridge.  And  what  a  happy  moment. 
They  tread  the  planks,  the  bands  burst  forth  with  "  Dixie's 
Land,"  and  the  loud  and  prolonged  cheers  of  brave  hearts 
echo  from  shore  to  shore  of  the  rock-bound  river,  and  their 
feet  press  for  the  first  time  the  "  sacred  soil  of  Virginia." 

It  was  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  when  the  Third  left 
their  camp  in  charge  of  the  sick,  under  Lieutenant  Lehman, 
for  the  guards  had  deserted  their  posts  and  mingled  in  the 
ranks;  and,  preceded  by  the  cavalry  and  the  "  Bucktails," 
deployed  as  skirmishers,  crossed  the  bridge,  and  moving  on 
the  Drainesville  pike  past  Fort  Marcy,  they  bivouacked  at 
dark  in  a  field  a  little  beyond  Langley.  Pickets  were  at 
once  thrown  out  to  connect  with  General  Smith's  line  on 
the  left,  and  to  extend  to  the  Potomac  on  the  right.  The 
night  was  dark,  cloudy  and  cold,  and  the  men  were  without 
tents  for  the  first  time,  and  thus  gradually,  and  to  them  not 
unpleasantly,  they  were  becoming  inured  to  the  field-life  of 
a  soldier,  and  the  next  morning  at  reveille  they  were  as 
happy  and  light-hearted  as  health  and  youth  could  make 
them. 

That  afternoon  the  wagons  arrived,  the  tents  were  pitched 
and  Camp  Pierpont  established,  named  in  honor  of  Francis 
H.  Pierpont,  the  loyal  Governor  of  Virginia.  The  position 
assigned  to  the  Reserves  was  the  extreme  right  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  their  picket  line  extending  from  the  river 
past  Prospect  Hill,  towards  Lewinsville. 

The  camp  of  the  Third  was  in  a  basin  surrounded  by 
high  hills,  with  field  batteries  in  front.  Near  dark  on  the 
llth,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thompson,  with  the  picket  from 
the  Great  Falls,  and  the  balance  of  the  wagons,  arrived  in 
camp  and  pitched  his  tents. 


46  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

On  the  night  of  the  llth,  Smith's  pickets,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Lewinsville,  were  driven  in,  and  the  next  day 
the  enemy,  consisting  of  at  least  three  regiments  of  infan- 
try, some  cavalry  and  a  battery  of  six  guns,  were  discovered 
near  Miner's  Hill,  concealed  in  the  woods,  which  led  to  the 
supposition  that  an  attack  was  meditated  the  next  morning. 
At  noon  the  drums  beat,  and  the  men  got  into  fighting 
order.  General  M'Clellan  and  staff,  including  the  Comte 
de  Paris  and  the  Due  de  Chartres,  rode  over  and  remained 
during  the  night  at  Smoot's  house;  and  at  midnight  the 
drums  again  beat  and  every  preparation  was  made  for  an 
attack. 

It  was  a  clear  and  beautiful  night ;  the  moon  shone  forth 
in  its  mild  beauty;  the  stars  twinkled  with  resplendent 
glory,  and  not  a  cloud  glided  through  the  sky.  The  drums 
beat  the  long  roll,  the  trumpets  of  the  cavalry  and  artillery 
sounded  their  shrill  blasts,  and  the  bands  of  the  infantry 
pealed  forth  their  inspiring  strains.  The  camp-fires  burned 
brightly,  the  glittering  bayonets  and  sabres  flashed  in  the 
light,  and  every  heart  beat  high  with  hope.  At  two  A.M., 
various  columns  of  troops  on  the  Maryland  side  were  put  in 
motion,  and  moved  across  the  river  to  a  position,  to  be  easily 
thrown  to  any  point  of  the  line  the  emergency  might 
require.  But  alas !  after  remaining  in  position  until  day- 
light, chilled  with  the  falling  dews,  the  troops  were  doomed 
to  disappointment.  Beauregard  had  only  been  on  a  recon- 
naissance in  force,  to  ascertain  our  position  since  the  recent 
extension  of  our  front. 

At  dress  parade  on  the  14th,  at  the  command  "  ground 
arms,"  a  musket  of  Company  E  was  discharged,  a  buckshot 
from  which  passed  through  the  heart  of  Fred'k  B.  Seifert, 
and  the  ball  through  the  arm  of  Alfred  Phillips,  privates  of 
Battery  B,  Captain  Cooper.  Upon  investigation,  it  was 
ascertained  that  the  musket  was  not  capped,  showing  the 
caps  were  without  the  proper  metallic  covering,  which 
admitted  of  the  charge  adhering  to  the  nipple.  Seifert's 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  47 

body  was  sent  home  the  next  day,  Companies  E  and  D,  with 
the  Third's  band,  accompanying  it  to  Langley. 

At  midnight  on  the  18th  of  October,  orders  were  issued 
for  the  Reserve  to  prepare  to  move  early  the  next  morning, 
with  three  days'  cooked  rations  in  haversacks ;  and,  accord- 
ingly, there  was  a  busy  time  the  balance  of  the  night  around 
the  camp-fires.  Early  in  the  morning,  the  regiments  were 
in  line,  and  at  seven  o'clock  they  moved  up  the  pike  towards 
Drainesville.  The  First  Brigade,  General  Reynolds,  took 
the  lead,  with  a  squadron  of  Reserve  Cavalry,  Colonel  Bay- 
ard,* in  the  van,  followed  by  two  batteries  of  the  Reserve 
Artillery,  Colonel  Campbell,f  the  "  Bucktails,"  Colonel 
Biddle,|  and  infantry,  with  the  the  ambulances,  bringing  up 
the  rear.  Crossing  Difficult  creek,  they  continued  on 
through  Drainesville,  and  halted  to  bivouac  three  miles 
beyond.  Soon  General  M'Call  rode  up,  and  ordered  them 
to  fall  back  about  four  miles,  to  Thornton's  house,  at  the 
forks  of  the  Chain  Bridge  and  Leesburg  and  Alexandria 
pikes.  The  artillery  was  posted  to  sweep  the  roads,  pickets 
were  thrown  out,  and  the  men  put  in  a  heav.y  woods,  where 
they  slept  peacefully. 

The  Third  Reserves  fell  into  line  with  the  Second  Brigade, 
General  Meade,  about  seven  A.M.,  and  following  the  First 
Brigade,  advanced  to  within  three  miles  of  Drainesville,  and 
halting  in  an  open  field,  bivouacked  for  the  night,  the 
pickets  surrounding  the  brigade.  The  Third  Brigade,  Gen- 
eral Ord,  moved  to  Difficult  creek,  and  halted  for  the  night, 
and  General  Smith  moved  a  division  out  the  Alexandria  and 
Leesburg  pike  to  cover  that  road. 

The  next  morning,  by  daylight  the  boys  were  up  and 
hard  at  work  cutting  down  the  chestnut  trees,  to  get  the 
nuts,  and  capturing  the  enemy's  supply  of  pigs,  turkeys  and 

*  George  D.  Bayard,  promoted  Major-General.  Killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Decem- 
ber 13th,  1862. 

f  Charles  T.  Campbell,  promoted  Brigadier-General. 

|  Charles  J.  Biddle,  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and, 
subsequently,  a  member  of  Congress,  and  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Age. 


48  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

chickens,  which  interesting  operations,  however,  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  commanding  officers,  and  the  boys  confined 
to  the  limits  of  the  camp. 

On  the  march  up  they  found  a  number  of  houses  aban- 
doned by  their  occupants,  who  fled  upon  their  approach, 
under  the  impression,  created  by  their  newspapers,  that  they 
would  carry  on  the  war  with  rapine  and  murder.  At  some 
houses  they  found  the  furniture  carried  out,  ready  for  mov- 
ing. They  also  found  houses  that  had  been  abandoned  for 
some  time,  the  inmates  having  been  driven  away  by  their 
neighbors  on  account  of  their  Union  sentiments. 

During  the  day  detachments  were  sent  out  to  reconnoitre 
the  neighboring  roads  and  country,  and  make  a  plane-table 
survey  of  a  portion  of  it,  and  along  the  London  and  Hamp- 
shire railroad  in  several  places  they  encountered  the  enemy's 
scouts,  killing  two  and  wounding  four  of  them.  Two  of 
the  detachments  pushed  forward  to  Goose  creek,  four  miles 
from  Leesburg.  The  next  morning,  the  21st,  General 
M'Call,  having  accomplished  the  object  of  his  advance,  in 
obedience  to  orders  received  that  morning  from  General 
M'Clellan,  returned  to  camp,  where  he  arrived  at  1  P.M., 
just  three  hours  before  the  overwhelming  attack  of  the 
enemy  on  Colonel  Baker's*  command  at  Balls  Bluff  was 
commenced.  If  the  Reserves  had  been  ordered  to  remain 
at  Drainesville  on  Monday,  they  would  have  been  within 
striking  distance  of  the  enemy's  rear,  and  could  have,  very 
probably,  captured  or  destroyed  them. 

Upon  M'Call's  return  to  Laugley,  he  received  an  order 
from  General  M'Clellan  instructing  him,  if  he  had  not  yet 
moved  his  command,  to  remain  at  Drainesville  until  further 
orders.  M'Call  telegraphed  his  position,  and  asked  for 
instructions,  and  was  ordered  to  rest  and  hold  his  men  ready 
to  move  at  short  notice. 


*E.  D.  Baker,  Colonel  Seventy-first  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  and  U.  8.  Senator 
from  California.  Formerly  in  Congress  from  Illinois,  and  a  Colonel  in  the  Mexican 
War.  Killed  at  Balls  Bluff. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  49 

Arms  were  stacked,  artillery  horses  re-harnessed,  three 
days'  rations  cooked,  and  the  men  held  in  readiness  until 
late  the  next  afternoon. 

On  the  morning  of  the  26th,  General  M'Call  reviewed  the 
Reserves  in  front  of  Johnson's  Hill.  They  consisted  of  the 
thirteen  regiments  of  infantry  of  Generals  Reynold's,  Meade's 
and  M'Calmont's  brigades,  the  First  Cavalry  and  the  First 
Artillery.  As  the  field  contained  but  about  forty  acres,  the 
regiments  were  formed  in  divisions  closed  in  mass,  which 
wheeled  into  column  in  mass,  and  moved  forward  to  where 
General  M'Call  and  staff  were  stationed ;  but  before  reach- 
ing him,  the  divisions  broke  into  companies  at  wheeling 
distance,  and  passed  in  review.  When  the  line  began  thus 
to  uncoil  itself,  it  reached  a  great  distance,  and  presented  a 
splendid  appearance. 

In  the  afternoon  the  camp  of  the  Third  was  moved  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  nearer  Langley,  to  the  right  of  the  pike 
and  the  west  side  of  a  fine  sloping  hill,  terminating  abruptly 
towards  the  village.  On  the  crest  was  located  the  field  and 
staff,  and  on  the  slope  the  company  tents,  with  a  fine  parade 
ground  between  them. 

On  the  7th  of  November,  the  regiment  was  paid  off  by 
Major  John  M.  Pomeroy.  On  the  10th,  Quartermaster 
Frank  S.  Bickley  resigned,  and  First  Lieutenant  Strickland 
Yardley,  Company  C,  was  appointed  in  his  place.  The  next 
day,  Second  Lieutenant  Florentine  H.  Straub,  Company  D, 
was  elected  First  Lieutenant,  vice  Bickley,  resigned,  and 
Sergeant  Andrew  J.  Stetson  was  elected  Second  Lieutenant, 
vice  Straub,  promoted.  On  the  14th,  Second  Lieutenant  J. 
M.  Buckingham,  Company  B,  resigned,  and  Sergeant  L.  W. 
Hamlin  was  elected  Second  Lieutenant  in  his  place. 

On  account  of  the  distance  from  Washington,  and  the 
difficulty  of  getting  there,  but  few  officers  cared  about  tak- 
ing the  trouble  to  procure  a  pass,  and  drilling  became  the 
favorite  pastime  with  them.  The  regiments  being  all 
encamped  within  sight  of  one  another,  quite  a  rivalry  sprang 
4 


50  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

up  as  to  which  would  become  the  most  perfect.  The  effect 
was  a  marked  improvement  in  battalion  drill.  About  the 
same  time,  the  colonel  established  a  school  of  instruction 
among  the  officers,  which  was  continued  as  long  as  they 
remained  at  Camp  Pierpont. 

On  the  20th  of  November,  a  grand  review  of  a  portion  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  took  place  near  Munson's  Hill,  in 
a  valley,  or  rather  plain,  two  miles  long  by  one  broad. 
About  seventy-five  thousand  troops  were  formed  into  three 
sides  of  a  square.  Upon  the  right  were  cavalry  and  artillery, 
and  on  the  left  the  Pennsylvania  Reserves.  Around  this 
immense  plain  thousands  of  people  and  vehicles  were  gath- 
ered. 

At  noon,  the  President  and  wife,  in  an  open  barouche, 
followed  by  Secretaries  Seward  and  Cameron,  a  host  of  dis- 
tinguished civilians  and  Foreign  Ministers,  arrived,  and 
took  post  in  the  centre  and  front  of  the  square.  Soon  after, 
General  M'Clellan  arrived,  and  took  post  to  the  left  of  the 
President,  surrounded  by  his  generals  and  staff.  A  salute 
of  artillery  was  fired,  and  the  President  and  Secretaries 
mounted  horses  and  started  on  the  review.  Commencing 
on  the  left,  they  passed  down  by  the  Reserve,  and  as  the 
party,  consisting  of  some  three  hundred  officers,  generals 
and  their  staffs,  rode  by,  the  troops  commenced  cheering 
and  the  bands  playing.  After  passing  around,  a  position 
was  taken,  and  orders  given  for  the  column  to  pass  in 
review.  First  came  the  Reserves,  which,  after  passing,  filed 
to  the  right  and  marched  at  once  to  their  camp,  some  ten 
miles  off.  Then  followed  General  Heintzleman's  Division, 
which  passed  to  the  left,  and  marched  some  fifteen  miles  to 
their  post.  The  divisions  of  Generals  Smith,  Franklin, 
Blenker,  Porter  and  M'Dowell,  followed  after,  and  each  was 
dismissed,  and  marched  directly  to  its  camp. 

About  this  time  the  men  commenced  preparing  winter 
quarters.  These  consisted  of  walls  of  from  four  to  six  logs 
high,  with  wedge-tents  placed  over  them.  Floors  of  boards 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  51 

or  logs  were  put  down,  shelves  put  up,  and  small  sheet-iron 
stoves  put  in.  From  four  to  six  soldiers  generally  bunked 
together,  according  to  their  liking. 

Some  of  the  men  having  fallen  into  the  habit  of  absent- 
ing themselves  from  roll-call,  drill,  etc.,  the  colonel  one 
morning  had  the  delinquents  paraded  in  front  of  his  quar- 
ters, and  then  marched  them  out  to  drill.  The  men  under- 
stood the  arrangement,  and  nothing  was  said  to  them  about 
it,  but  the  kind  manner  in  which  the  colonel  exercised  them 
not  only  effectually  checked  the  repetition  of  the  offence 
but  added  to  their  love  for  him  whom  they  looked  upon  not 
only  as  their  commander  but  as  their  considerate  friend,  who 
at  first  always  used  gentle  means  to  induce  them  to  act 
right. 

On  the  evening  of  the  26th  of  November,  Colonel  Bayard 
was  ordered  to  scout  the  country  beyond  Difficult  creek,  a 
small  stream  crossing  the  pike  about  six  miles  from  camp, 
and  make  a  descent  on  Draiuesville,  seven  miles  further  on, 
with  five  hundred  men  of  the  Reserve  cavalry.  The  village 
was  surrounded  just  before  daylight,  and  several  houses 
searched  for  guerrillas  reported  to  harbor  there.  Four 
sleeping  pickets,  Charles  Coleman,  Philip  Carper,  Dr.  Day 
and  son,  and  three  other  citizens,  were  captured.  After  a 
half  hour's  halt  the  cavalry  took  up  their  march  for  camp. 
Two  miles  from  the  village,  the  head  of  the  column  was 
tired  on  by  guerrillas  concealed  in  the  pine  thickets  by  the 
roadside,  and  Assistant  Surgeon  Samuel  Alexander  and 
Private  Joseph  Hughling  were  killed,  and  two  men  severely 
wounded.  Colonel  Bayard  was  slightly  wounded,  and  he 
and  Surgeon  David  Stanton  had  their  horses  killed  under 
them.  Detachments  along  the  line  were  immediately  dis- 
mounted and  pushed  into  the  woods,  and  in  a  few  minutes 
they  killed  or  captured  the  whole  party. 

Among  the  killed  was  Thomas  Coleman,  the  proprietor 
of  the  hotel  in  the  village,  and  among  the  prisoners  were 
Captian  W.  Farley,  of  General  ^Bonham's  staff,  and  Lieu- 


52  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

tenant  T.  de  Caradene,  of  South  Carolina,  who  were  on  a 

courting  expedition  to  the  Misses  G ,  who  lived  in  the 

neighborhood.  Cupid  has  no  business  outside  the  picket 
lines. 

On  the  27th,  Private  Peter  "W.  Wittee,  Company  C,  who 
died  in  the  regimental  hospital,  was  buried  at  Langley,  with 
military  honors,  and  the  body  of  Private  Joseph  R.  Barr, 
Company  K,  was  sent  to  Philadelphia  in  charge  of  Lieuten- 
ant Donaghy.  About  the  same  time,  Private  Adam  Martz, 
Company  G,  was  buried  at  Langley,  and  the  body  of  Lieu- 
tenant John  Connally,  Company  G,  was  sent  to  Germantown 
in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Roberts.  Orderly  Sergeant  Francis 
C.  Harrison  was  elected  Second  Lieutenant,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Lieutenant  Connally. 

On  the  28th,  Company  E,  Captain  John  Clark,  was  per- 
manently detailed  as  provost  guard  at  Langley,  and 
encamped  in  the  rear  of  General  M'CalPs  headquarters. 

On  the  3d  of  December,  the  First  Brigade  started  on  a 
foraging  expedition,  and  proceeded  about  nine  miles  up  the 
pike  to  Mr.  Thomas'  house,  where  they  captured  a  large 
number  of  wagon-loads  of  corn,  etc.,  that  had  just  been  col- 
lected for  the  enemy.  Mr.  Thomas  was  an  agent  of  the 
Confederate  Government,  whose  business  it  was  to  scour  the 
country,  and  collect  from  the  unwilling  inhabitants  bedding, 
blankets,  clothing,  etc.,  for  the  use  of  the  army.  The  Third 
Regiment  returned  to  camp  about  six  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, much  pleased  with  their  trip. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  6th,  General  Meade  marched 
with  his  brigade,  Kern's  battery,  and  a  squadron  of  Reserve 
cavalry,  under  Major  Jones,*  towards  Draiuesville  to  Gun- 
nell's  farm,  lying  between  the  village  and  the  Potomac,  with 
instructions  to  capture  the  two  nephews  of  Mr.  GunnelPs, 
who,  though  not  in  the  army,  were  in  the  habit  of  firing 
across  the  river  at  the  Union  pickets  on  the  north  side. 
These  young  gentlemen,  with  three  of  their  associates  and 

*Owen  Jones,  of  Montgomery  county.    Promoted  Colonel  May  5th,  1862. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  53 

two  colored  men,  who  sought  our  lines,  were  sent  to  General 
M'Clellan's  headquarters,  and  fifty-five  wagon-loads  of  grain, 
ten  horses,  a  fine  drove  of  hogs,  several  oxen,  several  shot- 
guns and  rifles  were  brought  to  camp.  Ord's  Brigade  fol- 
lowed Meade's  in  supporting  distance.  The  Third  arrived 
back  in  camp  about  dark,  pretty  well  tired  out. 

These  continued  trespasses  of  the  Reserve  upon  the 
enemy's  territory  brought  on  the  battle  of  Drainesville. 
For  when  Ord's  Brigade  went  out  a  few  days  later  for  a 
similar  purpose,  he  was  met  by  the  enemy,  prepared  to  con- 
test the  ground. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  DRAINESVILLE,  DECEMBER  20TH,  1861. 

General  M'Call,  having  learned  through  his  scouts  on  the 
evening  of  the  19th,  that  the  enemy  would  be  at  Draines- 
ville the  next  day  with  a  strong  foraging  party  and  a  wagon 
train,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  away  all  the  forage  and 
grain  from  the  front  of  the  Reserves,  determined  to  dispute 
the  right  of  property  with  them. 

Accordingly,  early  the  next  morning,  General  Ord  with 
his  brigade,  consisting  of  the  Sixth,  Captain  W.  G.  Ent;* 
the  Ninth,  Colonel  Conrad  F.  Jackson  ;f  the  Tenth,  Colonel 
John  S.  M'Calmont;  and  the  Twelfth,  Colonel  John  H. 
Taggart;!  the  "Bucktails,"  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  L. 
Kane;§  Easton's  Battery  of  two  twenty-four-pound  howit- 
zers and  two  twelve-pound  smooth-bores,  and  four  companies 
of  cavalry  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Jacob  Higgins,  marched 
up  the  pike  and  through  Drainesville,  and  halted  some  dis- 
tance west  of  it.  The  enemy  were  soon  discovered  advanc- 
ing north  from  the  direction  of  Centreville,  on  the  pike  near 
where  it  joins  the  Chain  Bridge  and  Leesburg  pike,  with 


*  Promoted  Colonel  and  Brevet  Brigadier-General. 

t  Promoted  Brigadier-General  July  17th,  1862.    Killed  at  Fredericksburg. 

JSubsequently  chief  of  Military  School  for  instruction  of  officers,  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue,  and  editor  of  the  Sunday  Mercury  and  of  the  Sunday  Times,  Phila- 
delphia. 

$  Promoted  Brigadier-General  September  7th,  1862.  Son  of  Judge  Kane,  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  and  brother  of  Dr.  Kane,  the  celebrated  Arctic  explorer. 


54  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

the  evident  intention  of  seizing  the  intersection,  and  cutting 
the  communication  of  the  brigade  with  camp  Pierpont. 
Ord  immediately  double-quicked  his  command,  and,  gallop- 
ing down  the  pike  at  the  head  of  the  artillery,  overturned 
one  of  the  guns  as  he  wheeled  into  position,  and  seized  the 
point. 

The  cavalry  was  posted  on  the  extreme  right,  next  the 
Ninth,  then  the  Bucktails,  then  four  companies  of  the  Tenth, 
then  the  Sixth,  and  then  the  Twelfth;  the  six  companies  of 
the  Tenth  being  with  the  train.  The  artillery  was  then 
pushed  forward  to  an  eminence  near  the  Centreville  road, 
supported  by  the  Bucktails,  a  portion  of  whom  posted  them- 
selves in  a  brick  house  near  by. 

Brigadier-Gener.al  Stuart,*  commanding  the  enemy,  being 
frustrated  in  his  design,  posted  Captain  Cutt's  Georgia  bat- 
tery of  six  guns  on  the  Centreville  road,  with  the  Tenth 
Alabama,  Colonel  John  H.  Forney,  and  the  Eleventh  Vir- 
ginia, Colonel  Garland,f  on  his  right;  and  the  Sixth  South 
Carolina,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Secrest,  and  the  First  Ken- 
tucky Rifles,  Colonel  Taylor,  on  the  left,  with  Stuart's  (his 
own)  Virginia  regiment  of  cavalry  covering  his  flanks. 

The  enemy  opened  the  battle  with  their  artillery,  which 
was  at  once  responded  to  by  Easton's  guns,  the  first  shot 
from  which  elicited  loud  cheers  from  our  line,  who  rose  to 
their  feet,  and  then  lay  down  again.  This  work,  with  a 
steady  fire  of  infantry,  lasted  nearly  a  half-hour,  when  one 
of  the  enemy's  caissons  was  exploded,  and  their  guns  driven 
from  their  position,  when  General  Ord  ordered  the  whole 
line  to  charge,  which  was  done  with  loud  cheers.  Colonel 
Taggart,  who  held  the  left,  valiantly  advanced  on  foot 
through  a  dense  woods  and  underbrush;  Kane,  at  the  head 


*  Major  General  J.  £.  B.  Stuart,  late  a  Lieutenant  U.  8.  Army.  Participated  as  an 
aid  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  (General)  B.  E.  Lee  in  the  capture  of  John  Brown  at  Harpers 
Ferry.  Killed  at  Yellow  Tavern,  May  10th,  1864.  Though  ever  ready  for  a  "fight  or  a 
frolic,"  he  espoused  the  Southern  cause  through  conscientious  motives,  and  was  a 
sincere  Christian. 

t  Promoted  Brigadier-General.    Killed  at  South  Mountain,  September  14th,  1802. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  55 

of  the  Bucktails,  received  a  painful  wound  in  the  roof  of 
his  mouth,  but  still  continued  to  lead,  though  he  could  not 
speak;  and  M'Calmont  and  Jackson  cheered  their  men  on. 
The  enemy,  in  precipitous  retreat,  was  driven  from  the  field, 
and  the  first  cheer  of  victory  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
was  there  given. 

Our  loss  was  seven  killed  and  forty-eight  wounded.*  The 
enemy,  who  reported  the  engagement  to  have  been  very 
severe,  acknowledged  the  loss  of  forty-three  killed,  one 
hundred  and  forty-three  wounded,  and  forty-four  missing, 
the  latter  probably  being  mostly  wounded  or  deserters. 
Colonel  Forney  was  wounded,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Mar- 
tin killed.  The  Sixth  South  Carolina  lost  sixty-five  men — 
partly  by  the  fire  of  the  First  Kentucky,  who  mistook  them 
for  Unionists.  They  left  twenty-five  horses  dead  upon  the 
field  and  two  caissons. 

General  M'Call,  by  rapid  riding,  arrived  upon  the  battle- 
field soon  after  the  action  commenced,  and  assumed  com- 
mand. After  the  battle,  with  the  Reserves'  dead,  the 
wounded  of  both  armies,  the  prisoners,  trophies  and  forage, 
they  returned  to  Camp  Pierpont. 

Early  in  the  day  the  First  Brigade,  General  Reynolds, 
moved  beyond  Difficult  creek  to  within  a  short  distance  of 
Drainesville,  and  was  followed  by  the  Second  Brigade, 
General  Meade,  but  neither  participated  in  the  battle,  and 
the  whole  command  arrived  in  camp  about  eight  o'clock  in 
the  evening. 

A  few  days  after  the  battle,  Governor  Curtin  visited  the 
Reserves,  to  congratulate  them  and  care  for  the  wounded, 
and  he  caused  the  flags  of  the  regiments  that  participated 
in  the  engagement  to  be  sent  to  Washington,  where 
"Drainesville,  December  20th,  1861,"  was  inscribed  on  each, 
after  which  they  were  returned  to  them  in  the  presence  of 
the  division  and  an  assemblage  of  distinguished  personages. 

*  Counted  by  the  author. 


56  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Christmas  is  always  a  season  of  happiness  to  those  who 
have  loved  ones  at  home,  no  matter  how  uncomfortable  the 
wanderer  may  be,  for  he  knows  his  loved  ones  are  happy, 
and  that  he  shares  a  portion  of  their  thoughts  and  love  that 
day.  And  the  boys  were  not  forgotten  by  those  they  held 
dear,  for  many  were  the  Christmas  boxes  received,  filled 
with  roast  fowls,  cake  and  sweetmeats,  and  many  happy 
hearts  there  were  in  camp  that  day.  Innumerable  little 
dinners  were  given  by  comrades  of  boyhood  days,  and  if  the 
turkey  or  chicken  was  not  so  hot,  the  cakes  and  other  deli- 
cacies not  so  fresh  and  nice  as  at  home,  the  repast  was 
sweetened  by  the  thought  they  came  from  dear  home. 

The  usual  dress  parade  was  held  that  day,  and  when  the 
officers  had  marched  to  the  front,  to  salute  the  colonel,  and 
the  parade  about  to  dismiss,  Adjutant  Jamieson  moved  the 
left  wing  in  rear  of  the  right.  This  unusual  movement 
took  the  colonel  and  the  men  somewhat  by  surprise,  but, 
supposing  the  adjutant  was  about  to  execute  some  brilliant 
military  movements  that  would  astonish  even  Hardie,  he  was 
not  interrupted.  But  greater  was  the  surprise  when  Captain 
Washington  Richards  stepped  forward  and  produced  a 
pair  of  holsters  containing  a  magnificent  pair  of  naval 
revolvers,  which,  in  a  neat  and  appropriate  speech,  he  pre- 
sented to  the  colonel  in  behalf  of  his  brother  officers.  The 
colonel  replied  in  a  few  neat  and  eloquent  remarks,  which 
were  received  with  great  enthusiasm  by  the  officers  and 
men. 

The  officers,  in  disposition  and  taste,  very  happily  agreed, 
and  it  was  their  particular  aim  to  promote  kindly  and  good 
feelings.  There  was  never  any  jarring,  strife  or  jealousy 
among  them,  all  the  favors  being  conferred  by  mutual  con- 
sent, and  not  by  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  colonel,  except  for 
the  good  of  the  service.  In  his  tent  they  collected  in  the 
evenings  around  the  cheerful  fire,  and  passed  the  time  in 
pleasant  and  instructive  conversation,  and  if  the  discussions 
were  shaping  to  extremes,  they  were  happily  turned  into 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  57 

another  direction,  and  they  obtained  the  sobriquet  of  the 
"Happy  Family."  There  was  considerable  religious  ele- 
ment in  the  regiment,  and  this  was  duly  encouraged,  and 
proper  respect  was  always  shown  to  the  chaplain,  in  whose 
tent  and  in  some  of  the  company  officers'  there  were  fre- 
quent prayer  meetings,  attended  by  earnest  and  sincere 
listeners.  The  beneficial  effect  of  one  kind  and  well-organ- 
ized mind  in  a  regiment  has  far  more  influence  than  is  gen- 
erally supposed  in  promoting  the  real  happiness  and  welfare 
of  the  whole  command,  and  is  the  surest  guarantee  of  good 
discipline  and  faithful  discharge  of  duty. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1862,  Orderly  Sergeant  J.  B.  Bar- 
tholomew was  elected  Second  Lieutenant,  Company  H,  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Lieutenant 
Nelson  Applebach  on  the  4th  ult. 

Winter  now  set  in  in  earnest,  and  the  "  sacred  soil  of  Vir- 
ginia "  began  to  assume  very  much  the  appearance  of  a 
vast  mud-puddle.  Almost  every  day  it  drizzled,  rained  and 
snowed  alternately ;  the  sun  not  blessing  us  with  its  genial 
rays,  nor  Jack  Frost  coming  to  our  relief,  to  extricate  us 
from  the  mud.  Shoe  and  clothes  brushes  were  at  a  discount. 
Nice  young  men,  who  formerly  prided  themselves  on  their 
kid  gloves  and  patent-leather  boots,  began  to  realize  the 
stern  necessities  of  the  case,  and  officers,  sergeants,  corpo- 
rals and  privates  wandered  about  in  a  promiscuous  mass, 
floundering  and  splashing  in  the  mire,  as  happy  as  young 
ducks  in  a  mud-puddle.  Nature,  happily,  has  formed  man 
to  be  contented  with  circumstances,  and  what  seems 
the  height  of  misery  to  the  imagination,  in  reality  loses 
much  of  its  unpleasantness.  The  boys  ate  their  rations, 
thought  of  their  sweethearts,  slept  warmly  in  their  bunks, 
stood  in  the  mud  on  guard,  and  shivered  on  picket,  making 
the  best  of  their  situation,  occasionaly  wishing  the  war  was 
over,  and  having  slight  hopes  of  furloughs  in  the  future. 

The  reveille  rattles,  and  up  springs  the  soldier — "  Fall  in, 
Company  A !  "  rings  down  the  street,  and,  with  variations 


58  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

in  the  letter,  is  repeated  over  the  camp.  Out  stumble  the 
sleepy  boys  and  range  themselves  in  line  in  front  of  their 
tents.  Roll-call  is  soon  over,  and  down  they  run  to  the 
neighboring  creek,  where  their  toilet  is  performed.  Back 
to  their  tents,  and  tumbling  in,  they  soon  have  a  glowing 
fire  burning.  Then  comes  breakfast,  which  fascinating 
summons  is  always  obeyed,  and,  with  tin  plates  and  cups,  to 
the  music  of  the  "  tin-plate  march,"  they  proceed  to  the 
cook's  quarters  of  their  company.  The  milkless  coffee  is 
dipped  from  a  huge  kettle,  and  the  salt  junk  from  a  pile, 
and,  with  a  few  wafers  of  hard-tack,  the  patriots  march 
back  to  their  tents,  and  enjoy  a  hearty  meal. 

At  eight  comes  guard  mounting — quite  an  imposing  cere- 
mony in  clear  weather.  Then  the  boys  cut  their  wood  and 
fill  their  canteens,  clean  their  muskets,  sew  on  buttons,  write 
home,  read,  cut  wooden  chains  and  bone  rings,  play  cards, 
smoke  and  talk  over  old  times,  and  brag  about  their  sweet- 
hearts. At  noon  the  dinner  call  is  sounded,  and  out  turns 
the  redoubtable  tin-plate  band,  who  waddle  through  the 
mud  to  the  kitchen,  where  it  is  only  by  their  redoubled 
energies  with  the  more  uproarious  rattling  of  merry  voices, 
that  the  words  of  discontent  and  grumbling  are  drowned. 
The  beef  generally  turns  out  to  be  an  article  known  to  the 
soldiers  as  "  salt  horse,"  which  sometimes  gives  way  to  its 
fresh  kindred  or  bean  soup,  but  is  usually  only  varied  with 
salt  pork.  The  afternoon  glides  away  like  the  morning, 
and  then  comes  the  unchangeable  "  hard-tack  and  coffee." 
At  nine  tattoo  beats,  and  the  regimental  bands,  commencing 
on  the  right  of  each  brigade,  begin  playing,  and  by  the  time 
they  have  ceased,  the  half  hour  has  expired  for  taps  to  sound, 
when  all  lights  are  extinguished  and  sounds  cease.  This  is 
the  routine  of  camp  in  bad  weather,  but  when .  the  ground 
will  permit,  drilling  and  bayonet  exercise  take  place  in  the 
morning  and  afternoon,  besides  the  "  dress  parade  "  of  the 
evening. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  59 

On  the  3d,  the  regiment  was  ordered  to  Difficult  creek,  to 
furnish  details  for  and  protect  Brigade  Quartermaster  Ring- 
wait  in  repairing  the  bridge  at  that  point.  The  pickets 
were  ordered  to  let  the  column  pass,  but  to  prevent  all 
stragglers  from  following.  Upon  arrival,  pickets  were 
thrown  out,  and  the  men  went  to  work  with  great  zeal.  It 
being  a  fine  day,  they  had  a  very  pleasant  time  of  it — it 
seeming  more  like  a  picnic  than  work.  They  returned  to 
camp  in  time  to  hold  dress  parade. 

On  the  9th,  the  regiment  was  paid  off  by  Paymaster 
Pomeroy,  in  treasury  notes,  he  allowing  one  hundred  dol- 
lars in  gold  to  each  captain  to  make  change  with  for  the 
men.  The  colonel  having  requested  an  expression  of  opin- 
ion by  the  officers,  as  to  whom  should  be  sent  on  recruiting 
service,  and  Lieutenants  Davenport  and  Roberts  being  indi- 
cated by  the  ballot,  they  were  accordingly  detailed,  and  left 
for  Pennsylvania  on  the  18th. 

About  this  time  target  practice  became  quite  popular, 
and  the  crack  of  muskets  was  heard  daily  in  the  direction 
of  the  Potomac.  Fourteen  rounds  per  man  was  allowed ; 
the  targets  were  10x15  inches,  and  the  distance  one  and 
two  hundred  yards.  The  firing  was  very  good,  and  some  of 
the  men  proved  themselves  most  excellent  shots. 

Captain  Richards,  being  sick,  received  permission  to  move 
to  the  house  of  Mr.  Walters,  a  wealthy  farmer,  who  resided 
near  Langley.  Mr.  W.  was  a  staunch  Unionist,  and  having 
strenuously  opposed  the  secession  of  his  State,  incurred  the 
bitter  hatred  of  his  life-long  neighbors,  who  favored  it.  They 
not  being  able  to  drive  him  and  his  family  from  their  home, 
the  aid  of  rebel  cavalry  was  invoked,  who  made  several 
descents  upon  his  house  at  night,  in  hopes  of  capturing  him. 
Mr.  W.,  however,  having  no  idea  of  going  to  Richmond, 
sometimes  concealed  himself  in  tree-tops,  and  at  others 
under  the  floor  of  the  out  buildings,  and  succeeded  in  elud- 
ing them.  At  last  he  was  forced  to  take  to  the  woods,  where 
he  remained  concealed  for  over  a  month,  eluding  their  con- 


60  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

stant  search.  During  this  time  food  was  brought  by  his 
daughter,  Marietta,  a  brave,  handsome,  young  girl,  who, 
at  night,  with  cat-like  stillness,  passed  their  guards,  and 
deposited  it  at  certain  places  in  the  woods,  without  ever 
awakening  their  suspicion.  At  last  the  Reserves  came,  and 
the  rebels,  chagrined  at  missing  their  prize,  fired  a  number 
of  cannon  shot  at  the  house  and  left. 

Mrs.  W.,  though  exceedingly  inconvenient,  freely  enter- 
tained all  who  came  to  her  house ;  and  with  Captain  Rich- 
ards, an  officer  of  the  Second,  Captains  Scheetz  and  Beatty, 
of  the  staff,  Colonel  Campbell,  of  the  artillery,  General 
Bayard  and  Adjutant  Buffington,  of  the  cavalrj',  and  several 
of  their  wives,  there  was  an  agreeable  and  social  company. 
Miss  Marietta,  of  course,  was  the  great  favorite,  and  her 
noble  and  artless  heart  won  the  admiration  of  all,  and  long 
after,  in  distant  camps,  when  these  officers  met,  was  her 
name  mentioned  in  respectful  and  warm  remembrance. 

Details  for  pickets  were  constantly  made,  and  upon  these 
occasions  the  two  companies  upon  whom  it  fell  were  up 
bright  and  early,  and,  with  a  day's  cooked  rations,  marched 
up  the  pike,  where  they  were  inspected  by  one  of  the  gen- 
eral's aids,  who  verified  the  detail.  Then  they  proceeded 
to  Prospect  Hill,  where  they  were  divided  into  three  reliefs, 
and  relieved  the  old  picket.  Shelters  of  boughs  were  built 
for  the  reserve  to  lie  in,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
day  was  spent  in  cutting  wood  for  the  night.  Our  line 
was  near  the  Ball  house,  which,  until  it  disappeared, 
was  the  headquarters.  Mr.  Ball  was  a  violent  secessionist, 
and,  like  most  of  his  clan,  had  abandoned  his  home,  and, 
with  his  family,  gone  south  upon  the  approach  of  our  army. 
The  consequence  was,  everything  soon  went  to  ruin — the 
trees  were  cut  down,  fences  burnt  up,  and  one  board  after 
another  disappeared  from  the  house,  until  the  chimney  alone 
marked  where  it  once  stood. 

This  was  the  case  all  the  way  down  to  the  Chain  Bridge, 
and  to  Alexandria,  the  only  exceptions  being  of  those  who  had 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  61 

sense  enough  to  remain  at  home,  and  those  who  had  returned 
from  the  exile  into  which  they  had  been  driven  by  their 
secession  neighbors.  When  the  rebellion  first  broke  outy  the 
secessionists,  although  in  the  minority,  with  the  aid  of  Con- 
federate cavalry,  drove  the  Union  citizens  from  their  houses 
impressing  the  young  men,  and  plundering  and  robbing  the 
old  and  helpless. 

An  old  slave  and  his  wife  were  all  that  remained  on  the 
farm,  and  their  cabin  and  little  garden  were  undisturbed. 
They  obtained  their  daily  food  from  the  haversacks  of  the 
soldiers,  for  which  they  appeared  grateful.  They  had  great 
faith  in  the  efficacy  of  prayer,  and  when  "  old  Uncle  Ben  " 
discoursed  upon  the  war,  he  was  wont  to  observe  :  "  Massa 
Linkum  has  a  power  of  men,  and  they  am  mighty  fond  of 
chickens.  I  'spects  Massa  Government  must  be  powerful 
rich  to  own  all  dem  wagons  and  bosses."  Uncle  Ben  truly 
loved  the  aforesaid  gentlemen,  and  frequently  inquired  if 
they  "  had  eber  'sperience'  religion." 

Picketing,  in  pleasant  weather,  was  much  preferable  to 
the  camp ;  but  on  the  bleak  hills  near  the  Potomac,  during 
the  bitter  cold  nights,  the  wind  came  rustling  down  the  val- 
ley, penetrating  to  the  very  bones.  Sometimes  it  was  so 
intensely  cold  that  the  men  were  relieved  every  hour.  The 
reserve,  by  huddling  up  together  near  the  fires,  could  man- 
age to  sleep  pretty  warm,  and  many  a  blessing  arose  from 
their  hearts  to  the  man  who  invented  sleeping  "  spoon 
fashion." 

Beyond  the  picket  line  was  the  cavalry  patrol,  who  moved 
to  and  fro  on  the  pike,  as  far  as  Difficult  creek.  Sometimes, 
on  cold  nights,  the  patrol  would  induce  one  of  the  infantry, 
who  was  off  duty,  to  ride  a  round  for  him,  while  he  warmed 
himself.  This,  however,  it  was  necessary  for  them  to  keep 
to  themselves. 

The  men  had  now  been  a  long  while  from  home,  and,  of 
course,  longed  to  see  those  they  loved  and  left  behind;  but 
as  furloughs  could  not  be  granted  to  all,  many  were  doomed 


62  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

to  disappointment.  Considerable  numbers,  however,  took 
a  run  for  a  week  or  so  without  authority.  Many  of  these, 
however,  were  detected  in  spite  of  their  citizen's  clothes,  for 
soldiers  have  a  peculiar  look  and  style  about  them  that  is 
easily  recognized  by  a  practiced  eye.  When  the  Potomac 
froze  over,  this  evil  became  prevalent,  in  spite  of  the  sure 
punishment  that  awaited  their  return ;  but  the  men  were 
willing  to  stand  it  for  the  pleasure  of  seeing  those  they 
loved.  Pickets  were  stationed  on  the  river  with  orders  to 
shoot  down  any  who  attempted  to  cross.  Soldiers  on  duty 
are  very  apt  to  obey  orders,  and  several  men  were  killed  or 
wounded  on  the  ice.  But  home,  no  matter  how  humble,  is 
the  palace  of  the  heart,  and  surely  it  was  right  to  deal  leni- 
ently, upon  their  return,  with  those  who  run  the  gauntlet. 

On  the  22d  of  January,  Privates  Thomas  C.  Stone,  of 
Company  C;  Adam  Gilbert,  of  Company  F;  and  James 
Rodine,  of  Company  I,  were  detailed  to  the  battery,  and, 
about  the  same  time,  five  volunteers  from  each  regiment  of 
the  Reserve  were  called  for  the  western  flotilla;  and  the 
seventy-five  men  thus  obtained  formed  the  crew  of  the  cele- 
brated gunboat,  Carondolet,  that  run  such  a  glorious  career 
upon  the  Mississippi. 

On  the  3d  of  February,  Private  James  Rose,  Company  C, 
died  in  camp,  and  his  comrades  sent  his  body  home.  On 
the  27th,  Orderly  Sergeant  Sebastian  Eckle,  Company  A, 
was  elected  Second  Lieutenant  in  place  of  Lieutenant  J.  A. 
Clous,  who  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health.  On  the  28th, 
Private  George  W.  Morris,  Company  C,  died,  and  Chaplain 
William  H.  Leake  resigned  on  account  of  failing  health, 
and  the  Reverend  George  H.  Frear,  of  Reading,  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place. 

Early  in  March,  orders  were  issued  for  three  days'  rations 
to  be  kept  in  the  haversacks,  and  from  the  4th  to  the  8th 
the  Reserves  were  each  day  marched  to  the  Chain  Bridge  or 
Difficult  creek,  to  inure  them  for  the  coming  campaign. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  63 


CHAPTER  IV. 

1862 — WAITING  FOR  THE  ADVANCE —  JOHNSTON  SUPERCEDES  BEAUREGAKD 
—  ARMY  CORPS  —  OPENING  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  OF  1862  —  MARCH  OF 
THE  EKSERVES — HUNTER'S  MILLS  —  ACTIVE  MINDS  vs.  BODILY 
STRENGTH  —  PATRIOTS  AROUSED  —  To  ALEXANDRIA  —  REVIEW  OF  THE 
FIRST  CORPS  —  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  KAPPAHANNOCK  —  GENERAL 
M'DOWELL —  To  MANASSAS  JUNCTION  —  INSURGENT  DEBRIS  —  CON- 
FEDERATE EAGLE  —  NAUGHTY  BOYS  —  CATLETT  STATION  —  WHITE 
RIDGE  —  SLAVES  —  THE  CONCEALED  FLAG  —  A  FINANCIAL  TRANSAC- 
TION—  REVIEW  AND  INSPECTION  —  THE  PRESIDENT  —  FREDERICKS- 
BURG —  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  BRIDGES — IN  SEARCH  OF  HER  HUS- 
BAND. 

THE  nation  had  waited  a  long  while  for  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  to  advance,  and  had  now  become  impatient  at 
its  inactivity  in  front  of  "Washington,  with  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  obstructed  and  broken  up  on  its  right,  and 
the  navigation  of  the  Potomac  stopped  by  rebel  batteries 
on  its  left.  President  Lincoln,  late  in  January,  issued  a  war 
order  commanding  a  general  advance  upon  the  enemy  from 
every  quarter  on  the  22d  of  February,  and  a  special  war 
order  to  General  M'Clellan  to  advance  upon  and  seize  Man- 
assas  Junction,  on  or  before  that  date.  General  M'Clellan 
preferred  a  movement  up  the  Peninsula,  which  the  Presi- 
dent objected  to  on  account  of  the  great  delay  and  expen- 
diture of  money  it  would  involve. 

On  the  30th  of  January,  General  Beauregard  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  command  of  the  insurgent  "Army  of  Vir- 
ginia," by  General  Johnston,*  who,  at  once,  quietly  and 
gradually  commenced  the  removal  of  the  vast  stores  at 

*  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  of  Virginia;  his  father  was  an  officer  of  Lee's  Le- 
gion; his  mother,  a  niece  of  Patrick  Henry;  was  educated  at  West  Point,  and  served 
in  the  United  States  Army  in  the  grades  from  Second  Lieutenant  to  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral; and  in  the  Confederate  Army  as  General;  was  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks;  sur- 
rendered his  army  to  General  Sherman,  in  North  Carolina,  April  26th,  1865.  Is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Forty-sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States. 


64  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Manassas,  and  completed  the  evacuation  on  the  8th  of 
March,  the  smoke  of  their  burning  huts  conveying  the  first 
intimation  of  the  movement  to  our  scouts.* 

The  next  day,  General  M'Clellan  ordered  our  army  to  ad- 
vance on  Manassas,  to  offer  them  "  an  opportunity  to  gain 
some  experience  on  the  march  and  bivouac,  preparatory  to 
the  campaign,  and  to  get  rid  of  the  superfluous  baggage  and 
other  impediments."  The  cavalry,  under  Colonel  Averill, 
at  noon  entered  Centreville  unmolested,  and  on  the  14th 
discovered  the  enemy  near  Warrenton  Junction.  On  the 
13th,  at  a  council  of  corps  commanders  at  Fairfax  Court 
House,  the  Peninsula  campaign  was  decided  on,  providing, 
among  other  things,  that,  "a  total  of  40,000  men  be  left  for 
the  defence  of  Washington."  This  was  acquiesced  in  by 
the  President,  on  condition  that  General  M'Clellan  should, 
"  at  all  events,  move  such  remainder  of  the  army  at  once  in 
pursuit  of  the  enemy,  by  some  route."f 

On  the  8th  of  March  the  President  directed  the  army  of 
the  Potomac  to  be  divided  into  four  army  corps,  to  be  com- 
manded by  Generals  Irwin  M'Dowell,  E.  V.  Sumner,  S.  P. 
Heintzleman  and  E.  D.  Keyes.  On  the  llth,  General 
M'Clellan  was  relieved  from  the  command  of  all  military 
departments  except  that  of  the  Potomac. 

At  one  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  10th  of  March, 
the  Third  Regiment  got  into  line,  and,  bidding  farewell  to 
their  happy  home  at  Pierpont,  moved  on  to  the  pike  and 
took  up  its  line  of  march  towards  Drainesville.  Through 
the  night  and  during  the  morning  it  had  rained,  making  the 
roads  muddy,  and  the  heavy  knapsacks  bore  hard  upon  the 
men's  shoulders.  But  all  were  in  excellent  spirits,  not 
knowing  the  object  of  the  movement,  and  supposing  they 
would  soon  meet  the  foe.  The  march  bore  pretty  hard  upon 
some  of  the  weaker  ones,  but  sooner  than  fall  out  to  rest, 
they  threw  away  their  extra  clothing,  strewing  the  road  with 

*  Pollard. 

fThe  Secretary  of  War  to  General  M'Clellan,  March  13th,  1862. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  65 

coats,  blouses,  blankets,  etc.  Continuing  up  the  pike,  across 
Difficult  creek  to  Spring  Vale,  they  turned  to  the  left,  fol- 
lowing a  bridle  path  through  the  woods  and  over  the  hills 
until  near  ten  o'clock  at  night,  when  they  halted  and 
bivouacked  near  Hunter's  Mills.  The  night  was  cold  and 
rainy,  and  no  fires  were  lighted,  but  the  boys,  wearied  with 
their  fifteen  miles'  march,  rolled  themselves  in  their  blankets 
and  slept  soundly. 

The  next  morning  the  regiment  moved  across  the  road 
and  encamped  near  Hawkhurst's  Mills,  which  had  been 
burned  by  the  insurgent  soldiers  on  account  of  the  Union 
sentiment  of  the  owner.  The  position  was  about  two  miles 
from  Fairfax  Court  House,  and  was  christened  by  the  men 
"  Smoky  Hollow."  Here  they  received  the  "  shelter  tents," 
which  experience  taught  them  were  the  best  in  use  for  an 
army  in  the  field,  as  each  man  carrying  his  section,  by  join- 
ing with  one  or  two  comrades,  could  have  a  comfortable 
tent  in  a  few  moments.  In  fact,  these  sheets,  with  one  or 
two  small  articles  twisted  up  in  them,  and  worn  across  the 
body  from  the  shoulders  to  the  waist,  formed  the  entire  kit 
of  the  Reserves  throughout  the  war,  after  they  threw  away 
their  knapsacks  on  the  peninsula,  and  nothing  could  induce 
them  to  accept  of  more  than  an  overcoat  or  blanket  after- 
wards. Picket  duty,  company  and  battalion  drill  and  dress 
parade  served  to  occupy  the  time  of  the  men  and  to  keep 
up  the  proper  discipline. 

On  the  evening  of  the  14th,  during  a  light  fall  of  rain, 
they  took  up  their  march  through  the  woods,  passing,  on 
every  side,  bivouacs  and  burning  bough  huts  or  arbors,  the 
glare  from  which  lighted  them  on  their  way  for  miles. 
Reaching  the  Alexandria  and  Leesburg  pike,  they  turned  to 
the  right,  and,  passing  along  it  to  Powell's  Mill,  near  Dif- 
ficult creek,  they,  about  midnight,  filed  into  a  dense 
woods,  where  their  fires  were  soon  burning  brightly,  and 
they  lay  down  to  sleep,  despite  the  falling  rain. 
5 


66  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Early  the  next  morning,  during  a  heavy  rain,  the  column 
was  put  in  motion,  and  moving  across  the  country,  struck 
the  Drainesville  pike,  and,  turning  down  it,  crossed  Difficult 
creek  and  entered  a  wood,  moving  back  again  towards  the 
Alexandria  and  Leesburg  pike  by  a  private  road.  During 
the  whole  day  the  rain  was  falling  in  torrents,  flooding  the 
swampy  ground  and  making  the  march  most  fatiguing.  It 
was  impossible  to  keep  the  line  closed  up,  and  the  men  scat- 
tered and  plunged  through  the  mud,  toiling  under  their 
heavy  knapsacks.  Upon  reaching  the  pike  a  long  halt  was 
ordered,  for  the  stragglers  to  catch  up,  and  ambulances  were 
sent  back  for  those  who  had  given  out.  Recommencing  the 
march,  about  three  o'clock  they  filed  into  the  woods  and 
stacked  arms.  Here  was  strikingly  illustrated  the  supe- 
riority of  an  active  and  energetic  mind  over  mere  bodily 
strength  to  endure  hardships.  Some  of  the  men  set  them- 
selves down  at  the  foot  of  trees,  and  covering  their  heads 
with  their  rubber  blankets,  remained  all  night  in  that  posi- 
tion, feeling  the  next  morning  stiff,  lame  and  miserable, 
while  those  who  stirred  about  and  kept  up  their  spirits  and 
took  a  little  nap  in  the  mud  and  rain,  and  then  dried  them- 
selves by  the  fires,  felt  pretty  well. 

After  much  patient  labor,  they  succeeded  in  getting  the 
fires  started,  and  towards  night  hot  coffee  was  served  out. 
But  such  was  the  violence  of  the  storm,  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  put  up  the  tents,  and  most  of  the  men  spent  the  night 
in  cutting  wood  and  standing  around  the  fires.  At  one 
time,  the  heavens  appeared  to  outdo  themselves,  opening 
their  flood-gates  and  pouring  down  a  torrent  of  water, 
stifling  the  wind,  and  flooding  all  below.  The  fires  were 
almost  instantly  extinguished,  and  then  the  patriots  were 
aroused  to  a  full  appreciation  of  their  position.  Not  to  be 
thus  conquered  and  subdued  by  the  raging  elements,  they 
set  up  their  wild  shouts  and  huzzahs,  making  the  woods  and 
hills,  for  miles  around,  echo  with  their  noise,  until,  by 
indomitable  perseverance,  they  actually  got  themselves  into 


THE   THIRD   RESERVE.  67 

a  good  humor.  All  that  was  wanted,  after  they  got  fully 
started,  to  complete  their  happiness,  was  a  fiddle  and 
"  straight  four,"  and  then  they  would  have  made  a  full  night 
of  it.  But  morning  came,  and  with  it  a  bright,  warm  sun, 
nature  appearing  to  have  exhausted  herself  in  the  mad  rage 
of  the  night. 

At  ten  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  Reserves  renewed 
their  march.  The  day  was  tolerably  fair,  but  the  roads  were 
heavy,  and  the  boys  felt  hardly  rested  by  their  sleepless 
night  from  the  fatigues  of  the  preceding  day.  The  knap- 
sacks had  scarcely  grown  lighter  than  when  laid  down  the 
night  before,  yet  they  were  full  of  life  and  spirit  when  they 
passed  other  troops,  greeting  them  with  good-humored  and 
playful  remarks.  Near  Falls  Church,  they  found  the  old 
flag  waving  on  a  portico,  surrounded  by  several  ladies,  who 
welcomed  them  with  smiles  of  gladness.  Passing  Munson's 
Hill,  and  a  long  line  of  field-works  erected  at  different  times 
by  the  Union  and  insurgent  troops,  they  arrived  near  Alex- 
andria, and  encamped  before  sunset  on  a  hill  overlooking 
the  city,  the  Capital,  and  the  Potomac.  While  they  lay 
here  the  weather  was  cold,  rainy  and  disagreeable,  rendering 
the  ground  mostly  unfit  for  drilling,  but  every  favorable 
opportunity  was  taken  advantage  of  for  the  purpose.  They 
received  their  full  rations  and  a  ration  of  whiskey  every 
rainy  night.  On  the  25th,  a  grand  review  of  the  First  Army 
Corps  was  had  by  General  M'Dowell.  On  the  31st,  Private 
Thomas  Leonard,  Company  K,  died  from  the  effect  of  an 
amputation,  found  necessary  in  consequence  of  a  gunshot 
wound  accidentally  received  some  time  before.  On  the  3d 
of  April,  Sergeant  James  W.  Carrier,  Company  B;  Privates 
Frank  Weighter,  Company  I;  Samuel  Duckworth,  Com- 
pany G ;  and  Henry  .D.  Boger,  Company  K,  were  detailed 
to  the  Fifth  U.  S.  Battery,  serving  with  the  Reserves.  Nearly 
the  whole  army  was  now  concentrated  around  Alexandria, 
and  the  transportation  of  it  to  the  Peninsula  commenced, 


68  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

many  regiments  marching  through  the  city  and  embarking 
each  day. 

For  the  defence  of  Washington,  with  its  enormous  depots 
of  arms,  munitions  and  provisions,  M'Call's  and  King's 
divisions  of  the  First  Corps  were  detached  from  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  and  the  Department  of  the  Rappahannock 
established,  under  the  command  of  General  Irwin  M'Dow- 
ell.  Reynolds'  Brigade  moved  by  rail,  on  the  9th,  to  Man- 
assas  Junction,  during  a  severe  snow  storm.  Early  on  the 
llth,  Meade's  and  Ord's  Brigades  commenced  their  march 
for  the  same  place,  moving  along  the  pike  through  Fairfax 
Court  House,  and  bivouacking  three  miles  beyond.  The 
next  day  they  passed  through  Centreville  and  halted  at  Bull 
Run  for  dinner,  and  then,  moving  on,  arrived  at  their  desti- 
nation in  time  to  prepare  their  encampment.  From  Centre- 
ville all  was  a  scene  of  desolation,  the  farms  being  stripped 
of  their  outbuildings  and  fences,  and  most  of  the  wood 
being  cut  down  by  the  enemy,  who  had  occupied  the  country. 
At  Manassas  were  the  vast  ruins  of  the  depot,  hospital,  and 
other  buildings  destroyed  upon  the  evacuation.  In  every 
direction  were  seen  wrecked  cars  and  machinery ;  vast  piles 
of  flour, pork, beef, tallow, hides  and  bones;  broken  wagons, 
ambulances  and  caissons ;  scattered  clothing,  trunks,  bottles, 
demijohns,  tents,  barrels  and  boxes;  deserted  huts  and  field- 
works,  all  mixed  up  together  in  inextricable  confusion. 
The  only  thing  left  to  welcome  us  was  that  pet  of  the  South, 
a  Confederate  eagle,  commonly  called  in  the  North  a  turkey 
buzzard,  whose  wings  had  been  clipped  by  our  departed 
friends,  to  prevent  its  escape.  Not  liking,  however,  the 
sanitary  condition  of  our  encampment,  he  left  in  search  of 
better  fare.  Soon  after  our  arrival,  quite  a  number  of  sut- 
ler and  other  "  shebangs  "  were  opened  in  the  neighborhood, 
which  furnished  us  an  abundant  supply  of  the  various 
articles  so  necessary  for  the  soldier's  comfort.  One  individ- 
ual was  doing  a  thriving  business,  he  having  succeeded 
iu  smuggling  through  a  barrel  of  cider,  which  delightful 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  69 

beverage  he  dispensed  to  his  thirsty  patrons  at  ten  cents  a 
glass.  Some  of  the  boys,  however,  conceived  the  idea  of 
running  opposition  to  him,  and  having  succeeded,  through 
false  pretense,  in  borrowing  an  auger  and  faucet  from  him, 
cut  a  hole  in  the  back  of  his  tent,  tapped  his  barrel,  and 
commenced  operations.  As  they  charged  but  half-price,  and 
gave  twice  as  much,  they  were  liberally  patronized,  and 
after  selling  out  in.  an  incredibly  short  time  they  decamped, 
when  he  was  invited  around  to  view  the  operation. 

Early  on  the  18th,  the  Third  moved  off  with  the  brigade, 
in  a  southerly  direction,  soon  striking  the  Orange  and  Alex- 
andria railroad,  on  which  they  crossed  Broad  and  Kettle 
runs  on  the  new  bridges  built  to  replace  those  destroyed  by 
the  enemy.  Towards  night  they  arrived  near  Catlett's  Sta- 
tion, where  they  encamped.  The  distance  made  was  about 
twelve  miles,  and  the  day  being  very  warm,  many  of  the 
men  threw  away  their  overcoats  to  lighten  their  burdens. 

Here  Dr.  Thomas  B.  Heed  was  promoted  Brigade  Sur- 
geon, but,  much  against  his  will,  was  detached  from  the 
division,  and  was  ordered  to  Yorktown.  It  was  his  earnest 
wish  to  remain  with  the  Reserves  during  the  war.  His 
departure  was  much  regretted,  on  account  of  the  sincere 
attachment  of  the  officers  and  men  of  his  regiment. 

On  the  21st,  Colonel  Sickel  was  detailed  as  division  field 
officer  of  the  picket  line,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thompson  as 
brigade  field  officer,  and  Companies  A,  I  and  F  as  picket  on 
the  heights  beyond  Cedar  creek.  It  had  rained  hard  for 
several  days,  which  swelled  the  creek  so  much  that  during 
the  night  the  railroad  bridge  was  swept  away,  and  the  picket 
was  detained  until  the  flood  subsided  sufficiently  to  permit 
them  to  ford.  Here  they  found,  for  the  first  time,  honest 
people,  they  acknowledging  frankly  they  were  secessionists. 
They  did  not  anticipate  war  as  the  result  of  their  move- 
ment, but  believed  if  one  did  occur  it  would  be  on  northern 
soil.  They  regretted  the  state  of  affairs  now  existing,  and, 
when  closely  questioned,  expressed  their  belief  in  their  ulti- 


70  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

mate  success.  On  the  26th  and  27th,  Captain  Feaster  was 
detailed,  with  fifty  men,  to  rebuild  the  bridge.  The  next 
day  was  clear,  pleasant  and  cool,  and  in  the  morning  the 
brigade  moved  off,  over  hills  and  dales,  and  through  the 
woods  and  fields,  in  a  southeasterly  direction.  They  passed 
several  churches,  a  Methodist  and  a  Baptist,  but  in  neither 
of  them  had  divine  service  been  held  for  eight  months,  the 
war  having  unsettled  society  so  much,  even  before  our 
advent.  Many  slaves  were  found  on  the  route,  who  told  us 
they  had  been  for  a  long  while  discussing  the  subject  of 
moving  North.  They  all  longed  for  liberty,  excepting  the 
feeble  and  the  old,  who  had  spent  a  life  of  unrequited  toil, 
and  who  did  not  feel  they  could  care  for  themselves.  Pass- 
ing through  the  small  village  of  White  Ridge,  near  sunset 
they  bivouacked  in  a  pine  woods,  having  marched  twelve 
miles.  The  next  morning,  the  29th,  they  moved  off  early, 
marching  on  the  fields  alongside  of  the  roads.  The  country 
became  more  diversified,  and  timber  heavier.  In  passing  a 
stately  mansion,  the  men's  hearts  were  gladdened  by  the 
sight  of  the  stars  and  stripes  flying  from  a  tree  in  the  lawn, 
and  their  loud  cheers  rolled  down  the  line  and  through  the 
woods.  This  flag  had  been  concealed  for  many  months  in 
an  artificial  hollow  in  the  tree,  neatly  covered  by  a  piece  of 
bark.  At  noon,  near  Hartwood,  a  long  halt  was  called  for 
dinner,  and  then  they  moved  on,  passing  the  spot  where 
Colonel  Bayard,  of  the  Reserve  cavalry,  had  whipped  the 
enemy  on  the  18th,  and  had  driven  them  beyond  the  Rappa- 
hannock.  A  short  ways  on  they  entered  Falmouth,  through 
which  they  passed  with  banners  unfurled  and  bands  playing. 
The  women  and  children  flocked  to  the  doors  and  windows, 
and  a  motley  crowd  of  colored  folks  followed,  the  men 
enraptured  with  the  music,  and  the  women  in  ecstacy  over 
the  flags,  declaring  them  "rale  silk."  About  two  miles 
beyond,  they  encamped  in  a  fine  woods  near  the  Acquia 
railroad,  where  they  found  abundance  of  fuel  and  water, 
articles  so  necessary  for  the  comfort  of  soldiers.  The  march 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  71 

was  twenty  miles,  and  the  men  came  in  in  fine  order,  with 
but  few  stragglers.  The  ground  where  we  lay  was  once 
owned  by  Washington,  he  having  inherited  it  from  his 
father.  Near  here  he  spent  his  youth,  from  the  age  of  ten 
to  sixteen,  during  which  time  he  obtained  the  principal  por- 
tion of  his  school  education. 

Falmouth  is  situated  on  the  Rappahannock,  nearly  oppo- 
site Fredericksburg,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  two 
bridges,  which,  with  several  steamboats  and  sailing  crafts, 
were  burnt  upon  our  approach.  A  church,  a  factory,  a  mill, 
and  several  stores,  and  about  eighty  dilapidated  frame 
houses,  constituted  its  extent.  What  few  articles  the  inhab- 
itants offered  for  sale  they  asked  exorbitant  prices  for,  but 
soon  the  town  was  filled  with  our  sutlers,  store-keepers  and 
photographers,  who  gave  new  life  to  it. 

Some  of  the  Bucktails,  who  had  a  large  supply  of  imita- 
tion Confederate  notes,  such  as  were  sold  as  curiosities  in 
all  the  Northern  cities  at  a  cent  apiece,  tried  one  of  them 
on  the  miller,  and  with  such  success  that  they  went  back 
and  bought  him  out,  paying  nearly  eleven  hundred  dollars 
for  his  stock  of  flour.  When  he  discovered  the  character 
of  the  notes,  instead  of  giving  way  to  vain  regrets,  he 
repaired  to  General  M'Call's  headquarters,  and  asked  for  a 
pass  to  cross  to  Fredericksburg,  basing  his  application  on 
this  transaction,  he  thinking  it  but  right  he  should  have  an 
opportunity  to  pass  them  off  and  reimburse  himself  before 
it  was  known  over  there.  Captain  Beatty,  of  the  staff",  was 
detailed  to  quote  Scripture  to  him  bearing  upon  the  subject, 
but  he  left  in  disgust. 

Here  a  division  bakery  was  established,  which  was  cap- 
able of  turning  out  2,160  loaves  of  bread  per  day.  On  the 
10th  of  May,  Captain  Feaster,  with  sixty-four  men,  was 
detailed  to  rebuild  the  Acquia  and  Fredericksburg  railroad 
bridge,  and  on  the  19th  the  cars  passed  over  the  river.  It 
was  partly  built  of  timber  which  the  enemy  had  dressed  for 
the  purpose  of  constructing  gun-boats.  On  the  morning  of 


72  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

the  19th  the  regiment  marched  to  a  large  open  field,  where 
the  brigade  was  reviewed  and  inspected  by  Colonel  Van 
Rensselaer,  Inspector-General  U.  S.  Army,  assisted  by 
Prince,  Colonel  Felix  Salm  Salm,  Sixty-eighth  New  York 
Volunteers.  At  the  review,  the  bands  of  the  brigade,  num- 
bering some  sixty  instruments,  were  united,  producing  a 
very  loud  noise. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  23d,  His  Excellency  Abraham 
Lincoln,  accompanied  by  the  Hon.  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  Sec- 
retary of  War,  and  Hon.  William  H.  Seward,  Secretary 
of  State,  Major-General  M'Dowell  and  staff,  and  General 
Shields,  who,  on  account  of  his  wounds,  rode  in  a  carriage, 
reviewed  our  corps  about  three  miles  from  camp.  As  the 
President  rode  down  the  line  on  a  fine,  spirited  black  horse, 
the  troops  presented  arms,  the  colors  drooped,  officers  saluted, 
drums  beat,  trumpets  sounded,  and  a  salute  of  twenty-one 
guns  fired.  Long  and  loud  cheers  tor  the  steadfast  helms- 
man broke  forth  from  the  men  as  he  passed  along. 

General  M'Dowell  had  been  instructed  on  the  17th,  as 
soon  as  General  Shields  should  arrive  with  his  division  from 
the  valley,  to  advance  on  Richmond  overland,  and  join  Gen- 
eral M'Clellan.  Shields'  Division  arrived  on  the  22d,  after 
long  and  fatiguing  marches,  and  it  was  decided,  at  a  con- 
sultation between  the  President  and  the  generals,  that  the 
movement  should  commence  on  the  26th.  Hardly  had  the 
President  departed,  than  dispatches  were  received  by  Gen- 
eral M'Dowell  informing  him  of  the  raid  of  the  enemy,  under 
General  Jackson,  down  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  This  wholly 
changed  the  plans,  and  three  divisions,  under  Generals  Ord, 
Shields  and  King,  were  sent,  with  General  Bayard's  Brigade 

Cavalry  and  four  companies  of  Bucktails  under  Lieuten- 
el  Kane,  to  General  Banks'  relief.  The  departure 
of  the$St£oops  left  the  Reserves  to  hold  Fredericksburg, 
and  on  the  2offlN|ke  division  moved  towards  Falmouth,  and 
encamped  opposite^^e  city,  near  the  abandoned  camps  of 
some  New  York  trooi 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  73 

The  First  Brigade  the  same  day  crossed  the  river,  and 
marching  through  the  city,  encamped  on  Marye's  Heights 
in  the  rear.  Six  mouths  afterwards  some  of  the  hardest 
fighting  of  the  war  occurred  on  this  identical  spot.  General 
Reynolds  was  appointed  Military  Governor,  and,  being  a 
soldier  and  a  just  man,  was  vigorous  and  equitable  in  his 
administration.  So  highly  was  he  respected  by  the  citizens 
that,  upon  his  being  taken  prisoner  at  Games'  Mills,  they 
sent  a  deputation  to  Richmond  to  intercede  for  his  parole. 
Fredericksburg  is  an  ancient  city  of  about  5,000  inhabitants, 
and  before  the  war  its  exports  amounted  to  considerable. 
Captain  John  Smith,  of  Pocohontas  fame,  ascended  the  river 
in  1608,  and  fought  the  Indians  on  its  site.  On  the  out- 
skirts of  the  city,  on  the  edge  of  a  pretty  bluff,  is  the  grave 
of  Mary,  the  mother  of  Washington. 

On  the  31st,  Reynolds'  Brigade  was  withdrawn  from  the 
city,  and  rejoined  the  division.  The  same  day  the  Third 
was  paid  off  by  Paymaster  Pomeroy,  and  white  duck  leg- 
gins  were  issued  to  the  men.  On  the  4th  of  June  the  river 
became  so  much  swollen  from  the  effect  of  continued  rain, 
that  fears  were  entertained  for  the  safety  of  the  bridges. 
General  M'Call,  therefore,  ordered  the  pontoon-bridge  to  be 
taken  up.  In  the  afternoon  the  trestle-bridge,  not  being 
able  to  resist  the  pressure,  gave  way,  and  was  swept  down 
the  river,  the  wreck  coming  in  contact  with  the  railroad 
bridge  and  carrying  it  away.  The  timbers  of  these  two 
being  swept  against  the  canal-boat  bridge,  destroyed  it  also. 
The  destruction  of  the  bridges  occasioned  much  joy  among 
the  inhabitants  of  the  city,  who  had  collected  on  the  bank 
to  witness  the  scene,  and  who  could  not  refrain  from  mani- 
festing it  by  loud  cheers  and  the  waving  of  handkerchiefs. 
Certainly  we  could  not  expect  them  to  grieve  at  their  enemy's 
discomfitures. 

While  here,  Colonel  John  H.  Shelmire  and  Major  James 
Hart,  of  Pennsylvania,  serving  in  the  First  New  Jersey 
Cavalry,  visited  the  Third,  and  dined  with  the  officers.  The 


74  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

former  was  killed  at  Brandy  Station  in  1863,  and  the  latter 
at  Dinwiddie  Court  House  in  1865.  One  afternoon,  a  buxom 
widow,  apparently  of  great  simplicity  of  mind,  came  into 
camp  in  search  of  her  husband,  to  whom  she  had  been  mar- 
ried two  days  before,  and  who  had  left  early  the  next  morn- 
ing to  breakfast  with  General  Meade.  She  had  not  procured 
a  marriage  certificate,  but  knew  it  was  all  right,  as  the  cere- 
mony had  been  performed  by  the  chaplain,  who  wore  two 
stripes  upon  his  arm.  The  corporal  who  officiated  upon  the 
occasion  was  not  known  to  the  author,  but  the  young  scamp 
of  a  husband  flourished  through  the  war. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  75 


CHAPTER  V. 

EMBARKATION  FOR  THE  PENINSULA — BY  STEAM  TO  THE  WHITE  HOUSE  — 
"  FOR  THE  EMBALMING  THE  DEAD  "  —  BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE  SIEGE  OF 
YORKTOWN  —  EXTRACTS  FROM  "  THE  LOST  CAUSE  "  —  MAGRUDER'S 
REPORT,  AND  COLONEL  FREMANTLE  —  GENERALS  BARNARD,  SUMNER 
AND  KEYES;  W.  H.  HURLBERT  AND  REV.  MR.  MINNIGERODE,  ON 
FAIR  OAKS  —  To  DISPATCH  STATION  —  To  THE  CHICKAHOMINY —  THE 
THIRD  SHELLED  OUT  —  COURTESY  OF  THE  PICKET  LINE  —  A  GALLANT 
DASH  —  BATTLE  OF  MECHANICSVILLE — INSURGENTS'  ACCOUNT  OF  THE 
BATTLE — MEADE'S  COLORED  MAN. 

ON  SUNDAY  afternoon,  June  8th,  orders  were  received 
for  the  Reserve  to  join  M'Clellan.  Great  was  the  joy 
of  the  men,  and  long  and  loud  their  cheers,  and  the  bands 
pealed  forth  their  inspiring  strains.  Three  days'  rations 
were  issued  and  cooked,  and  Reynolds'  Brigade  started  at 
sundown.  Early  the  next  morning,  tents  were  struck, 
knapsacks  packed,  and  Meade's  Brigade  got  into  line.  It 
was  a  cool  and  pleasant  morning,  and  light  was  the  step  of 
the  men  as  they  marched  through  the  woods  and  over  the 
hills  to  the  banks  of  the  Rappahannock,  down  which  they 
proceeded  to  Gray's  Landing,  where  a  fleet  of  steamboats 
lay  to  receive  them.  It  was  nearly  sundown  before  Rey- 
nolds' Brigade  was  aboard  and  moved  off,  and  that  night  the 
Third  bivouacked  on  a  hill  near  the  landing.  Early  the 
next  morning,  all  was  astir,  and,  after  breakfast,  the  regi- 
ment embarked  on  the  Kent  and  Hugh  Jenkins,  and  steamed 
down  the  river,  as  happy  a  set  of  blue-coats  as  ever  trod  this 
planet.  Passing  the  towns  of  Port  Royal  and  Tappahan- 
nock,  they  came  to  anchor  about  dark,  off  the  mouth  of 
Carter's  creek.  The  next  morning,  the  llth,  the  transports 
weighed  anchor  at  three  o'clock,  and  proceeding  down  the 
river  into  the  Chesapeake  bay,  and  heading  nearly  south, 
entered  the  York  river  about  seven  o'clock,  passing  the 
fortifications  and  batteries  at  Yorktown  and  Gloucester  City. 


76  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Continuing  on,  they  entered  the  Pamunkey  river  at  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Mattapony,  where  West  Point  is  situated, 
and  winding  their  way  up  that  crooked  stream  through 
fleets  of  transports  of  all  kinds  and  descriptions,  they  arrived 
at  White  House  in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon,  where  they 
disembarked  and  stacked  arras,  giving  the  boys  time  to 
wash  themselves  and  replenish  their  stock  of  tobacco. 

Soon  they  fell  in  and  marched  about  a  mile  inland,  pass- 
ing an  establishment  with  a  conspicuous  sign — "For  the 
Embalming  the  Dead" — whose  proprietors'  faces  brightened 
up  at  the  sight  of  their  anticipated  customers.  The  boys 
received  their  handbills  with  much  interest,  and  made  par- 
ticular inquiries  as  to  the  modus  operandi,  some  proposing  to 
go  through  the  operation  at  once,  if  it  would  not  interfere 
with  their  eating  hard-tack,  and  others  simply  giving  their 
orders  with  instructions  not  to  spoil  their  countenances. 

Let  us  briefly  allude  to  the  operations  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  on  the  Peninsula  up  to  this  time.  On  the  2d  of 
April,  1862,  General  M'Clellan  arrived  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
the  greater  portion  of  his  army*  having  preceded  him.  On 
the  5th  of  April,  he  commenced  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and 
intended  to  assault  it  on  the  6th  of  May,  but,  on  the  4th, 
discovered  the  enemy  had  abandoned  the  works  during  the 
night,  t 

*The  offioial  return  of  General  M'Clellan,  made  April  30th,  gives  the  strength  of 
his  army  as  :  aggregate,  130,378 ;  fit  for  duty,  112,392. 

t  Pollard  says : 

"General  Magruder,  the  hero  of  Bethel,  and  a  commander  who  was  capable  of 
much  greater  achievements,  was  left  to  confront  the  growing  forces  on  the  Peninsula, 
which  daily  menaced  him,  with  an  army  of  7,500  men,  while  the  great  bulk  of  the 
Confederate  forces  was  still  in  motion  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Rappahannock  and 
the  Rapidan,  and  he  had  no  assurance  of  re-enforcements.  The  force  of  the  enemy 
was  ten  times' his  own;  they  had  commenced  a  daily  cannonading  upon  his  lines;  and 
a  council  of  general  officers  was  convened,  to  consider  whether  the  little  army  of  7,500 
men  should  maintain  its  position  in  the  face  of  ten-fold  odds,  or  retire  before  the 
enemy.  The  opinion  of  the  council  was  unanimous  for  the  latter  alternative,  with 
the  exception  of  one  officer,  who  declared  that  every  man  should  die  in  the  intreneh- 
ments  before  the  little  army  should  fall  back — 'By  G — ,  it  shall  be  so!'  was  the 
sudden  exclamation  of  General  Magruder,  in  sympathy  with  the  gallant  suggestion. 
The  resolution  demonstrated  a  remarkable  heroism  and  spirit.  Our  little  force  was 
adroitly  extended  over  a  distance  of  several  miles,  reaching  from  Mulberry  Island  to 
Gloucester  Point,  a  regiment  being  posted  here  and  there  in  every  gap,  plainly  open 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  77 

The  pursuit  of  the  enemy  was  prompt  and  energetic,  and 
the  battle  of  Williamsburg  was  fought  and  won.  The 
divisions  of  Franklin,  Richardson  and  Porter  were  trans- 
ported up  the  York  river,  and  on  the  7th  the  enemy  were 
defeated  at  West  Point.  On  the  17th,  a  fleet  of  gun-boats 
had  ascended  the  James  to  Drewry's  Bluff.  The  battle  of 
Hanover  Court  House  was  fought  on  the  27th,  and  the 
enemy  defeated.  On  the  31st  of  May  and  the  1st  of  June, 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks*  was  won. 

On  the  night  of  the  Reserves'  landing  at  White  House, 
two  days'  rations  were  cooked,  and  the  next  morning,  the 
13th,  the  Third  moved  out  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomp- 
son, and  the  brigade  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Sickel. 
They  marched  on  the  railroad;  the  country  through  which 
they  passed  was  mostly  low,  heavily  wooded,  and  inter- 
spersed with  numerous  swamps.  In  the  cuts  of  the  railroad 
there  were  seen  considerable  deposits  of  marine  shells  and 
coral,  indicating,  at  some  remote  period,  this  portion  of  the 
Peninsula  had  been  the  bed  of  the  ocean.  Coral  was  par- 
ticularly noticeable  on  the  surface  at  the  field  of  Glendale. 
The  day  was  excessively  warm,  and  many  of  the  men  light- 
ened their  load  by  throwing  away  their  overcoats  and 

to  observation,  and  on  other  portions  of  the  line  the  men  being  posted  at  long  inter- 
vals, to  give  the  appearance  of  numbers  to  the  enemy.  Had  the  weakness  of  General 
Magruder  at  this  time  been  known  to  the  enemy,  he  might  have  suffered  the  conse- 
quences of  his  devoted  and  self-sacrificing  courage;  but  as  it  was,  he  held  his  lines 
on  the  Peninsula  until  they  were  re-enforced  by  the  most  considerable  portion  of 
General  Johnston's  forces,  and  made  the  situation  of  a  contest  upon  which  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  was  unanimously  fixed  as  the  most  decisive  of  the  war." 

Colonel  Fremantle,  of  the  British  Coldstream  Guards,  in  his  "  Three  Months  in 
the  Southern  States,"  says  : 

"He  (IVfagruder)  told  me  the  different  dodges  he  resorted  to  to  blind  and  deceive 
M'Clellan  as  to  his  strength,  and  he  spoke  of  the  intense  relief  and  amusement  with 
which  he,  at  length,  saw  that  General,  with  his  magnificent  army,  begin  to  break 
ground  before  miserble  earthworks,  defended  only  by  8,000  men." 

•  General  J.  G.  Barnard,  chief  engineer,  and  General  W.  F.  Barry,  chief  of  artil- 
lery, in  their  report  of  the  Gampaign  say: 

"The  repulse  of  the  rebels  at  Fair  Oaks  should  have  been  taken  advantage  of.  It 
was  one  of  those  occasions  which,  if  not  seized,  do  not  repeat  themselves.  We  now 
know  the  state  of  disorganization  and  dismay  in  which  the  rebel  army  retreated. 
We  now  know  that  it  could  have  been  followed  into  Richmond.  Had  it  been  so,  there 
would  have  been  no  resistance  to  overcome  to  bring  over  our  right  wing.  Although 
we  did  not  then  know  all  that  we  now  do,  it  was  obvious  at  that  time  that,  when  the 


78  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

blankets.  About  five  o'clock  they  reached  Dispatch  Station, 
and  moved  into  the  fields,  to  the  right  of  the  road,  and 
encamped  near  the  Chickahominy  river.  That  night,  news 
came  that  the  enemy's  cavalry  had  attacked  a  train  at  Tun- 
stall's  Station,  and  threatened  White  House.  Reynolds' 
Brigade  marched  down  the  railroad  in  pursuit  of  them. 

Orders  were  issued  forbidding  the  sounding  of  calls,  and 
ordering  the  tying  to  trees  of  all  who  fired  muskets. 
Through  the  day,  the  sound  of  artillery  was  heard  continu- 
ally. 

At  five  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  18th,  the  Reserves 
marched  for  the  extreme  right  of  the  line  of  the  army,  the 
position  assigned  to  them  at  the  request  of  General  M'Dow- 
ell  when  we  parted  from  him.  About  noon,  we  bivouacked 
near  Games'  house,  some  three  hundred  yards  from  the 
river.  This  ground  had  just  been  vacated  by  Franklin's 
division,  and  was  separated  from  the  river  by  a  heavy  woods, 
from  the  edge  of  which  we  could  see  the  enemy  on  the 
other  side,  busy  at  work.  In  the  afternoon,  they  opened 
with  their  artillery  on  some  of  our  workmen,  to  which  a 
Reserve  battery  replied.  On  our  side,  one  man  was 
wounded,  and  a  gun  dismounted. 

rebels  struck  the  blow  at  our  left  wing,  they  did  not  leave  any  means  in  their  hands 
unused  to  secure  success.  It  was  obvious  enough  that  they  struck  with  their  whole 
force;  and  yet  we  repulsed  them  in  disorder  with  three-fifths  of  ours.  We  should 
have  followed  them  up  at  the  same  time  that  we  brought  over  the  other  two-fifths." 

General  Sumner  testified  before  the  committee  on  the  conduct  of  the  war: 

"  If  we  had  attacked  with  our  whole  force,  we  should  have  swept  everything  before 
us;  and  I  think  the  majority  of  the  officers  who  were  there  think  so." 

General  Keyes  testified: 

"After  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines  *  *  *  *  if  the  army  had  pressed  on  after  the 
enemy  with  great  vigor,  we  should  have  gone  to  Richmond." 

William  Henry  Hurlbert  (rebel)  says : 

"The  roads  into  Richmond  were  literally  crowded  with  stragglers,  some  throwing 
away  their  guns,  some  breaking  them  on  the  trees — all  with  the  same  story,  that  their 
regiment  had  been  'cut  to  pieces,'  that  the  '  Tanks  were  swarming  the  Chickahominy 
like  bees,  and  fighting  like  devils.'  In  two  days  of  the  succeeding  week  the  provost 
marshal's  guards  collected  between  4,000  and  5,000  stragglers,  and  sent  them  into  camp." 

The  ReV."Mr.  Minnigerode,  Rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Richmond,  in  regard  to 
Fair  Oaks,  says : 

"Fears  were  entertained  in  Richmond,  by  the  citizens,  that  M'Clellan  would  get 
in.  Large  numbers  left  the  place ;  some  ran  off  and  left  their  houses  vacant,  while 
others  sold  out  at  a  great  sacrifice." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  79 

The  next  day,  Reynolds'  and  Seymour's*  brigades  moved 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  right,  near  Nunally's  and 
Ellison's  mills,  on  the  roads  leading  to  Mechanicsville  over 
Beaver  Dam  creek.  Eight  companies  of  the  Third  were 
detailed  for  picket,  near  the  banks  of  the  Chickahominy,  on 
W.  B.  Sydney's  farm.  On  the  20th,  the  enemy  taking  a 
fancy  to  the  Third's  encampment,  shelled  it  out,  tearing  a 
number  of  tents  and  splintering  the  trees,  but  doing  no 
other  damage.  After  they  got  through,  the  camp  was 
moved  a  half  mile  to  the  rear,  where  it  was  beyond  the 
polite  attention  of  their  misguided  brethern  aross  the  river. 
It  was  evident  some  of  the  Confederate  officers  opposite  to 
us  were  gentlemen,  for  one  morning  when  our  field  officer 
of  the  picket  line,  Lieutenant-Colonel  M'Intire,  of  the  First, 
was  visiting  the  posts,  he  found  the  enemy  relieving  their 
guard  on  the  breastworks,  and  upon  their  perceiving  him, 
they  presented  arms,  which  compliment  he  returned. 

On  the  22d,  orders  were  issued  for  the  Reserves  to  form 
line  of  battle  every  morning  at  three  o'clock,  to  stack  arms 
at  sunrise,  and  remain  in  camp,  with  accoutrements  on, 
ready  for  any  sudden  emergency.  There  being  an  alarm  on 
the  picket  line  during  the  night  of  the  23d,  Lieutenant 
Stetson  and  nine  men  were  sent  at  daylight  to  ascertain  the 
cause.  Some  men  are  always  full  of  enterprise,  and  ready 
to  engage  in  dare-devil  exploits,  and  Sergeant  Edward  L. 
Lennon,  Corporal  James  E.  Masters  and  Private  El  wood 
Trimer,  Company  C,  being  of  that  stamp,  crossed  the 
Chickahominy  and  attacked  the  enemy's  picket  line,  killing 
one  man  and  creating  considerable  commotion  among  them. 
They  succeeded  in  getting  back  safely,  but  had  a  lively  time 
of  it  while  in  the  river,  the  balls  splashing  around  them  in 
every  direction. 

Affairs  were  now  approaching  a  crisis  in  front  of  Rich- 
mond. General  M'Clellan,  on  the  20th  of  June,  five  days 


*  General  Ord  haying  been  promoted  a  Major-General  in  May,  and  ordered  to  the 
West,  he  was  succeeded  by  Brigadier-General  Truman  Seymour. 


80  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

before  the  opening  of  the  Seven  Days'  battle,  reported  his 
army  to  number :  present  for  duty,  115,102 ;  special  duty, 
sick  and  in  arrest,  12,225;  absent,  29,511;  total,  156,838. 
On  the  26th  of  June,  his  chief  of  the  "  Secret  Service 
Corps,"  reports  the  enemy  to  number  180,000  present  for 
duty.  Their  official  reports  since  published,  establishes  the 
fact  that  they  numbered  but  70,000  men  fit  for  duty. 

General  M'Clellan  having  at  last  completed  his  bridges 
and  entrenchments,  on  the  25th  ordered  an  advance  of  our 
picket  line  on  the  left,  preparatory  to  a  general  movement 
on  the  city  the  next  day.  General  Hooker's  division  of 
Heintzelman's  Corps  was  pushed  forward,  which  resulted  in 
the  battle  of  "  Oak  Grove." 

General  Robert  E.  Lee,  who  had  assumed  the  command 
of  the  insurgent  army  upon  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston 
being  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks,  also  resolved  at  the  same  time 
upon  assuming  the  offensive,  and  with  this  view,  had  rapidly 
and  secretly  moved  Jackson  from  the  valley  in  front  of  Banks 
to  Ashland,  facing  our  extreme  right.  The  whole  of  the 
insurgent  army  was  to  connect  with  him,  and  advance  upon 
our  right,  with  the  exception  of  Huger's  and  Magruder's* 
divisions,  left  in  front  of  our  left  and  center,  for  the  defence 
of  Richmond.  This  plan  of  battle,  of  striking  an  army  on 
one  flank  and  doubling  it  up  upon  itself,  was  identically  the 
same  as  that  adopted  by  General  M'Dowell  at  the  first  Bull 
Run. 

The  force  of  the  enemy  on  our  right  wing  was  not  less 
than  50,000  men,  and  to  oppose  this  was  Fitz  John  Porter's 
Fifth  Corps  of  but  27,000,  to  which  the  Reserves  were 
attached. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  MECHANICSVILLE,  JUNE  26TH,  1862. 

As  early  as  the  24th,  General  M'Clellan  began  to  suspect 
this  movement,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  26th,  all  the 

*  Major-General  J.  Bankhead  Magruder.  When  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  United  States 
Artillery,  he  called  upon  the  President  and  said :  "  Mr.  Lincoln,  every  one  else  may 
desert  you,  but  I  never  will."  Two  days  afterwards  he  joined  the  rebels. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  81 

wagons  of  the  Reserve  except  the  ammunition  were  ordered 
to  be  sent  to  his  headquarters.  On  that  day  the  Fifth 
Reserve,  Colonel  Simmons,  and  the  six  companies  of  the 
Bucktails  under  Major  Roy  Stone,*  were  on  picket  from 
Mechanicsville  to  above  Meadow  Bridge.  At  noon  the 
Second,  Colonel  M'Candless,f  marched  past  Mechanicsville 
to  Shady  Grove  Church,  where  they  met  the  Eighth  Illi- 
nois Cavalry,  Colonel  Farnsworth,|  who  were  being  driven 
in  by  General  Branch's!  advance.  M'Candless,  throwing 
out  skirmishers  and  deploying  his  regiment  to  delay  their 
advance,  gradually  fell  back.  The  Bucktails  on  the  left 
also  retired,  but  Captain  Irvin's||  company,  which  was 
posted  on  the  Grenshaw  road,  was  cut  off  and  captured. 
The  Third,  Colonel  Sickel,  left  camp  at  one  o'clock  with 
muskets  and  cartridge-boxes,  and  moved  to  Mechanicsville, 
where  a  line  of  battle  was  formed,  but  soon  afterwards  all 
withdrew  to  Beaver  Dam  creek,  where  it  was  determined 
to  give  battle. 

This  position  was  naturally  a  strong  one,  the  left  resting 
on  the  Chickahominy,  and  the  right  extending  to  a  dense 
woods  beyond  the  upper  road,  which  were  occupied.  The 
passage  of  the  creek  was  difficult  through  the  greater  part 
of  the  front,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  roads  crossing  at 
Ellison's  Mill,  near  the  left,  and  that  near  the  right,  above 
mentioned,  impracticable  for  artillery.  On  the  right  of  the 
last-named  road,  on  an  elevation,  an  epaulement  for  four  field- 
pieces  was  thrown  up,  and  rifle-pits  for  a  regiment  each 
were  constructed  in  front  of  each  brigade  on  the  left  of  the 
road. 


*To  Colonel  One  Hundred  and  Forty  ninth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers.  Appointed 
Brevet  Brigadier-General  September  7th,  1864. 

t  Appointed  Brigadier-General.  A  prominent  lawyer  of  Philadelphia ;  State  Senator 
and  Secretary  of  the  Interior  of  Pennsylvania,  1875. 

%  Colonel  E.  J.  Farnsworth.    Appointed  Brigadier-General. 

§  General  L.  O'B.  Branch,  of  North  Carolina.    Killed  at  Antietam. 

|i  Captain  Edwin  A.  Irvin.  Promoted  Lieutenant-Colonel.  Disabled  at  Fredericks- 
burg  December  13th,  1862. 

6 


82  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

The  line  of  battle  was  formed  in  the  following  order:  On 
the  extreme  right  were  six  companies  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment, Lieutenant  Colonel  M'Candless;  then  the  six  com- 
panies of  the  Bucktails,  Major  Stone;  the  Fifth  Regiment, 
Colonel  Simmons;  the  First  Regiment,  Colonel  Roberts; 
and  the  Eighth  Regiment,  Colonel  Hayes ;  composing  Rey- 
nolds' Brigade.  Then  the  Tenth  Regiment,  Colonel  Kirk; 
the  Ninth  Regiment,  Colonel  Jackson;  and  the  Twelfth 
Regiment,  Colonel  Taggart;  which  occupied  the  extreme 
left,  and  belonged  to  Seymour's  Brigade.  Meade's  Brigade 
in  reserve,  consisted  of  the  Third  Regiment,  Colonel  Sickel; 
the  Fourth  Regiment,  Colonel  Magilton;  and  the  Seventh 
Regiment,  Colonel  Harvey.  Easton's  battery  of  four  twelve- 
pounder  Napoleon  guns,  and  Kerns'  battery  of  six  twelve- 
pounder  howitzers,  were  also  held  in  reserve.  Four  of 
Cooper's  battery  of  ten-pound  Parrot  guns,  were  placed  in 
the  epaulement,  and  two  outside  of  it,  near  the  Bucktails. 
Smead's  regular  battery  of  four  twelve-pounder  Napoleons, 
was  placed  on  the  left  of  the  road  commanding  it.  De 
Hart's  regular  battery  of  six  twelve-pounder  Napoleons, 
was  stationed  near  the  front  and  center,  commanding  a  more 
distant  view  of  the  same  road,  and  also  the  lower  road  direct 
to  the  village  by  Ellison's  Mills.  The  Fourth  Pennsylvania 
Cavalry,  Colonel  Childs,*  attached  to  the  Reserves,  were 
held  in  readiness,  but  were  not  called  into  action.  It  should 
be  mentioned  that  the  Sixth  Regiment,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
M'Kean,  having  been  detached  some  days  before,  was  at 
Tunstall's  Station,  on  the  railroad,  while  the  Eleventh  Regi- 
ment, Colonel  Gallagher,  was  on  picket  on  the  Chicka- 
hominy. 

About  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  insurgents'  lines 
were  formed  in  our  front,  and  their  skirmishers  were  rapidly 
advanced,  delivering  their  fire  as  they  came  forward.  They 
were  speedily  driven  back  by  the  infantry  and  artillery.  In 

*  Colonel  James  H.  Childs,  of  Allegheny  county.    Killed  at  Antietam. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  83 

a  short  time  the  enemy,  who  were  commanded  by  General 
Lee  in  person,  consisting  of  the  divisions  of  A.  P.  Hill,* 
D.  H.  Hill  and  Longstreet,t  under  cover  of  a  heavy  artillery 
fire,  boldly  and  rapidly  advanced  in  force,  and  attacked  the 
whole  position  from  right  to  left,  in  the  face  of  a  destructive 
fire  they  could  not  effectively  return.  It  was  not  long,  how- 
ever, before  it  was  apparent  that  his  main  attack  was 
directed  upon  the  extreme  right,  and  General  M'Call  ordered 
the  Third,  Colonel  Sickel,  that  had  been  stationed  near  the 
left  center,  and  Kerns'!  battery  of  howitzers  thither  to  the 
support  of  the  Second,  who  were  hotly  engaged.  On  this 
point  was  concentrated  a  heavy  fire  of  artillery,  and  reg- 
iment after  regiment  of  Georgians  were  hurled  headlong 
against  the  Second,  whose  left  wing  was  repeatedly  bent 
back  by  them,  but  never  broken.  For  three  hours  the  most 
desperate  contest  was  maintained,  when  at  last  the  Second 
swung  its  left  to  the  rear,  to  give  play  to  Kerns'  guns,  which 
opened  a  most  destructive  fire  of  shell  upon  the  broken  and 
confused  masses  of  the  enemy,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
swamp. 

After  this,  the  enemy  retired  for  a  time  from  the  close 
contest  on  the  right,  but,  from  the  right  center  to  the 
extreme  left,  kept  up  a  heavy  discharge  of  artillery  and 
musketry,  which  was  rapidly  replied  to  by  the  Reserves. 
Somewhat  later  in  the  day,  a  heavy  column  came  down  the 
road  to  Ellison's  Mill,  where  another  most  determined 
attack  was  made.  Here,  for  hours,  the  battle  was  hotly 
contested,  the  Twelfth,  Colonel  Taggart,  maintaining  their 
position  with  desperate  determination.  General  M'Call, 
fearing  the  enemy  would  tarn  the  extreme  left,  sent  the 
Seventh,  Colonel  Harvey,  below  the  Mill,  to  hold  the  creek, 
and  dispatched  Easton's  battery  to  Taggart's  assistance. 
The  fire  of  the  artillery  and  infantry  was  incessantly  dealing 

*  Killed  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  April  2d,  1865. 

t  Since  Collector  of  the  Port  of  New  Orleans. 

%  Captain  Mark  Kerns,  of  Franklin  county.    Killed  at  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 


84  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

destruction  to  the  determined  enemy,  who,  from  their  greatly 
superior  numbers,  were  enabled  to  precipitate  column  after 
column  of  fresh  troops  upon  our  hard-pressed  left  and  center. 

Although  the  attack  was  not  renewed  on  the  center  and 
right  in  force,  there  was  a  sharp  contest  going  on  there  all 
the  while,  particularly  at  a  ford  on  the  extreme  right,  where 
Major  Woodward,  with  two  companies  of  the  Second,  was 
stationed,  and  took  fifteen  prisoners. 

About  dark,  Griffin's  Brigade,  together  with  Edwards'  bat- 
tery arrived,  and  were  sent  to  the  weakest  point,  the  extreme 
right,  but  only  one  regiment,  the  Fourth  Michigan,  Colonel 
Woodberry,  was  brought  into  action,  they  relieving  the  Fifth 
Regiment,  who  had  completely  exhausted  their  ammunition. 
About  nine  o'clock  at  night,  after  a  battle  of  six  hours,  the 
enemy  withdrew,  and  the  contest  ceased. 

General  M'Call's  greatest  anxiety  was  for  our  right,  and 
there  is  no  doubt,  if  Lee  had  detached  a  portion  of  his 
vastly  superior  force  to  turn  it,  or  had  Jackson  arrived  in 
time,  we  would  have  been  swept  from  the  field  with  fearful 
slaughter.  The  attack  should  have  commenced  earlier  in 
the  day.  Near  the  close  of  the  battle,  fresh  re-enforce- 
ments came  to  our  relief,  but  the  officers  and  men  refused 
to  give  place,  and,  replenishing  their  ammunition,  lay  down 
upon  their  arms.  All  night  long  was  heard  the  most  pity- 
ing moans  of  the  enemy's  wounded,  that  lay  in  the  swamp 
and  woods  beyond. 

The  strength  of  the  Reserve  upon  the  field  was  about 
7,000.  Their  loss  was  but  thirty-three  killed  and  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  wounded.*  The  strength  of  the  enemy  was 
admitted  to  be  20,000,  and  General  M'Call  says :  "  I  learned 
from  official  authority,  while  a  prisoner  in  Richmond,  that 
General  Lee's  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  at  Mechanicsville 
did  not  fall  short  of  2,000."  In  official  returns  published, 
it  was  admitted  that  the  First  North  Carolina  lost  one-half 

*For  the  loss  in  the  Third,  see  Appendix  A. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  85 

its  effective  force,  and  the  Forty-fourth  Georgia  nearly  two- 
thirds. 

Generals  M'Clellan  and  Fitz  John  Porter  arrived  upon  the 
field  at  ten  o'clock  at  night,  and,  learning  of  Jackson's 
advance  to  turn  our  right,  at  three  o'clock  the  next 
morning  sent  orders  to  General  M'Call  to  withdraw  the 
Keserves  and  fall  back  to  the  rear  of  Games'  Mills.  During 
the  consultation,  General  Porter  hesitated,  and  expressed 
fears  that  M'Call  would  be  cut  to  pieces  in  withdrawing. 

Before  the  movement  was  commenced,  the  enemy  renewed 
the  attack,  mostly  on  the  left.  Under  these  circumstances, 
and  in  broad  daylight,  the  execution  was  most  delicate  and 
difficult,  yet  it  was  successfully  accomplished,  great  caution 
and  deliberation  being  used  to  screen  the  movement,  and 
the  troops  being  withdrawn  slowly  and  at  intervals.  Meade's 
Brigade  and  batteries  were  the  first  to  move;  then  came 
Griffin's  Brigade  and  battery ;  next,  Reynolds',  under  cover 
of  the  Bucktails  and  Cooper's  guns;  and  last,  Seymour's, 
from  the  extreme  left;  the  Twelfth,  Colonel  Taggart,  being 
the  last  to  leave  the  field.  All  this  was  done  under  fire, 
and  so  well  and  deliberately  that  the  regiments  filed  past 
General  M'Call  as  steadily  as  if  from  the  parade  ground. 
Not  a  man,  gun,  or  musket  was  left  upon  the  field,  and  our 
dead  were  all  buried. 

Mr.  Pollard,  in  "  The  Lost  Cause,"  pages  284-5,  speaks 
of  this  battle  as  two  separate  engagements,  the  "Battles  of 
Mechanicsville  and  Beaver  Dam."  After  stating  that 
Mechanicsville  was  strongly  fortified,  he  says:  "A  deafen- 
ing cannonade  of  half  an  hour  disturbed  the  last  hours  of 
evening.  The  flash  of  guns  and  long  lines  of  musketry 
fire  could  be  seen  in  bright  relief  against  the  blue  and 
cloudless  sky.  As  night  drew  on,  a  grander  scene  was  pre- 
sented to  the  eye.  Barns,  houses  and  stacks  of  hay  and 
straw  were  in  a  blaze;  and  by  their  light  our  men  were 
plainly  visible,  rushing  across  the  open  space  through 
infernal  showers  of  grape.  A  few  moments  more,  and  the 


86  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Federal  guns  were  silenced;  a  loud  noise  of  many  voices 
was  heard;  and  then  a  long,  wild,  piercing  yell,  and  the 
place  was  ours. 

"  The  enemy  was  now  forced  to  take  refuge  in  his  works, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Beaver  Dam  creek,  about  a  mile  dis- 
tant." *  *  * 

After  this  statement,  not  one  word  of  which  is  true,  as 
there  was  not  a  shot  fired  at  Mechanicsville  that  day,  he 
passes  over  the  real  battle  as  an  insignificant  affair,  and  then 
describes  a  "  terrible  and  critical  action  "  as  taking  place  the 
next  morning,  the  27th,  in  which  Jackson  flanked  us,  and 
we  retired  rapidly  down  the  river.  As  Mr.  Pollard  was  the 
editor  of  the  Richmond  Examiner  during  the  war,  and  prob- 
ably visited  the  field  soon  after  the  battle,  it  would  be  sup- 
posed he  would  have  been  more  correctly  informed  as  to  the 
location  of  the  conflict  and  the  facts  of  it. 

We  fell  back  slowly  and  in  good  order,  but  in  anything 
but  a  good  humor,  the  boys  not  having  sufficient  military 
acuteness  to  appreciate  the  difference  between  a  "  change  of 
base"  and  a  retreat.  General  Meade's  colored  man,  how- 
ever, who  was  looked  upon,  not  only  as  a  profound  scholar, 
but  high  authority  on  all  subjects  of  military  strategy, 
clearly  elucidated  the  matter  to  them:  "A  retreat  am  de 
going  whar  one  dunt  wanto  by  force  of  de  fisical  'bility  of 
de  rebels,  and  a  change  of  base,  am  de  going  to  de  same 
place  by  de  moral  swason  of  de  instinct." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  87 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  RETREAT  COMMENCED  —  BATTLE  OP  GAINES'  MILLS  —  STRENGTH  OP 
THE  ARMIES  —  DESPERATE  FIGHTING  —  CAPTURE  OF  THE  ELEVENTH 
RESERVES  AND  THE  FOURTH  N.  J. —  RE-ENFORCEMENTS  CALLED  FOR  — 
FORM  FOR  THE  LAST  STRUGGLE — SUCCOR  ARRIVES —  THE  ENEMY  AT 
BAT  —  THE  FIELD  HOSPITAL  —  GENERAL  REYNOLDS  CAPTURED — THE 
FRENCH  PRINCES — AN  INSURGENT'S  ACCOUNT  OP  THE  RESERVES  — 
THE  Loss  OP  THE  ARMIES  AND  THE  RESERVE* —  M'CLELLAN'S  REPORT 

—  MAGRUDER'S   REPORT —  CROSSING  THE   CHIOEAHOMINY — TRENT'S 
HILL  —  M'CLELLAN  AND  LEE  DECEIVED — THE  RETREAT  CONTINUED 

—  NIGHT  MARCH — SAVAGE  STATION  — THE  WOUNDED  —  MOVEMENTS 
OF  THE  ARMIES  —  BATTLES  OP  ALLEN'S  FARM  AND  SAVAGE  STATION  — 
STRAGGLERS  AND  CAMP  FOLLOWERS  —  A  NIGHT  ON  PICKET. 

ABOUT  ten  o'clock  that  morning  we  arrived  at  Gaines' 
Mills,  and  were  lain  down  in  a  field.  Already  orders 
had  been  issued  to  evacuate  White  House,  and  to  destroy 
all  stores  and  munitions  that  could  not  be  removed,  and  the 
"  change  of  base  "  from  the  Pamunkey  to  the  James  river 
was  commenced.  The  troops  of  General  Fitz  John  Porter, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chickahominy,  were  drawn  into 
position  around  the  bridge-heads,  and  all  the  heavy  guns, 
wagons  and  stores  were  removed  to  the  Richmond  side  of 
the  river. 

THE  BATTLE  OP  GAINES'  MILLS,  JUNE  27TH,  1862. 

Our  position  was  a  strong  one,  on  ground  rising  gradually 
from  the  ravine  of  a  small  stream,  screened  in  part  by  trees 
and  underbrush.  The  line  of  battle  was  about  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  formed  on  the  interior  edge  of  the  woods  bounding  a 
plain  of  clear  land,  stretching  some  1,200  or  1,500  yards 
back  from  the  river.  MorrelPs  division  held  the  left  of  the 
line,  in  a  strip  of  woods  on  the  left  bank  of  the  stream,  rest- 
ing its  left  flank  on  the  descent  to  the  Chickahominy,  which 
was  swept  by  our  artillery  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and 


88  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

extended  into  open  ground  on  the  right,  where  it  joined 
Sykes'  division,  which,  partly  in  woods  and  partly  in  open 
ground,  extended  in  the  rear  of  New  Coal  Harbor.*  Each 
brigade  had  in  reserve  two  of  its  regiments. 

The  Reserves  formed  the  second  line  of  battle ;  and  it  was 
Porter's  intention  not  to  put  them  into  the  heavy  fighting  if 
he  could  avoid  it,  as  they  had  been  engaged  until  late  the 
previous  night,  and  suffered  from  want  of  sleep,  and  had 
been  under  fire  in  the  morning.  Meade's  Brigade  was 
posted  on  the  left,  near  the  river ;  Reynolds  on  the  right, 
covering  the  approaches  from  Coal  Harbor  and  Despatch 
Station  to  Sumner's  Bridge ;  and  Seymour's  in  reserve  to 
the  second  line.  The  Reserve's  artillery  occupied  the  space 
between  the  lines,  and  the  cavalry  of  the  division,  the  Fourth 
Pennsylvania,  was  placed  under  cover  of  a  slope  in  the  rear. 
General  P.  St.  George  Cooke,f  with  part  of  the  First  and 
Fifth  United  States  and  the  Sixth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry, 
was  posted  in  the  rear,  to  aid  in  watching  that  direction. 

The  troops  were  all  in  position  by  noon,  with  the  artillery 
on  the  commanding  ground  and  in  the  intervals  between 
the  divisions  and  brigades.  About  two  o'clock,  A.  P.  Hill 
commenced  the  attack  on  our  right,  followed  by  Long- 
street  on  our  left.  In  the  meantime,  Jackson,  D.  H.  Hill 
and  Ewell  brought  their  troops  into  action,  and  Lee,  under 
a  terrific  fire  of  artillery  and  infantry,  ordered  a  charge 
upon  the  whole  line.  At  this  time  the  enemy  numbered 
50,000  men,  and  Porter  but  27,000.  Upon  several  points  of 
the  line  they  advanced  with  their  infantry  six  and  eight 
lines  deep,  the  first  delivering  their  fire  and  lying  down, 
were  followed  by  the  others  in  rapid  succession,  producing 
a  storm  of  lead  against  which  it  seemed  impossible  any 
troops  could  stand.  The  sound  of  this  fire  resembled  one 
long,  loud  explosion  of  artillery,  lasting  for  several  minutes, 
without  any  perceptible  break  or  variation,  and  many,  for 

*  New  Cool  Arbor. —  U.  S.  Engineer's  map,  1865. 

t  His  son,  a  General  in  the  rebel  army,  was  wounded  at  Centreville,  Va.,  Oct.,  1.-6I. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  89 

some  time,  were  unable  to  comprehend  what  produced  it. 
The  Reserves,  forming  the  second  line,  were  ordered  to  close 
upon  the  first,  some  of  the  regiments  going  into  the  line  at 
once,  and  filling  up  the  gaps,  while  others,  lying  down 
immediately  in  the  rear,  were  ready  to  spring  upon  their 
feet  at  an  instant.  In  the  meantime  all  the  batteries  of  the 
Reserves  were  vomiting  forth  their  fire,  and  the  enemy 
were  pounding  against  our  infantry.  The  Fourth  Michigan 
having  suffered  terribly,  Sickels  moved  the  Third  into  their 
position — they  shifting  to  the  left — and  at  once  engaged  the 
enemy,  and  for  two  hours  continued  the  combat,  he  having 
his  horse  killed  under  him.  The  battle  at  this  point  was 
most  severe,  the  enemy,  in  succesive  ranks,  pouring  in  their 
deafening  roars  of  musketry,  and  charging  with  desperate 
fury.  But  the  steady  and  low  fire  of  the  Third  was  doing 
more  execution,  and  hurled  them  back  repeatedly.  The 
muskets  of  the  Third  were  now  becoming  so  heated  and 
choked  with  powder  as  to  render  many  of  them  unservice- 
able, and  their  fire  perceptibly  diminished.  At  last,  the 
Eleventh  Reserves,  and  Fourth  New  Jersey,  Colonel  James 
H.  Simpson,  Major  U.  S.  A.,  came  to  their  relief,  and, 
under  the  terrible  fire,  took  their  place,  but  even  their  united 
strength  could  not  withstand  the  crushing  assaults.  Envel- 
oped in  the  smoke,  they  were  finally  borne  down  and  cap- 
tured. Upon  the  Third  coming  out,  they  were  met  by  Gen- 
eral Meade,  who  most  heartily  congratulated  them  upon 
their  "  cool  valor,"  and  ordered  them  to  the  support  of  a 
Rhode  Island  battery. 

The  din  of  battle  was  still  rolling  on,  and  the  assaults  of 
the  enemy  continued  with  unabated  fury.  Porter  continu- 
ally asked  for  relief,  but  M'Clellan,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river  with  his  60,000  good  and  true  men,  was  deceived  by 
the  vigorous  fusillade  of  Magruder's  and  Huger's  25,000. 
Near  four  o'clock,  Slocum's  division  came  to  our  aid,  raising 
our  force  to  35,000  men.  They,  like  the  Reserves,  were 
mostly  broken  up  and  sent  in  by  regiments  along  the  line, 


90  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

whereever  the  pressure  was  most  severe.  For  hours  the  battle 
raged  on,  charge  after  charge  being  repulsed  along  the  line, 
to  be  immedialely  renewed  by  fresh  troops,  led  on  with 
desperate  courage,  until  near  sunset,  when  they,  massing 
their  forces  on  our  right  and  left,  charged  the  whole  line 
with  reckless  valor,  and  drove  us  back  in  good  order,  but 
with  mutual  carnage.  At  this  time,  General  Cooke,  in  com- 
mand of  our  cavalry,  without  orders,  charged  the  enemy's 
infantry  on  our  left,  but  was  instantly  repulsed,  and  his 
horses,  becoming  unmanageable,  rushed  upon  our  batteries, 
leading  the  gunners  to  suppose  they  were  charged  upon  by 
the  enemy.  Several  of  the  guns  were  thus  deserted  and  lost. 
Every  officer  and  man  upon  the  field  knew  our  position 
was  a  most  desperate  one,  that  retreat  over  a  few  narrow 
bridges  was  impossible,  that  we  must  maintain  our  position 
or  be  driven  into  the  Chickahominy  with  frightful  slaughter; 
therefore,  the  struggle  became  one  of  life  or  glorious  death 
for  the  army.  A  second  line  of  battle  was  formed,  steady 
and  solid  as  the  rocks  of  the  mountains.  The  guns  were 
placed  in  position,  and  resolute  and  silent,  without  a  tremble 
in  the  heart,  stood  the  men,  ready  to  receive  the  shock  of 
the  last  desperate  struggle.  At  this  moment,  the  rays  of 
the  setting  sun  lit  up  the  west  behind  the  enemy,  who 
halted  to  dress  their  lines  upon  the  crest  of  the  hill.  Loud 
cheers  were  heard  in  the  distance,  and  French's  and 
Meagher's  brigades  dashed  upon  the  field  and  deployed  on 
our  center  front.  Then  arose  the  defiant  cheers  of  the 
whole  army.  The  enemy  perceiving  that  succor  had  at  last 
reached  us,  and  not  knowing  the  meagreness  of  it,  halted 
and  lay  down  upon  their  arms  for  the  night.  About  eight 
o'clock  the  battle  ceased,  and  we  were  moved  some  distance 
towards  the  rear,  near  a  field  hospital,  where  the  wounded 
were  being  continually  brought  in  for  surgical  treatment, 
after  which  they  were  lain  upon  the  grass,  a  blanket  thrown 
over  them,  and  a  canteen  of  water  put  by  their  side,  where 
some  slept  and  others  died.  The  poor  fellows  displayed 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  91 

great  fortitude,  and  though  many  of  them  were  horribly 
mangled  and  suffered  intense  pain,  only  suppressed  murmurs 
escaped  their  lips.  All  of  the  Third  were  collected  and 
lain  together,  and  were  cared  for  by  their  comrades  until 
the  regiment  moved.  While  the  surgeons  were  at  work  by 
the  flickering  light  of  candles,  the  insurgents  opened  fire 
upon  them  with  shell,  but  they  continued,  hiding  the  lights 
as  best  they  could  with  their  caps  and  bodies.  At  the  time 
the  Eleventh  Reserve  and  the  Fourth  New  Jersey  were  cap- 
tured, General  Reynolds,  his  Assistant  Adjutant-General, 
Captain  Charles  Kingsberry,  and  his  orderly,  were  cut  off 
also.  They  concealed  themselves  in  the  woods  during  the 
night,  but  early  the  next  morning,  while  endeavoring  to 
make  their  escape,  were  capture  1  by  a  rebel  patrolling  party. 
The  command  of  the  Second  Brigade,  therefore,  devolved 
upon  Colonel  Seneca  G.  Simmons,  of  the  Fifth  Reserve. 
Among  those  present  upon  the  field,  and  who  appeared  to 
know  not  what  fear  was,  were  the  French  Princes,  the 
Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Dae  de  Chartres,  officially  known 
in  our  army  as  Captain  Louis  Philippe  and  Captain  Robert 
E.  Orleans,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Aids-de-camp  to  General 
M'Clellau. 

An  officer  of  the  Confederate  army  thus  describes  the 
battle.  It  was  the  Reserves,  however,  and  not  Meagher's 
troops,  that  he  alludes  to,  as  Meagher  did  not  arrive  upon 
the  field  until  sunset : 

"  The  attack  was  opened  by  the  columns  of  Hill  (First), 
Anderson,*  and  Pickett.  These  gallant  masses  rushed  for- 
ward, with  thundering  hurrahs,  upon  the  musketry  of  the 
foe,  as  though  it  were  joy  to  them.  Whole  ranks  went 
down  under  that  terrible  hail,  but  nothing  could  restrain 
their  courage.  The  billows  of  battle  raged  fiercely  onward; 
the  struggle  was  man  to  man,  eye  to  eye,  bayonet  to  bay- 
onet. The  hostile  Meagher's  Brigade"  (Reserves),  "com- 
posed chiefly  of  Irishmen,  offered  heroic  resistance.  After 

*  Brigadier-General  G.  B.  Anderson.     Killed  at  Antietam. 


92  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

a  fierce  struggle,  our  people  began  to  give  way,  and  at 
length  all  orders  and  encouragements  were  vain ;  they  were 
falling  back  in  the  greatest  disorder.  Infuriated,  foaming 
at  the  mouth,  bare-headed,  sabre  in  hand,  at  this  critical 
moment  General  Cobb*  appeared  upon  the  field,  at  the  head 
of  his  legion,  and  with  him  the  Nineteenth  North  Carolina 
and  the  Fourteenth  Virginia  regiments.  At  once  these 
troops  renewed  the  attack,  but  all  their  devotion  and  self- 
sacrifice  were  in  vain.  The  Irish"  (Reserves)  "held  their 
position  with  a  determination  and  ferocity  that  called  forth 
the  admiration  of  our  own  officers.  Broken  to  pieces,  and 
disorganized,  the  fragments  of  that  fine  legion  came  rolling 
back  from  the  charge.  The  Nineteenth  North  Carolina  lost 
eight  standard-bearers,  and  most  of  their  staff-officers  were 
either  killed  or  wounded.  Again,  Generals  Hill  (First)  and 
Anderson  led  their  troops  to  the  attack,  and  some  regiments 
covered  themselves  with  immortal  glory.  Our  troops  exhib- 
ited a  contempt  of  death  that  made  them  the  equals  of  old, 
experienced  veterans;  for,  notwithstanding  the  bloody  har- 
vest the  destroyer  reaped  in  our  ranks  that  day,  no  disorder, 
no  timid  bearing  revealed  that  many  of  the  regiments  were 
under  fire  and  smelt  gun-powder  then  for  the  first  time. 
But  the  enemy,  nevertheless,  quietly  and  coolly  held  out 
against  every  attack  we  made,  one  after  the  other.  Not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  solitary  brigades  had  to  stand 
their  ground  from  four  until  eight  o'clock  P.M.,  they  per- 
formed feats  of  incredible  valor;  and  it  was  only  when  the 
news  came  that  Jackson  was  upon  them  in  the  rear  that, 
about  eight,  they  retired  before  our  advance.  Despite  the 
dreadful  carnage  in  their  ranks,  they  marched  on,  with 
streaming  banners  and  rolling  drums,  and  carried  with  them 
all  their  wounded  and  all  their  baggage ;  and  when  the  cav- 
alry regiments  of  Davis  and  'Wickham  went  in  pursuit, 
repelled  their  assault  also  with  perfect  coolness. 


*  Brigadier-General  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  brother  of  Howell  Cobb.    Killed  at 
Frederlcksburg,  Va. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  93 

"  By  this  time  night  had  come  on  and  overspread  the 
field  of  death  with  darkness,  compassionately  shuttting  out 
from  the  eyes  of  the  living  the  horrid  spectacle  of  slaughter. 
Quiet  gradually  returned ;  only  a  feeble  cannonade  could 
be  heard  upon  our  furthest  left,  and  that,  too,  little  by  little, 
died  away.  The  soldiers  were  so  fearfully  exhausted  by 
the  day's  struggle  that  many  of  them  sank  down  from 
their  places  in  the  ranks  upon  the  ground.  Although  I, 
too,  could  scarcely  keep  in  the  saddle,  so  great  was  my 
fatigue,  I  hastened,  with  one  of  my  aids,  to  that  quarter  of 
the  field  where  the  struggle  had  raged  the  most  fiercely. 
The  scene  of  ruin  was  horrible ;  whole  ranks  of  the  enemy 
lay  prone  where  they  had  stood  at  the  beginning  of  the  bat- 
tle. The  number  of  wounded  was  fearful,  too,  and  the 
groans  and  imploring  cries  for  help  that  rose  on  all  sides 
had,  in  the  obscurity  of  the  night,  a  ghastly  effect,  that  froze 
the  blood  in  one's  veins.  Although  I  had  been  upon  so 
many  battle-fields  in  Italy  and  Hungary,  never  had  my 
vision  beheld  such  a  spectacle  of  human  destruction." 

Our  loss  in  this  battle,  though  not  specifically  reported, 
probably  was  not  far  from  4,500.  Greeley,  in  his  "Ameri- 
can Conflict,"  places  it  at  8,000,  but  in  this  he  is  evidently 
mistaken.*  Among  the  wounded  of  the  Third  was  Captain 
Geo.  C.  Davenport,  f  The  loss  in  the  Reserves  was  1,217 
killed,  wounded  and  missing.  Nineteen  guns  were  also  lost 
upon  the  field.  The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  never  officially 
reported,  but  probably  was  not  as  heavy  as  our  own.  The 
wearied  and  exhausted  men,  who  had  fought  for  two  days, 
and  many  of  them  without  a  mouthful  to  eat,  threw  them- 

*  General  M'Clellan,  in  his  official  returns  of  the  killed,  wounded  and  missing  of 
the  Seven  Days'  Battle,  gives  M'Call's  loss  as  3,074,  Porter's  as  4,278,  making  a  total  of 
7,352.  The  Reserves  lost  183  at  Mechanicsville,  and  1,674  at  Glendale,  a  total  of  1,857. 
This,  deducted  from  the  7,352,  leaves  5,495.  Porter  lost  very  heavily  at  Malvern  Hill 
and,  putting  it  at  1,500,  certainly  a  very  low  estimate,  3,995  remains  for  the  loss  of  the 
Reserves  and  Fifth  Corps  at  Games'  Mill,  to  which  add  500  for  Slocum's  loss,  thus 
making  the  total  4,495.  The  Reserves  numbered  one-fifth  of  the  troops  present,  and 
their  loss  was  very  far  the  heaviest  of  any  division  engaged. 

t  For  the  loss  in  the  Third,  see  Appendix  A. 


94  THE   THIRD  EESERVE. 

selves  upon  the  ground,  and  sank  to  sleep  with  their  cart- 
ridge-boxes strapped  upon  them  and  their  muskets  in  their 
hands.  But  their  slumbers  were  of  short  duration,  as  soon 
orders  came  to  wake  them  up  and  get  into  line  without 
noise.  It  was  hard  work  to  arouse  the  sleepy  boys,  it  being 
necessary  to  roll  some  of  them  over,  shake  them,  pound 
them,  and  even  to  lift  them  upon  their  feet.  Having  got 
the  men  in  line,  the  Reserves  waited  here  until  near  morn- 
ing, to  cover  the  withdrawal  of  the  army  from  the  left  bank 
of  the  Chickahominy,  and  then  crossing  the  bridge  opposite 
Trent's  Hill  about  seven  o'clock,  they  blew  it  up,  and  mov- 
ing on  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  halted  and  lay  on  the  hill 
during  the  day. 

While  the  battle  of  Games'  Mill  was  progressing,  the 
enemy  were  not  idle  on  the  Richmond  side  of  the  Chicka- 
hominy, where,  with  25,000  men,  they  were  keeping  up  a 
succession  of  imposing  but  hollow  feints  and  alarms,  impress- 
ing M'Clellan  that  a  vastly  superior  force  to  his  own  menaced 
him  on  that  wing  of  his  army.*  General  Lee  supposing, 
from  the  stubborn  resistance  he  received  on  the  left,  and  the 
absence  of  any  serious  demonstration  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  river,  that  M'Clellan  was  retreating  on  his  base  at  York 
river,  immediately  pushed  General  Stuart's  cavalry  and 
E well's  infantry  in  that  direction,  they  occupying  White 
House  early  on  the  29th,  which  had  been  abandoned  by  our 

*  General  Magruder,  in  his  official  report  of  his  participation  in  the  Seven  Days' 
Battle,  says : 

"  From  the  time  at  which  the  enemy  withdrew  his  forces  to  this  side  of  the  Chick- 
ahominy, and  destroyed  the  bridges,  to  the  moment  of  his  evacuation — that  is,  from 
Friday  night  (27th)  until  Sunday  morning — I  considered  the  situation  of  our  army  as 
extremly  critical  and  perilous.  The  larger  portion  of  it  was  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Chickahominy ;  the  bridges  had  all  been  destroyed,  but  one  was  rebuilt— the  New 
Bridge— which  was  commanded  fully  by  the  enemy's  guns  from  Golding's  ;  and  there 
were  but  25,000  men  between  his  army  of  100,000  and  Richmond. 

"  Had  M'Clellan  massed  his  whole  force  in  column,  and  advanced  it  against  any 
point  of  our  line  of  battle,  as  was  done  at  Austerlitz,  under  similar  circumstances, 
by  the  greatest  Captain  of  any  age,  though  the  head  of  his  column  would  have  suf- 
fered greatly,  its  momentum  would  have  insured  him  success,  and  the  occupation  of 
our  works  about  Richmond,  and,  consequently,  the  city,  might  have  been  his  reward. 
His  failure  to  do  so  is  the  best  evidence  that  our  wise  commander  fully  understood 
the  character  of  his  opponent." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  95 

troops,  who,  not  being  able  to  remove  all  the  munitions  and 
provisions,  destroyed  a  vast  amount.  In  the  meanwhile  the 
enemy  had  concentrated  our,  army  in  a  strong  position, 
between  the  Chickahominy  on  one  side  and  its  extensive 
works  fronting  Richmond  on  the  other,  and,  having  destroyed 
the  communication  with  our  base,  the  march  for  the  James 
river  was  commenced.  General  Keyes'  Corps  was  ordered 
to  move  at  once  across  White  Oak  Swamp  and  seize  and 
hold  the  debouches  of  the  roads  on  the  James  river  side, 
and  the  rest  of  the  army  followed  with  as  little  delay  as 
possible. 

During  the  day,  rations  were  received  and  issued,  the  men 
being  greatly  in  need  of  them,  as  some  had  been  forty-eight 
hours  without  food.  But  they  were  without  haversacks  to 
put  them  in,  as  they  had  marched  to  the  field  of  Mechanics- 
ville  with  muskets  and  cartridge-boxes  only:  and  General 
M'Call  subsequently  ordered  their  camp  to  be  burnt.*  How- 
ever, as  soldiers  are  never  at  a  loss  for  ways  and  means,  they 
substituted  the  extremities  of  their  shirts,  which  answered 
most  admirably.  We  remained  on  an  open  field,  under  a 
broiling  sun,  during  the  28th,  which  really  afforded  but  lit- 
tle rest.  About  ten  o'clock  that  night,  we  got  into  line,  and 
stood  in  the  rain  until  about  one,  when  we  moved  off  towards 
the  James  river.  With  the  Reserves  was  Hunt's  reserve 
artillery,  consisting  of  thirteen  batteries,  which,  with  our 
own,  and  our  trains,  extended  the  column  many  miles,  and 
as  our  flanks  were  exposed  to  attack,  Seymour's  Brigade 
was  placed,  by  regiments,  between  the  batteries.  Our  move- 
ment, owing  to  narrow  and  bad  roads,  was  necessarily  slow, 
and  in  the  darkness  of  the  night  we  toiled  through  the 
woods  and  swamps,  unable  to  see  but  a  few  feet  on  either 
side.  While  thus  moving,  one  of  the  wagon-guard  of  the 
Fourth,  stepped  into  the  woods  a  little  way,  and  his  musket 
being  accidentally  discharged,  he  was  mistaken  for  a  foe, 

*  All  the  division  wagons  had  been  sent,  by  order  of  General  Porter,  to  M'Clellan's 
headquarters,  early  on  the  26th. 


96  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  a  number  of  shots  fired  at  him.  This,  frightening  some 
of  the  teams,  they  dashed  in  among  us,  which,  with  the 
unexplained  firing,  for  a  time  created  considerable  excite- 
ment, during  which  a  soldier  of  the  Second  had  his  leg 
broken.  About  day-break,  on  Sunday  morning,  we  reached 
General  M'Clellan's  headquarters,  at  Savage  Station,  on  the 
York  River  and  Richmond  railroad,  where  we  found  the 
greatest  confusion  and  disorder  prevailing.  Hundreds  of 
wagons  and  ambulances  covered  the  fields,  in  every  direc- 
tion. Nearly  three  thousand  wounded  and  sick  soldiers  were 
lying  in  the  tents,  houses  and  woods.  Here  they  found  the 
wounded  of  the  Third,  and  moved  them  together,  and  did 
all  they  could  for  them,  filling  their  canteens,  and  giving 
them  money.  These  may  seem  but  little  acts  of  kindness, 
but  to  the  wounded  soldier,  who  has  lain  upon  the  field  for 
days,  helpless,  weak  and  famishing,  the  little  canteen  of 
water  is  more  highly  prized  than  any  earthly  gift.  The 
money  they  received  they  were  ruthlessly  plundered  of,  and 
their  canteens  and  blankets  were  taken  from  them  by  the 
heartless  ofiicials  at  Richmond,  but  the  warm  words  of  kind- 
ness spoken  by  their  comrades  long  remained  to  cheer 
them. 

For  such  as  could  hobble  off,  they  provided  crutches  and 
canes.*  They  were  all  cheerful,  and  bore  their  sufferings 
with  composure  until  later  in  the  day,  when  they  found  they 
were  to  be  left  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Happy 


*"  I  think  I  have  never  seen  examples  of  greater  endurance  than  exhibited  upon 
the  part  of  the  wounded  in  this  retreat.  Saturday  they  were  lying  all  day  at  the  hos- 
pital, with  little  or  no  attention.  The  weather  was  exceedingly  warm.  Sunday  they 
marched  all  day  through  a  sweltering  stun,  resting  perhaps  two  hours  in  the  middle  of 
the  day.  The  garments  of  many  of  them  were  stiff  with  blood.  They  had  no  nourish- 
ing food.  Their  wounds  had  simply  been  bound  up,  without  further  attention,  and 
they  were  already  much  annoyed  with  worms.  *  *  *  Still  there  was  not  a  murmur. 
All  endured  cheerfully.  Toward  evening  the  wounded  men  passed  through  a  field 
in  which  were  a  number  of  sheep,  when  Sergeant  Hollister,  notwithstanding  his  arm 
was  so  shattered  as  afterwards  to  require  amputation,  took  his  revolver,  and,  in  com- 
pany with  others,  after  a  hard  chase,  succeeded  in  bringing  one  of  them  down. 
Having  detailed  one  of  my  men  to  help  them  along,  he  made  them  a  good  kettle  of 
mutton  broth,  of  which  they  all  partook,  and  were  much  invigorated."— Extract  from 
Colonel  Ayers'  (Tenth  Regiment,  P.  R.  V.  C.)  Account. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  97 

were  those  who,  being  seriously  wounded,  died  before  they 
reached  the  insurgent  hospitals,  where  amputations  were 
performed  for  slight  wounds,  or  the  poor  sufferers  left  to 
die  of  neglect,  filth  and  abuse. 

Here,  also,  were  vast  quantities  of  commissary  and 
quartermaster's  stores  and  ammunition.  The  latter  were 
loaded  into  a  train  of  cars,  and,  with  a  locomotive,  run  into 
the  Chickahominy — a  fuse  being  attached  and  so  well-timed 
that  at  the  instant  of  the  plunge  the  explosion  took  place. 
The  halt  here  was  not  long,  but  moving  on  from  the  station, 
we  met  a  large  number  of  prisoners  captured  during  our 
battles,  and  about  noon  crossed  White  Qak  creek  bridge, 
some  distance  beyond  which  we  entered  a  pine  woods  and 
lay  down  in  line  of  battle,  ready  to  resist  any  attack  from 
the  direction  of  Richmond.  Here  we  rested  for  a  couple  of 
hours,  and  delivered  up  the  precious  charge  of  General 
Hunt's  reserve  artillery,  it  being  now  considered  safe. 

Before  proceeding  further,  we  will  detail  the  general 
movements  of  the  hostile  armies  and  the  events  of  the  day. 
The  essential  operation  was  the  passage  of  our  trains  and 
the  reserve  artillery  across  the  swamp,  and  their  protection 
against  attack  from  the  direction  of  Richmond,  and  the 
establishment  of  our  communication  with  the  gun-boats  on 
James  river.  For  this  purpose,  Sumner  and  Heintzleman's 
Corps  and  Smith's  division  were  directed  to  take  up  a  line 
of  advance  covering,  with  their  right  resting  near  Savage 
Station,  and  to  hold  the  same  until  dark  on  Sunday  the  29th. 
Lee  having  discovered  our  line  of  retreat  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  28th,  ordered  Longstreet  and  A.  P.  Hill  to  recross  the 
Chickahominy  near  Games'  Mill,  and  pursue  and  attack  our 
rear;  and  Jackson  to  move  between  us  and  the  Chickahominy 
on  our  left,  while  Magruder  and  Huger  were  to  advance 
from  toward  Richmond,  and  strike  us  on  our  right  flank. 

At  Allen's  Farm,  on  the  railroad,  about  nine  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  the  enemy  made  a  spirited  attack  on  Sumner's 
front,  but  were  gallantly  repulsed. 
7 


98  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

About  noon  General  Magruder,  on  the  Williarasburg  road 
near  Savage  Station,  came  in  sight,  but,  not  liking  appear- 
ances, sent  to  Huger  for  re-enforcements,  and  at  four  in  the 
afternoon  attacked  in  full  force.  A  stubborn  little  battle  was 
fought,  and  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  they  were  forced  to 
withdraw.  Our  troops  then,  by  order,  fell  back  upon  White 
Oak  Swamp,  General  French's  Brigade  forming  the  rear 
guard,  crossing  and  destroying  White  Oak  Swamp  bridge, 
at  five  A.M.  on  the  30th.  These  two  engagements  were 
the  first  that  any  of  the  troops  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
that  remained  on  the  Richmond  side  of  the  river,  had  been 
in  since  the  commencement  of  the  Seven  Days'  battle. 

Our  division  remained  in  this  position,  on  high,  open 
ground,  in  the  hot  sun,  until  five  o'clock  P.M.,  when  Gen- 
eral M'Call  received  orders  to  move  to  the  crossing  of  the 
Quaker  and  New  Market  roads,  and  take  a  position  to  repel 
any  attack  from  Richmond.  The  object  of  this  movement 
was  to  cover  the  Turkey  Bridge — Quaker  or  Willis  Church 
road,  leading  from  White  Oak  Swamp  to  Malvern  Hill, 
along  which  our  trains  moved  all  night.  On  our  march,  we 
found  the  road  nearly  blocked  up  with  innumerable  wagon- 
trains,  ambulances  and  artillery,  besides  a  drove  of  2,500 
head  of  cattle.  Many,  slightly  wounded,  were  limping  along, 
and  thousands  of  stragglers  and  camp  followers  swarmed 
around.  Through  these  we  wound  our  way,  disheartened 
at  the  demoralizing  sight,  retreating  as  we  were  from  a  foe 
to  whom  our  hearts  bid  defiance.  We  halted  at  Nelson's 
farm,  the  battle-field  of  the  next  day,  where  a  skirmish  had 
taken  place  between  the  cavalry  in  the  morning.  General 
M'Call  made  his  headquarters  at  the  farm-house  during  the 
night.  Leaving  Meade's  and  Seymour's  brigades  in  reserve 
in  line  of  battle,  at  dark,*  Reynolds'  (now  Simmons')  Brigade 
and  a  battery  of  artillery  moved  off'  to  the  front  about  a 

*  General  M'Call,  in  his  official  report,  states  we  reached  this  position  about  mid- 
night. With  all  due  respect  to  such  hixh  authority,  the  author  is  satisfied  he  was 
mistaken,  as  he  conversed  with  Captain  Scheetz,  of  his  staff,  and  the  General,  upon 
their  dismounting  at  Nelson's  house,  and  the  sun  was  then  setting. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  99 

mile,  crossing  a  small  run,  and  turning  to  the  left  through  a 
deep  woods,  where  they  lay  on  picket  on  a  by-road.  The 
night  was  intensely  dark,  and  they  were  unable  to  see  but  a 
short  distance  from  them.  The  men  were  lain  down  on  the 
edge  of  the  road,  with  orders  for  no  one  to  speak  or  sleep, 
but  to  be  ready  to  spring  into  line  at  an  instant's  notice.  In 
front  of  them,  at  the  distance  of  fifty  paces,  pickets  were 
posted.  The  countersign  was — to  bare  the  right  arm,  and 
raise  and  lower  it  twice. 

When  all  was  the  stillness  of  death,  a  rapid  fire  of  mus- 
ketry opened  a  few  hundred  yards  in  our  rear,  and  we  were 
unable  to  tell  whether  it  was  an  attack  of  the  foe  or  our 
friends  firing  upon  one  another.  We  afterwards  ascertained 
it  was  some  of  Porter's  corps,  who  had  got  on  the  wrong 
road,  and,  countermarching,  had  mistook  their  friends. 

About  the  middle  of  the  night  a  number  of  the  battery 
horses  got  loose,  and  dashed  down  the  rear  of  the  line  like 
a  charge  of  cavalry,  and  several  shots  were  fired  into  them 
in  rapid  succession.  One  of  the  horses  being  wounded, 
kept  up  a  most  unearthly  moaning  through  the  night,  mak- 
ing the  most  distressing  noise  possible  to  imagine ;  and  the 
farm  dogs,  far  and  near,  were  continually  barking,  indicat- 
ing the  proximity  of  the  foe.  In  fact,  and  we  strongly  sus- 
pected it  at  the  time,  we  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
the  enemy,  who  knew  our  exact  position,  and  had  it  in  their 
power  to  cut  in  pieces  or  capture  us,  but  they  wished  to  bag 
the  whole  division,  and  were  waiting  for  the  arrival  of 
Huger's  division  in  the  position  assigned  to  it.  Fortunately 
it  was  delayed  on  its  march,  for  which  the  General  was 
severely  censured  by  his  government.  Thus  passed  this 
night  of  silent  excitement,  that  did  more  to  unnerve  the 
body  than  the  severest  shock  of  battle. 

The  Reserves  were  attached  to  the  Fifth  Corps,  and  Gen- 
eral Porter  directed  General  M'Call  on  Sunday  night  to 
bivouac  upon  the  field.  During  the  night  Porter,  with 
Sykes'  and  Morrell's  divisions  of  his  corps,  marched  by,  and 


100  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

neglected  either  to  notify  General  M'Call  of  the  movement, 
withdraw  his  troops,  or  send  him  any  orders  for  their  dis- 
position. A  large  portion  of  the  army  and  its  vast  trains 
had  yet  to  pass  this  point,  and  the  enemy  were  pounding 
away  at  Franklin,  in  the  rear.  M'Call  at  once  saw  the 
importance  of  his  holding  this  position,  to  save  the  army  from 
being  cut  in  two,  though  he  felt,  as  every  officer  and  man  of 
the  Reserves  felt,  that  they  had  done  more  fighting  and 
marching,  and  lost  more  sleep  and  men,  and  suffered  more 
for  want  of  food,  than  any  other  division  in  the  army.  They 
well  knew  that  thousands  of  troops  had  not  been  brought 
into  battle  during  the  hard  struggle,  and  were  comparatively 
fresh.  Yet,  as  the  neglect  of  their  corps  commander*  had 
left  them  alone  to  fight  another  desperate  and  hard  bat- 
tle against  overwhelming  odds,  they  calmly  awaited  the 
contest. 


*  General  Fitz  John  Porter  has  since  explained  this,  saying,  "  he  no  longer  con- 
sidered M'Call's  troops  as  attached  to  his  command."  No  orders  had  been  issued  detach- 
ing them  from  his  corps,  and  he  continued  to  issue  orders  to  them  as  long  as  they 
remained  on  the  Peninsula. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  1Q1 


CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  BATTLE  OP  GLENDALE  —  SIMMONS'  DESPERATE  CHARGES  —  DEATH  OP 
SIMMONS  AND  BIDDLE  —  COOPER'S  AND  KERNS'  BATTERIES  CHARGED  — 
GLORIOUS  CHARGE  OF  THE  NINTH  —  RANDALL'S  BATTERY  CHARGED  — 
THE  LAST  STRUGGLE  OP  THE  DAY  —  DESPERATE  CONFLICT  —  BRAVERY 
OF  CAPTAIN  TAPPER  —  THE  BATTERY  DEMOLISHED  —  MEADE  WOUNDED 
—  M'CALL  WOUNDED  AND  PRISONER,  His  STAFF  AND  ESCORT  KILLED 
OR  WOUNDED  —  WHAT  M'CALL,  LEE,  PRYOR,  AN  OFFICER  OF  THE 
CONFEDERATE  ARMY,  M'CLELLAN,  PORTER,  MEADE  AND  BEATTY  SAY 
ABOUT  IT  —  To  MALVERN  HILL. 

BATTLE  OF  NEW  MARKET  CROSS-ROADS,  OR  GLENDALE,*  JUNE 

30TH,  1862. 

IT  BEING  the  last  day  of  the  month,  the  Reserves  were 
mustered  in  line  of  battle  for  pay,  arid  while  this  was  in 
progress  the  pickets  commenced  exchanging  shots,  and  so 
close  were  they,  that  several  men  were  wounded  before  it 
was  finished.  Having  got  that  matter  off  their  minds,  and 
not  having  any  rations  to  bother  with,  they  lay  down  upon 
the  ground  to  rest.  The  position  occupied  by  the  division 
was  on  both  sides  of  the  New  Market,  or  Long  Bridge  road, 
near  its  crossing  with  the  Charles  City  road,  in  front  of 
the  Quaker  or  Willis  Church  road,  leading  to  Malvern  Hill 
and  Turkey  Bridge.  The  field  was  a  large,  open  plain,  with 
a  front  of  about  eight  hundred  yards,  and  a  depth  of  One 
thousand  yards,  intersected  towards  the  right  by  the  New 
Market  road  and  a  narrow  strip  of  timber,  parallel  to  it, 
and  on  the  left,  near  the  center,  with  a  marshy  woods,  near 
which  was  a  small  farm-house.  In  the  rear  of  the  plain  was 
a  steep,  wooded  hill,  running  to  a  broad  plateau,  or  table- 
land, across  which  ran  the  Quaker  road,  leading  to  the  river. 

*  This  battle  has  been  variously  called  New  Market  Cross-Roads,  Charles  City  Cross- 
Roads,  Glendale,  and  by  the  rebels,  Nelson's  Farm.  Glendale  is  the  name  by  which  it 
is  most  familiarly  known. 


102  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

It  was  a  beautiful  battle-field  for  a  fair  fight,  without  any 
advantage  of  ground  to  either  party,  but  too  large  for  the 
Reserves,  the  lands  on  either  flank  being  open. 

General  Meade's  Brigade  was  posted  on  the  right,  across 
the  New  Market  road;  General  Seymour's  on  the  left, 
extending  to  the  marshy  woods;  and  General  Reynolds', 
now  Simmons',  was  held  in  reserve  near  the  center  of  the 
line,  on  the  plateau  in  rear  of  the  woods.  The  artillery  was 
placed  in  front  of  the  line;  Randall's  battery  on  the  right, 
supported  by  the  Fourth  and  Seventh  Reserves ;  Cooper's 
and  Kerns'  batteries  opposite  the  center,  supported  by  the 
Firft,  Colonel  Roberts,  and  the  Ninth,  Colonel  Jackson  ; 
and  Deitrich  and  Kennerhein's  German  batteries,  accidently 
left  by  Porter,  on  the  left,  supported  by  the  Tenth,  Colonel 
Kirk,  and  the  Twelfth,  Colonel  Taggart.  The  Fourth  Penn- 
sylvania Cavalry,  Colonel  Childs,  was  drawn  up  on  the  left 
and  rear,  but,  not  being  called  into  action,  was  subsequently 
ordered  to  fall  back. 

Some  distance  to  the  right  and  rear  of  the  Reserves  was 
posted  Kearney's  division,  and  on  the  plateau,  to  the  left 
and  rear,  was  Sumner's,  and  further  to  the  left  and  rear, 
Hooker's.  These  troops  could  have  been  effectively  brought 
into  action,  but  the  General-in-chief  was  not  present  upon 
the  field,  and  his  only  instructions  to  the  generals  of  his 
army  were  to  occupy  certain  positions,  and  to  resist  the 
enemy  until  the  trains  moving  towards  the  river  should  pass 
all  the  cross-roads.  Of  these  disjointed  and  independentcom- 
mands,  M'Call  held  the  center,  resting  on  the  principal  road 
from  Richmond,  with  both  his  flanks  exposed.  Early  in  the 
day,  Jackson's  artillery  was  heard  pounding  away  at  Frank- 
lin, at  White  Oak  Swamp,  to  the  right  and  rear,  which  he 
continued  through  the  day  and  into  the  night. 

From  daylight  our  pickets  had  been  exchanging  occasional 
shots  with  the  enemy,  who  were  in  the  vicinity  in  consider- 
able force,  awaiting  re-enforcements.  Near  eleven  o'clock 
a  squadron  of  cavalry  was  thrown  forward  on  the  Charles 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  103 

City  and  New  Market  roads,  and  the  First  and  Third  Regi- 
ments were  ordered  to  support  them.  Colonel  Sickel  moved 
out  with  his  regiment,  and  resting  his  right  on  the  New 
Market  road,  dropped  out  the  companies  at  intervals,  extend- 
ing his  line  for  a  mile  south  of  the  road,  and  stationed  the 
out-post  pickets.  About  half  past  two  o'clock  the  enemy 
appeared  in  force,  covering  his  whole  front  with  heavy  col- 
umns of  infantry,  and  driving  in  the  cavalry.  A  skirmish 
immediately  commenced,  but  with  such  little  spirit  by  the 
enemy  that  Sickel  threw  out  flanking  parties  to  observe 
them,  when  he  soon  ascertained  they  were  pushing  troops  to 
cut  off  and  capture  him.  He  at  once  concentrated  his  regi- 
ment, when  a  sharp  encounter  ensued,  which  checked  their 
advance,  when,  receiving  orders  to  fall  back,  he  took  his 
position  in  line  of  battle.  The  enemy,  who  were  com- 
manded by  General  Lee  in  person,  accompanied  by  Jeffer- 
son Davis,  consisted  of  Longstreet's  and  A.  P.  Hill's  divisions, 
estimated  among  the  strongest  and  best  of  the  Confederate 
army,  and  numbering  between  18,000  and  20,000  men.* 
Having  waited  several  hours  for  the  arrival  of  Huger  or 
Jackson,  he  opened  with  his  batteries  along  the  entire  line, 
and,  under  cover  of  their  fire,  sent  forward  two  regiments 
on  the  left  and  right  center,  to  feel  for  a  weak  point.  The 
first  fell  upon  the  Seventh,  Colonel  Harvey,  and  was  hand- 
somely repulsed ;  *  and  the  last,  upon  the  Third,  who  received 
it  at  fifty  paces  with  a  withering  fire  of  musketry,  f  Still 
this  gallant  regiment,  the  Ninth  Virginia,  continued  to 
advance,  but  finally  broke  and  fled,  leaving  two-thirds  of 
its  number  upon  the  field,  f 

The  enemy  were  soon  discovered  massing  their  troops  on 
the  left,  with  the  object  of  turning  that  flank.  General 
M'Call  immediately  rode  forward  at  the  head  of  the  Buck- 
tails,  Major  Stone,  and  posted  them  in  the  marshy  woods. 
He  then  ordered  the  left  wing  to  change  front  on  that  flank, 

*  General  M'CalPs  official  report. 

fProf.  Bates'  History  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Vol.  I,  page  612. 


104  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  sent  Colonel  Simmons  with  the  Fifth  and  Eighth 
Reserves  to  re-enforce  them.  The  cannoneers  of  the  two 
German  batteries,  after  firing  a  few  random  rounds,  were 
panic  stricken,  and,  cutting  their  harness,  dashed  to  the 
rear  with  their  horses,  breaking  through,  tramping  down, 
and  disorganizing  four  companies  of  the  Twelfth,  that  formed 
their  support.*  The  enemy,  in  the  meantime,  had  concen- 
trated the  fire  of  his  artillery  upon  this  point,  and  seized 
this  favorable  opportunity  to  charge  with  his  infantry. 
With  loud  yells  they  rushed  upon  our  lines,  breaking  down 
and  crushing  out  Colonel  Taggart's  six  companies  of  the 
Twelfth,  that  held  the  extreme  left.  Their  dense  masses 
dashed  onward  with  loud  screams  and  yells,  confident  of 
overpowering  and  sweeping  from  the  field  the  Reserves, 
whom  they  believed  they  at  last  had  in  their  power.  But 
the  gallant  Simmons  was  there  with  the  Fifth  and  the 
Eighth,  the  Ninth  and  the  Tenth,  and,  facing  his  line  to  the 
left,  led  a  counter-charge  with  such  desperate  fury  that 
the  exultant  foe  was  broken  and  hurled  back  to  the  forest. 
Here  followed  the  first  of  those  desperate  hand-to-hand 
struggles  that  signalized  this  day.  Had  Simmons  been  left 
alone  with  the  enemy,  who  thrice  outnumbered  him,  they 
never  could  have  formed  their  lines  again,  but,  fresh  troops 
coming  to  their  support,  he  was  driven  back.  In  this 
encounter  the  Seventh  and  the  Seventeenth  Virginia  Regi- 
ments were  nearly  annihilated,  the  greater  portion  being 
either  killed,  wounded,  or  taken  prisoners. f  In  the  mean- 
time, the  last  regiment  of  the  reserve,  the  Second,  Colonel 
M'Candless,  had  advanced  to  a  position  to  the  right  of  the 
marshy  woods,  where  they  were  joined  by  a  detachment  of 
the  Twelfth,  rallied  by  Adjutant  Theodore  M'Murtrie.  Sim- 

*Gcneral  M'Call,  in  person,  posted  the  Twelfth  on  the  extreme  left.  Soon  after- 
wards, General  Seymour  rode  up  and  ordered  it  to  be  divided,  and  four  companies  to 
erect  a  breastwork  of  rails,  with  two  companies  in  rear  for  support,  and  the  other  four 
companies  to  support  the  Dutch  batteries,  leaving  a  gap  of  two  hundred  yards  between 
the  wings.  This  unfortunate  disposition  of  the  regiment  rendered  it  impossible  to 
fight  it  advantageously. 

t  Bates'  History  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Vol.  I,  page  668. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  105 

moiis'  command  was  borne  by  them  to  the  right,  but  the 
gallant  Simmons  and  Seymour  rallied  a  few  men  of  the 
Fifth  and  Eighth,  and  had  time  to  lay  them  down  beside 
the  Second.  Now  for  the  dash  of  a  handful  against  a  vast 
mass,  to  gain  a  few  moments'  time  to  rally  the  brigade.  On 
came  the  exultant  foe,  again  rushing  in  triumph  over  the 
field.  But,  when  within  fifty  yards  of  us,  the  little  line 
arose,  and  delivering  a  volley,  rushed  upon  them  with  the 
bayonet.  Then  followed  another  of  those  desperate  strug- 
gles so  seldom  witnessed  in  war.  The  firing  instantly  ceased. 
The  maddening  yells  and  curses  of  the  men,  amidst  the 
crashing  steel,  alone  was  heard.  The  hostile  banners 
were  wrenched  again  and  again  from  their  bearers'  hands, 
and  trampled  to  the  earth,  to  be  instantly  rescued  by  a  des- 
perate rally.  Friend  and  foe  went  down  in  each  others 
embrace,  and  the  fury  of  hell  pervaded  the  mass.  But  the 
long  lines  of  the  enemy  nearly  closed  around  the  little  hand- 
ful. The  object  had  been  gained — a  few  moments'  time — 
and,  overpowered,  with  their  glorious  banners  still  flaunting, 
they  were  swept  from  the  field.*  Here  fell  the  heroic  Sim- 
mons. "  A  soldier  by  profession  and  a  man  of  the  strictest 
honor;  a  patriot  from  principle  and  brave  to  a  fault;  the 
Reserves  Corps  lost  no  more  trusted  leader  nor  loved  com- 
panion in  arms."  Here  fell,  too,  the  fearless  Biddle,  the 
Adjutant-General  of  the  Reserves,  and  a  host  of  gallant 
officers  and  brave  men.  Nearly  one-half  of  those  engaged 
were  either  killed  or  wounded.  Colonel  Hays  had  his  horse 
shot  under  him.  Driven  across  the  field,  the  men  ral- 
lied on  the  brigade,  which  had  by  this  time  re-formed ;  the 
wild  charge  of  the  enemy  was  checked,  and  their  desperate 
and  determined  attempt  to  force  the  line,  cut  off'  the  right 
wing,  and  capture  the  immense  trains  then  moving  to  the 
left,  completely  frustrated.  Meanwhile,  four  companies  of 
the  Twelfth,  that  had  formed  the  support  of  the  German  bat- 
teries, and  which  had  been  broken  and  trampled  down  by 

*  Half-past  five  o'clock. 


106  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

the  artillerymen  dashing  through  them  with  their  limbers 
and  horses,  and  detachments  from  the  Fifth,  Eighth  and 
Tenth,  with  wounded  and  prisoners,  retired  to  the  left  and 
rear  upon  Hooker's  division.  Here  Colonel  Taggart  rallied 
his  regiment  and  these  detached  men,  and,  leading  them  for- 
ward, formed  to  the  right  of  the  Sixteenth  Massachusetts, 
which  position  he  maintained  until  the  Reserves  withdrew, 
sustaining  a  loss  of  four  officers  and  over  one  hundred  men. 
While  these  sanguinary  struggles  were  progressing  on  the 
left,  the  center  and  right  were  sharing  in  the  glory  and 
death  of  the  field.  On  the  center,  at  the  same  instant  that 
Simmons  led  his  last  charge,  the  enemy  precipitated  heavy 
columns  on  Kerns'  and  Cooper's  batteries,  determined  to 
carry  them  at  any  sacrifice  of  life.  These  dense  masses, 
emerging  from  the  woods,  dashed  over  the  field  for  eight 
hundred  yards  with  yells  and  screeches,  perfectly  reckless  of 
life.  Though  the  batteries  swept  their  fronts  clean,  yet 
onward  the  columns  dashed  to  within  twenty,  thirty  or  forty 
yards,  when  the  infantry,  pouring  volleys  of  musketry  into 
them,  dashed  upon  them  with  the  bayonet.  Three  times 
the  enemy's  columns  were  driven  back  with  great  slaughter. 
Kerns'  caissons  having  been  sent  to  the  rear  by  General  Sey- 
mour, and  the  last  round  in  the  limbers  being  expended,  he 
withdrew  his  guns,  seeing  which,  the  enemy  precipitated 
their  united  force  upon  Cooper's  battery,  bayoneting  and 
shooting  the  gunners,  and,  after  a  desperate  encounter, 
carrying  it.*  The  Ninth  Reserves,  which  had  been  tempo- 
rarily withdrawn  from  its  support  to  succor  another  battery, 
at  this  instant  returned,  and  hearing  of  its  loss,  demanded 
to  be  led  to  its  recapture;  and  the  gallant  Colonel  Jackson,f 
with  what  other  parts  of  regiments  and  men  he  could  rally, 
led  them  to  the  seemingly  hopeless  charge.  Dashing  across 
the  field,  with  arms  trailed,  they  sprung  upon  the  foe  at  the 

*  Seven  o'clock. — AT  Call's  Testimony. 

f  Colonel  Conrad  Feger  Jackson,  Allegheny  county.    Appointed  Brigadier-General, 
July  17th,  1862.    Killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Va. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  107 

moment  the  guns  were  being  turned  against  them.  A  des- 
perate struggle  ensued,  in  which  the  bayonet  and  clubbed 
musket  did  the  principal  work.  But  the  Reserves  not  only 
recaptured  the  battery  and  the  Seventh  Reserve's  flag,  but 
took  the  Tenth  Alabama's  flag,  and  bore  them  triumphantly 
back  to  their  lines.* 

The  enemy,  having  been  repulsed  in  his  attempts  upon 
the  left  and  center,  at  last  concentrated  all  his  strength  for 
a  final  desperate  effort  to  crush  the  right.  From  the  com- 
mencement of  the  battle,  he  had  never  ceased  his  vigorous 
attacks  upon  the  whole  line,  but  now  appeared  to  abandon 
the  entire  field  for  this  one  point.  Meade  was  expecting  the 
assault,  and  M'Call,  in  anticipation  of  it,  had  repaired  there, 
but  had  not  a  solitary  regiment  to  bring  with  him,  they  all 
being  required  on  the  other  parts  of  the  field.  The  enemy, 
under  cover  of  a  heavy  fire  of  artillery,  advanced  a  bri- 
gade in  wedge-shape,  with  a  wild  recklessness  but  seldom 
equalled,  to  charge  Randall's  battery.  Despite  the  fearful 
carnage,  they  charged  almost  to  the  muzzles  of  the  guns, 
but  the  fire  was  too  terrible  to  endure,  and,  at  last,  they 
broke,  and  scattered  like  chaff  before  the  wind.  Before 
they  were  out  of  range  of  the  infantry,  a  second  brigade, 
that  followed  them  as  a  support,  dashed  boldly  forward  to 
the  very  guns,  where  they,  too,  were  hurled  back  by  the 
sheets  of  flame  of  the  artillery  and  infantry.  Almost  instantly 
came  the  third  suppporting  brigade,  wild  with  fury  and 
reckless  of  life,  and  now  commenced  the  last  desperate 
struggle  of  the  day.  The  infantry  had  stood  perfectly  cool, 
delivering  their  fire  of  musketry ;  but  now  their  four  regi- 
ments were  assaulted  in  overwhelming  numbers,  the  two 
first  attacking  brigades  having  been  rallied  and  led  to  the 
charge.  In  the  tumult,  the  guns  were  overturned  and  every 
horse  of  the  battery  killed,  and  the  scene  presented  was  one 
confused  heap  of  men,  horses,  carriages  and  limbers.  Three 
times  Sickel  rallied  his  men  to  the  charge,  and  gallantly  they 

*Prof.  Bates'  History  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Vol.  I,  page  788. 


108  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

held  their  ground,  "  until  one  of  those  unfortunate  mistakes 
of  war  occured,  which  has  so  often  marred  the  operations 
of  armies.  A  supporting  regiment,  in  the  smoke  of  battle, 
mistaking  the  Third  for  the  enemy,  opened  fire  upon  its 
ranks,  throwing  them  into  disorder,  and  causing  them  to 
break,"*  they  taking  with  them  seven  prisoners  they  had 
just  captured.  Sickel  had  his  horse  shot  under  him,  and, 
with  the  officers,  strove  to  rally  the  Third,  but  the  fire  in  the 
rear  and  front  was  too  severe.  A  portion  of  the  men  were 
rallied,  and,  with  the  majority  of  the  officers,  continued  in 
the  contest,  f  The  supporting  regiment  took  the  Third's 
place,  but  soon  after  a  portion  of  the  Fourth  gave  way. 
The  balance  maintained  its  ground,  and  fought  with  great 
desperation.  In  the  hand-to-hand  conflict  that  ensued, 
Captain  Tapper  saw  a  powerfully-built  officer  single  him 
out,  and  advance  with  uplifted  sword.  Tapper,  who  was  of 
iron  nerve,  did  not  hesitate  to  accept  the  challenge.  A 
parry  of  swords  ensued,  when  the  Captain  discovered 
another  officer  rushing  upon  him.  Instantly  advancing,  he 
dealt  his  foe  a  blow  upon  the  head  that  brought  him  to  his 
knees — without  moving  a  step,  he  half-wheeled  to  the  right, 
and,  with  a  horizontal  blow,  cut  the  other  officer  across  the 
face,  staggering  him  back — his  first  antagonist  was  now 
upon  his  feet  and  prepared  to  attack,  when  Tapper,  regard- 
less of  defense,  plunged  his  sword  through  his  body,  and, 
turning  upon  the  other,  buried  his  blade  in  his  skull.  The 
gallant  Captain  received  only  a  number  of  slight  wounds. 

General  M'Call,  in  his  official  report,  thus  graphically 
describes  the  scene  :  "  I  had  ridden  into  the  regiments  and 
endeavored  to  check  them ;  but,  as  is  seen,  with  only  partial 
success.  It  was  here,  however,  my  fortune  to  witness, 

*  Bates'  History  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Vol.  I,  page  612. 

t  EXTBACT  FBOM  GBNEBAL  M'CALL'S  RIPOBT  :  *  *  *  "  My  thanks  are  likewise  due 
to  Colonel  Roberts,  commanding  First  Regiment;  Colonel  Sickel,  commanding  Third 
Regiment;  Colonel  Hays,  commanding  Eighth  Regiment;  Colonel  Jackson  and  Captain 
Cuthbertson,  of  the  Ninth  Regiment,  and  other  brave  officers  not  commanding  regi- 
ments, of  whom  Lieutenant-Colonel  M'Intire,  Major  Woodward  and  Major  Woolworth 
wre  among  the  many  wounded. — Moore's  Rebellion  Record,  page  668,  Docs.,  Vol.,  Comp. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  109 

between  those  of  my  men  who  stood  their  ground  and  the 
rebels  who  advanced,  one  of  the  fiercest  bayonet  fights  that, 
perhaps,  ever  occurred  on  this  continent.  Bayonets  were 
crossed  and  locked  in  the  struggle ;  bayonet  wounds  were 
freely  given  and  received.  I  saw  skulls  crushed  by  the 
heavy  blow  of  the  butt  of  the  musket,  and.  in  short,  the 
desperate  thrusts  and  parries  of  a  life-and-death  encounter, 
proving,  indeed,  that  Greek  had  met  Greek  when  the  Ala- 
bama boys  fell  upon  the  sons  of  Pennyslvania. 

"  My  last  reserve  regiment  I  had  previously  sent  to  sup- 
port Cooper,  and  I  had  not  now  a  man  to  bring  forward.  My 
men  were  bodily  borne  off"  the  ground  by  superior  numbers. 
A  thick  wood  was  immediately  in  rear,  and  the  Confeder- 
ates did  not  follow  my  men  into  the  thicket.  It  was  at  this 
moment,  on  witnessing  the  scene  I  have  described,  that  I 
bitterly  felt  that  my  division  ought  to  have  been  re-enforced. 

"  My  force  had  been  reduced,  by  the  battles  of  the  26th 
and  27th,  to  less  than  six  thousand,  and  on  this  occasion  I 
had  to  contend  with  the  divisions  of  Longstreet  and  A.  P. 
Hill,  estimated  among  the  strongest  and  best  of  the  Confed- 
erate army,  and  numbering  that  day  from  eighteen  to  twenty 
thousand. 

"  The  center  was,  at  this  time,  still  engaged,  and  I  could 
not  withdraw  any  troops  from  it." 

The  Reserves  were  driven  back  to  the  woods,  but  the 
enemy  immediately  retired,  they  being  too  severely  punished 
to  pursue  or  enfilade  the  line,  or  even  attempt  to  hold  the 
battery.  They  abandoned  the  field,  their  wounded  and 
dead,  and  all  they  had  won,  and  retired  to  the  wood  in  their 
rear.  The  sun  had  already  set,*  and  darkness  was  spread- 
ing over  the  abandoned  field,  strewed  with  its  thousands  of 
dead  and  wounded,  the  wreck  of  Randall's  battery,  and  the 
two  German  batteries,  whose  guns  stood  as  they  were  left. 
In  this  struggle,  General  Meade  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  arm  and  hip,  Colonel  Harvey  was  crushed  by  a  limber, 


*  The  sun  set  at  7:35. 


110  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  Lieutenant  Colonel  M'Intire  received  a  bone  wound  in 
the  thigh.  Over  forty  horses  were  killed  around  the  battery. 

General  M'Call,  in  his  official  report,  says  :  "  In  a  short 
time,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Thompson,  Third  Regiment,  came 
up,  and  reported  to  me  that  he  had  collected  about  five  hun- 
dred men,  with  whom  he  was  then  advancing.  I  rode  on 
wi£h  him,  at  the  head  of  the  column,  in  a  direction  to  bring 
this  force  upon  Kearny's  left. 

"  On  arriving  near  the  ground  where  Randall's  battery 
stood,  I  halted  Thompson's  command,  wishing  to  ascertain 
whether  any  of  my  men  were  still  in  front  of  me.  I  had 
left  Captain  Conrad's  company  about  one  hundred  yards  in 
advance,  but  it  was  now  so  dark  I  could  scarcely  distinguish 
a  man  at  ten  paces.  The  battle,  in  fact,  was  now  over ;  the 
firing  on  the  left  and  center  had  ceased,  and  there  was  only 
a  desultory  firing  between  Kearny's  men  and  the  enemy, 
some  distance  to  my  right.  I  rode  forward  to  look  for  Con- 
rad, and  on  the  ground  where  I  left  him  I  rode  into  the 
enemy's  picket,  the  Forty-seventh  Virginia,  Colonel  Mayo, 
resting  under  some  trees,  and,  before  I  knew  in  whose  pres- 
ence I  was,  I  was  taken  prisoner.  Unfortunately  for  myself, 
I  had  no  staff  officer  with  me,  or  I  should  have  sent  him 
forward  to  examine  the  ground  instead  of  going  myself; 
but  my  adjutant-general,  the  valiant  Captain  Henry  J.  Bid- 
die,  had  been  mortally  wounded ;  Lieutenant  Scheetz  had 
his  horse  killed,  and  was  injured  by  the  fall;  my  chief-of- 
ordnance,  the  gallant  Beatty,  had  been  severely  wounded  at 
my  side,  and  only  left  me  when  I  had  insisted  on  his  doing 
so;  my  excellent  orderly,  Sergeant  Simeon  Dunn,  Fourth 
Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  was  also  fatally  wounded  at  my  side; 
and  out  of  my  escort  of  a  captain  and  twenty  men  of  the 
Fourth  Cavalry,  but  one  corporal  (the  brave  King)  and  one 
private  remained  with  me;  these  two  men  were  made 
prisoners  with  myself.  About  the  time  I  was  taken  pris- 
oner, the  desultory  firing  on  my  right  died  away." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  HI 

The  Reserves  had  collected  in  the  woods,  about  three 
hundred  yards  in  rear  of  their  first  line  of  battle,  and  there 
re-formed.  General  M'Call  was  a  prisoner,  and  all  his  staff 
and  escort  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  gallant  Meade, 
commanding  the  Second  Brigade,  had  been  borne  off  the 
field  wounded.  Simmons,  commanding  the  First  Brigade, 
had  been  killed,  and  Seymour,  commanding  the  Third  Bri- 
gade, could  not  be  found.  Hosts  of  field  and  company 
officers  had  gone  down,  and  the  division  was  without  a 
recognized  leader  for  two  hours.  The  commanding  officers 
of  the  regiments  acted  independent  of,  but  in  concert  with, 
each  other,  and  formed  their  line  of  battle,  and  remained  in 
the  position  occupied  by  Simmons'  Brigade  at  the  opening 
of  the  battle,  until  between  two  and  three  o'clock  the  next 
morning,  when,  under  the  command  of  General  Seymour, 
they  withdrew  and  rejoined  M'Clellan  at  Malvern  Hill,  after 
every  gun  and  wagon  of  the  train  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, they  had  fought  so  desperately  to  defend,  had  passed 
safely  to  the  river. 

The  loss  of  the  Reserves  in  this  battle  was  1,674  killed, 
wounded  and  missing,  being  over  thirty  per  cent,  of  the 
5,600  men  present  in  the  battle.  In  the  Third,  Captains 
"William  Brian,  H.  Clay  Beatty  and  Joseph  Thomas,  Lieu- 
tenants Jacob  Lehman,  Joseph  B.  Roberts  and  Francis  E. 
Harrison,  were  wounded.*  The  loss  of  the  enemy  on  the 
left  of  our  line  was  about  equal  to  our  own,  and  on  the 
center  and  right,  where  they  recklessly  charged  the  bat- 
teries, it  certainly  far  exceeded  ours.  We  lost,  also,  eighty 
six  horses  killed ;  and  the  wreck  of  Randall's  and  the  two 
German  batteries  were  abondoned  for  want  of  'means  to 
take  them  off  the  field. f  They  lost  over  two  hundred 
prisoners  and  three  stands  of  colors.  We  lost  not  a  flag. 

*  For  the  loss  in  the  Third,  see  Appendix  A. 

fThe  artillery  officers,  during  the  night,  sought  General  Heintzleman,  and  asked 
the  use  of  his  artillery  horses  to  haul  their  guns  off  with,  but  were  refused,  he  fearing 
a  renewal  of  the  battle. 


112  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

The  object  for  which  this  battle  was  fought — the  defence  of 
the  immense  supply  train  while  passing,  and  the  holding  of 
the  enemy  in  check  at  this  point,  where  he  strove  desper- 
ately to  cut  in  two  the  retiring  column  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac — was  fully  achieved.  His  design  was  utterly  frus- 
trated, and  he  signally  repulsed. 

Thus  ended  this  glorious  and  bloody  battle,  which  was 
the  hardest  contested  field  upon  the  Peninsula.  That  the 
Reserves  fought  it  alone  against  thrice  their  number,  and 
within  sight  and  hearing  of  three  or  four  times  their  num- 
ber of  national  troops,  who  did  not  lose  ten  men,  is  an 
incontestable  fact. 

Let  us  see  what  the  enemy  had  to  say  about  this  battle. 
General  Lee,  in  his  official  report,  says  : 

"  The  superiority  of  numbers  and  advantage  of  position 
were  on  the  side  of  the  enemy.  * 

"Could  the  other  comrades  have  cooperated  in  the  action, 
the  result  would  have  proved  most  disastrous  to  the  enemy. 
After  the  engagement,  Magruder  was  recalled  to  relieve  the 
troops  of  Longstreet  and  Hill.  His  men,  much  fatigued  by 
their  long,  hot  march,  arrived  during  the  night." 

Brigadier-General  Roger  A.  Pryor,  Fifth  Brigade,  Long- 
street's  corps,  says  : 

"Arriving  on  the  field,  I  discovered  that  the  brigade  on 
my  right  had  been  repulsed,  and  that  my  command  were 
exposed  to  a  destructive  fire  on  the  flank  as  well  as  in  front. 
Nevertheless,  they  stood  their  ground,  and  sustained  the 
unequal  combat  until  re-enforced  by  the  brigade  of  General 
Gregg.  We  did  not  return  to  our  original  position  until 
the  enemy  had  abandoned  the  field  and  surrendered  his 
artillery  into  our  possession.  In  this  engagement,  my  loss 
was  uncommonly  heavy  in  officers  as  well  as  men.  The 
Fourteenth  Alabama,  bearing  the  brunt  of  the  struggle,  was 
nearly  annihilated.  I  crossed  the  Chickahominy  on  the  26th 
with  1,400  men.  In  the  fight  that  followed,  I  suffered  a  loss 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  113 

of  eight  hundred  and  forty-nine  killed  and  wounded  and 
eleven  missing." 

An  officer  in  the  Confederate  army,  reporting  the  battles 
of  the  Seven  Days'  fight,  in  regard  to  Glendale,  says : 

"  General  M'Clellan  had  taken  his  position  on  the  New 
Market  road,  which  formed  his  center.  This  point  he  had 
strengthened  with  nineteen  pieces  of  heavy  artillery,  and 
collected  his  best  troops  there,  and  firmly  and  cooly  awaited 
our  attack.  We  had,  at  all  hazards,  to  drive  the  enemy 
from  the  neighborhood  of  our  capital,  or  succumb  ourselves. 
No  other  choice  remained  for  us.  During  the  four  days  of 
massacre  that  had  already  passed,  our  troops  had  been  trans- 
formed into  wild  beasts ;  and  hardly  had  they  caught  sight 
of  the  enemy,  drawn  up  in  order,  ere  they  rushed  upon  them 
with  horrible  yells.  Yet  calmly,  as  on  the  parade  ground, 
the  latter  delivered  their  fire.  The  batteries  in  the  center 
discharged  their  murderous  volleys  on  our  men,  and  great 
disorder  ensued  among  the  storming  masses.  General  Lee 
sent  all  of  his  disposable  troops  to  the  rescue,  bat  M'Clellan 
opened  upon  these  newly-formed  storming  columns  so  hell- 
ish a  fire  that  even  the  coldest  blooded  veteran  lost  his  self- 
possession.  Whole  ranks  of  our  men  were  hurled  to  the 
ground.  The  thunder  of  the  cannon,  the  crackling  of  the 
musketry  from  a  hundred  thousand  combatants,  mingled 
with  the  screams  of  the  wounded  and  the  dying,  were  ter- 
rific to  the  ear  and  the  imagination.  Thus  raged  the  conflict, 
within  a  comparatively  narrow  space,  seven  long  hours, 
and  yet,  not  a  foot  of  ground  was  won.  All  our  reserves  had 
been  led  into  the  fight,  and  the  brigade  of  Wilcox  was  anni- 
hilated. At  length  the  coming  of  night  compelled  a  truce, 
and,  utterly  overcome  by  fatigue,  the  soldier  sank  upon  the 
ground  at  his  post,  thoughtless  of  even  the  friend  torn  from 
his  side,  and  engrossed  only  with  the  instinct  of  self-preser- 
vation. But, 'water!  water!'  was  the  cry  from  the  parched 
lips  on  all  sides.  The  empty  flasks  contained  not  a  drop, 
8 


114  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

alas !  and  at  length  sleep  overcame  each  worn-out  warrior, 
and  even  thirst  and  hunger  were  forgotten.  Gloomy  and 
out  of  humor,  General  Lee  rode  through  the  camping- 
ground  of  the  decimated  regiments,  attended  by  his  staff, 
and  then,  with  a  dry,  harsh  voice,  ordered  up  the  divisions 
of  Wise  and  Magruder  to  bury  the  dead." 

Surgeon  Marsh,  of  the  Fourth  Reserves,  who  remained  to 
take  charge  of  our  wounded,  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands, 
and  the  next  morning  General  Longstreet,  who  would  not 
credit  the  statement  that  the  Reserves  were  alone,  inquired 
of  him  what  troops  had  been  engaged.  He  replied  that  he 
had  been  in  the  battle,  and  knew  only  of  the  action  of 
M'Call's  division,  which  had  fought  on  the  ground  they  were 
standing  on.  "Well,"  said  Longstreet,  "  M'Call  is  safe  in 
Richmond,  but  if  his  division  had  not  offered  the  stubborn 
resistance  it  did,  on  this  road,  we  would  have  captured  your 
whole  army.  Never  mind,  we'll  do  it  yet." 

General  M'Clellan,  who  was  not  present  at  the  battle,  in 
his  report  of  it  quotes  very  freely  from  the  reports  of  Gen- 
erals Heintzlemau  and  Hooker,  in  regard  to  the  operations 
of  our  division,  who,  being  in  our  rear,  and  separated  by  a 
strip  of  pine  forest  from  the  battle-ground,  could  know  but 
little  of  what  took  place.  In  it  he  says  :  "  General  Heint- 
zleman  states  that,  about  Jive  o'clock  P.M.,  General  M'CalPs 
division  was  attacked  in  large  force,  evidently  the  principal 
attack ;  that  in  less  than  an  hour  the  division  gave  way.  *  *  * 
Later  in  the  day,  at  the  call  of  General  Kearny,  General 
Taylor's  First  New  Jersey  Brigade,  Slocum's  division,  was 
sent  to  occupy  a  portion  of  General  M'CaWs  deserted  position, 
a  battery  accompanying  the  brigade." 

There  is  not  an  officer  or  man  of  the  division,  who  was 
present  at  this  battle,  but  knowst  these  statements  are  abso- 
lutely erroneous  in  every  particular.  There  is  abundant 
testimony  to  refute  them,  some  of  which  we  annex. 

Besides  the  official  report  of  General  M'Call,  which  is  a 
sufficient  refutation  of  the  charge,  we  have  his  testimony 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  115 

before  the  "  Joint  Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War," 
in  which  he  states :  "  I  have  no  desire  to  treat  lightly  the 
reverses  on  both  flanks  of  my  division  on  this  hard-fought 
field ;  they  were  the  almost  inevitable  results  of  greatly 
superior  numbers,  impelled  on  those  points  with  great 
impetuosity;  but  the  Pennsylvania  Reserves,  as  a  division, 
although  terribly  shattered,  were  never  '  routed ' ;  they 
maintained  their  ground  with  these  exceptions,  for  three 
hours,  against  thrice  their  numbers,  in,  I  believe,  the  hardest- 
fought  and  bloodiest  battle  in  which  they  have  ever  been 
engaged,  and  in  this  opinion  I  am  sustained  by  most  of 
those  officers,  if  not  all,  with  whom  I  have  conversed  on 
the  subject. 

"  Had  my  division  been  routed,  the  march  of  the  Federal 
army  would  certainly  have  been  seriously  interrupted  by  Lee 
forcing  his  masses  into  the  interval.  When  I  was  sur- 
rounded and  taken  prisoner,  I  was  conducted  at  once  to 
Lee's  headquarters.  Here  Longstreet  told  me  they  had 
seventy  thousand  men  bearing  on  that  point,  all  of  whom 
would  arrive  before  midnight;  and,  had  he  succeeded  in 
forcing  M'Clellan's  column  of  march,  they  would  have  been 
thrust  in  between  the  right  and  left  wings  of  the  Federal 
army.  Now,  under  this  very  probable  contingency,  had  I 
not  held  my  position,  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  left  wing  of 
M'Clellan's  army  would  have  been  critical  indeed ;  but  Lee 
was  checked,  as  Longstreet  admitted,  by  my  division,  and 
the  divisions  in  the  rear,  together  with  the  Pennsylvania 
Reserves  and  others,  moved  on  during  the  night,  and  joined 
M'Clellan  at  Malvern  Hill  before  daylight." 

General  Porter  says  :  "  Had  not  M'Call  held  his  place  at 
New  Market  road,  June  30th,  the  line  of  march  of  the  Fed- 
eral army  would  have  been  cut  by  the  enemy." 

General  Meade  says :  *  *  *  "  It  was  only  the  stub- 
born resistance  offered  by  our  division  (the  Pennsylvania 
Reserves),  prolonging  the  contest  till  after  dark,  and  check- 
ing till  that  time  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  that  enabled 


116  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

the  concentration,  during  the  night,  of  the  whole  array  on 
James  river,  which  saved  it." 

Captain  Erkuries  Beatty,  chief-of-ordnance  on  General 
M'Call's  staff,  says:  "The  battle  of  the  30th,  which 
opened  about  four  P.M.,  was,  in  my  opinion,  the  most  des- 
perate of  the  three  battles  in  which  the  *  Reserves '  were 
engaged.  Our  position  was  one  of  great  responsibility,  in 
reference  to  the  safety  of  the  whole  army.  General  M'Call 
fully  appreciated  it,  and  the  military  proportions  of  the  old 
hero  loomed  up  to  the  grandeur  of  the  occasion.  His  whole 
manner  and  appearance  evinced  the  determination  to  tri- 
umph or  die.  As  the  battle  progressed,  the  whole  energy 
of  the  veteran  soldier  was  roused.  He  entered  into  the  thick- 
est and  hottest  of  the  conflict  with  intense  earnestness  and 
entirely  regardless  of  peril,  although  all  the  time  in  the 
midst  of  a  tempest  of  deadly  missiles.  The  portion  of  the 
field  to  which  he  gave  his  personal  attention  was  our  center 
and  right,  and  our  troops  were  cheered  by  his  constant  pres- 
ence with  them.  He  rode  from  regiment  to  regiment,  and 
dashed  along  shouting  words  of  encouragement,  to  inspirit 
both  officers  and  men.  At  times,  under  the  fierce  onsets  of 
the  desperate  rebel  foe,  our  ranks  would  reel,  and  stagger, 
and  fall  back.  But  most  active  of  all,  in  checking  the  stam- 
pede and  turning  back  the  fugitives,  was  their  veteran  Gen- 
eral himself,  and  his  presence  and  rallying  cry  was  most 
potent  in  bringing  them  again  to  a  stand.  Then,  regaining 
their  self-possession,  and  speedily  re-forming  their  line,  they 
would  again  rush  forward  with  cheers,  and  drive  back  the 
rebel  desperadoes.  About  six  o'clock  P.M.,  I  received  a  rifle 
ball  through  the  thigh  of  my  right  leg.  The  General  urged 
me  to  go  to  the  rear  and  find  a  surgeon  at  once,  but,  as  I  felt 
no  bone  was  broken,  I  determined  not  to  leave  him  while  I 
had  strength  to  remain  on  my  horse. 

"  The  battle  continued  to  rage ;  the  '  Reserves,'  worn 
down  by  the  labor  of  the  two  previous  battles,  long  marches 
and  loss  of  sleep,  and  feeling  that  fresh  rebel  troops  were 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  117 

constantly  pouring  on  the  field,  began  to  yield  to  the  unequal 
contest.  But  the  General  redoubled  his  efforts  to  keep 
their  ranks  firm.  Again  and  again  they  rallied.  I  am  sure 
he  felt  proud  of  their  good  conduct — the  noble  '  Reserves/ 
whom  he  had  organized  and  given  a  year's  training  and 
discipline,  and  who,  in  these  last  five  days,  were  realizing 
his  highest  expectations.  But  they  had  fought  long  and 
well,  and  the  sun  was  near  the  horizon,  and  the  General 
looked  anxiously  for  the  re-enforcements  which  had  been 
promised  him.  All  at  once  he  turned  round  to  me  and 
said  he  was  struck,  and  the  dull  sound  of  the  ball,  striking, 
as  I  thought,  the  upper  part  of  his  breast-bone,  had  not 
escaped  my  ear.  I  immediately  and  earnestly  urged  his 
going  to  the  rear  to  a  surgeon,  and  the  horses'  heads  were 
tu  rned  in  that  direction.  We  had  not  proceeded  far,  however, 
before  he  succeeded  in  getting  his  shirt  open  at  the  neck, 
and  remarked  to  me  that  he  could  feel  no  blood.  Expressing 
the  opinion  that  he  had  only  been  struck  by  a  spent  ball 
which  had  done  him  no  injury,  he  immediately  turned  his 
horse,  and  declared  his  intention  of  returning  to  the  battle- 
field, but  enjoining  upon  me  to  seek  a  surgeon  and  have 
my  wound  dressed  without  delay." 

While  the  battle  of  Glendale  was  progressing,  General 
Jackson,  who  was  ordered  to  gain  the  right  flank  and  rear 
of  the  army,  found  his  progress  impeded  at  White  Oak 
Swamp  by  General  Franklin,  who  repulsed  all  his  efforts  to 
cross.  During  the  night  Franklin  withdrew,  and  early  the 
next  morning  the  enemy  crossed  and  marched  to  Malvern 
Hill.  About  four  P.M.,  the  same  day,  the  rebel  General, 
Holmes,  moving  down  the  banks  of  the  James,  discovered 
Warren's  Brigade  of  Porter's  Corps  on  the  extreme  left  of 
our  line,  and,  unlimbering  his  guns,  opened  upon  him. 
Being  somewhat  surprised  at  the  concentrated  fire  of  thirty 
guns,  which  suddenly  responded,  he  hastily  retired,  leaving 
two  of  his  cannon. 


118  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

In  the  meantime  all  our  trains  and  reserve  artillery  had 
passed  on  to  the  river,  and  about  midnight  Seymour  com- 
menced the  withdrawal  of  the  Reserves  from  Glendale, 
which  was  gradually  and  quietly  done.  The  Second  Brigade 
was  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Sickel.  As  we  marched 
down  the  Quaker  road,  we  overtook  many  of  our  wounded, 
and  at  Willis  Church  we  found  collected  a  large  number. 
The  boys  sought  out  such  as  could  be  helped,  and  took  them 
along.  Just  before  daybreak  we  reached  the  plain  in  front 
of  Malvern  Hill,  crossing  which  we  moved  to  the  high 
ground  and  laid  down  our  wearied  bodies  to  sleep.  Five 
days  and  five  nights  had  now  passed.  Three  days  of  battle, 
one  of  rest,  and  one  of  marching.  Three  nights  of  broken 
sleep  upon  the  battle-fields,  one  of  wearied  marching,  one 
of  watching  on  picket.  Three  days'  scanty  rations,  uncooked, 
and  is  it  surprising  that  on  the  sixth  day  the  Reserves  sank 
down  on  Malvern  and  slept  soundly  amidst  the  thunder  of 
battle  ?  Hundreds  of  them  slept  peacefully  there,  with  the 
shell  and  round-shot  falling  continually  among  them. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  H9 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  BATTLE  OP  MALVERN  HILL — THE  FIELD  —  FEELING  OUR  LINE  — 
OMINOUS  STILLNESS  —  THE  THREE  O'CLOCK  ASSAULT  —  THE  Six 
O'CLOCK  ASSAULT  —  FEARFUL  CARNAGE  —  UTTER  REPULSE  AND  CON- 
FUSION OF  THE  ENEMY  —  GENERAL  TRIMBLE'S  ACCOUNT — HEAVY 
Loss  OF  THE  ENEMY  —  THE  Loss  OF  BOTH  ARMIES  IN  THE  SEVEN 
DAYS'  BATTLE  —  BOTH  ARMIES  RETREAT  —  INDIGNATION  —  PORTER'S 
AND  HOOKER'S  OPINION  —  KEARNY'S  PROTEST  —  HARRISON'S  LAND- 
ING —  REMARKS  —  LIBBY  PRISON  —  KINDNESS  OF  THE  INSURGENT 
PRIVATES. 

BATTLE  OF  MALVERN  HILL,  JULY  IST,  1862. 

/GENERAL  PORTER,  having  been  misled  and  delayed  in 
^  his  passage  through  the  swamp,  did  not  reach  this  posi- 
tion until  9  A.M.  on  the  30th,  when  he  at  once  proceeded 
to  post  his  troops  as  they  arrived.  During  the  day  and 
night,  the  whole  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  concentrated 
here,  to  make  the  last  stand  of  the  campaign.  The  enemy 
followed,  flushed  with  the  knowledge  of  our  retreat,  the 
sight  of  our  dead  and  wounded,  and  the  spoils  of  the  fields. 
Although  they  had  been  defeated  in  every  battle  but  that  of 
Games'  Mills,  they  had  gained  the  campaign,  and  believed 
it  required  but  one  more  desperate  effort  to  annihilate  or 
capture  us.  Jefferson  Davis,  and  all  the  officials  of  the  Con- 
federate government  were  there,  to  witness  the  closing  scene 
of  the  last  drama. 

Malvern  Hill  is  an  elevated  plateau,  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  by  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  area,  mostly  clear  of  tim- 
ber, and  with  several  converging  roads  crossing  it.  In  front 
were  numerous  ravines,  and  the  ground  sloped  gradually 
towards  the  north  and  east  to  a  heavy  woods,  giving  clear 
range  for  artillery  in  those  directions.  Towards  the  north- 
west, the  plateau  falls  off  more  abruptly  into  a  ravine,  which 
extends  to  James  river.  Upon  this  hill  the  left  and  center 


120  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  our  line  rested,  while  the  right  curved  backwards,  through 
a  wooded  country,  towards  a  point  below  HaxalPs,  on  the 
James  river.  The  left  of  our  line  was  held  by  the  Fifth 
Corps,  General  Porter;  next  was  the  Fourth,  General  Keyes; 
next,  the  Third,  General  Heintzleman;  next,  the  Second, 
General  Sunmer;  and  next,  the  Sixth,  General  Franklin; 
with  both  flanks  resting  on  the  James  river.  The  Reserves 
were  held  in  reserve,  upon  the  highest  ground  on  the  field, 
behind  the  right  of  Porter.  The  line  was  very  strong  along 
the  whole  front  of  the  open  plateau,  but  from  thence  to  the 
extreme  right  the  troops  were  more  deployed.  The  right 
wing  was  rendered  as  secure  as  possible  by  slashing  the  tim- 
ber and  barricading  the  roads.  Two  hundred  and  fifty 
pieces  of  artillery  were  posted  upon  different  parts  of  the 
field,  mostly  on  the  left  and  center,  and,  in  some  places,  tier 
above  tier.  Commodore  Rogers,*  commanding  the  flotilla 
on  James  river,  placed  his  gun-boats  so  as  to  protect  the 
extreme  left  flank. 

The  advance  of  the  insurgents,  under  Jackson,  came  down 
the  Quaker  road,  while  Magruder's  and  Huger's  divisions 
advanced  on  the  direct  road  from  Richmond.  Longstreet's 
and  A.  P.  Hill's  divisions,  having  had  the  heaviest  of  the  fight- 
ing thus  far,  and  been  badly  cut  up,  were  held  in  reserve  in 
rear  of  Jackson,  and  were  not  brought  into  action.  With 
their  exception,  the  whole  of  the  "Army  of  Virginia"  were 
fought  against  Porter's  corps,  Couch's  division,  SickePs  and 
Meagher's  brigades,  they  being  the  only  troops  actively 
engaged,  the  attack  being  confined  exclusively  to  the  left 
wing  and  left  center.  Apart  from  the  great  strength  of  our 
position,  we  had  more  men  than  the  enemy  upon  the  field,  and 
more  and  heavier  guns ;  though  they  were  enabled  to  bring 
into  ihejight  far  more  men  than  we  could.  About  ten  A.M., 
the  enemy  emerged  from  the  woods,  and  commenced  feeling 
along  the  whole  left  wing  with  his  artillery  and  skirmishers, 

*  John  Rogers,  who  captured  the  English  insurgent  ironclad  Atlanta,  near  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  June  17th,  18G3. 


THE   THIRD   RESERVE.  121 

which  was  promptly  responded  to  on  our  side,  and,  in  about 
an  hour,  the  firing  on  both  sides  nearly  ceased.  An  omin- 
ous stillness,  indicating  the  maneuvering  and  placing  in  posi- 
tion of  troops,  now  followed.  About  two  P.M.  a  heavy  col- 
umn of  the  enemy  moved  to  our  right,  occupying  two  hours 
in  passing.  It  disappeared,  and  was  not  heard  of  again,  it 
probably  returning  by  the  rear  and  participating  in  the  attack 
on  the  left.  At  this  time  General  M'Clellan  made  a  tour  of 
the  field,  and  was  received  with  loud  cheers  along  the  line. 
During  this  long  silence,  our  troops  lay  quietly  upon  the 
field,  eating  their  scanty  rations,  and  enjoying  the  rest  they 
had  not  known  for  so  long. 

About  three  P.M.,  Jackson  pushed  forward  on  both  sides 
of  the  Quaker  road,  D.  H.  Hill's  and  Whiting's  divisions  on 
his  right  and  left,  with  Ewell's  in  the  center ;  Huger  simul- 
taneously advanced  on  their  right,  with  Magruder's  three 
divisions  on  his  right,  the  order  from  Lee  being  to  break 
our  lines  by  a  concentric  fire  of  artillery,  and  then  "  charge 
with  a  yell,"  no  matter  what  their  loss  was,  right  over  our 
lines,  and  drive  us  into  the  river.  The  infantry  attack,  after 
a  brief  cannonade,  was  made  with  great  intrepidity ;  but, 
with  fearful  carnage,  they  were  hurled  back.  This  affair 
occupied  about  one  hour,  when  the  firing  ceased  on  the 
whole  field,  and  the  enemy  evinced  neither  a  disposition  to 
attack  nor  withdraw.  About  six  o'clock  the  enemy  suddenly 
opened  upon  Couch  and  Porter,  on  the  left  center,  with  the 
whole  strength  of  his  artillery,  and  at  once  began  pushing 
forward  his  columns  of  attack  to  carry  the  hill.  Now  opened 
a  most  desperate  and  sanguinary  struggle.  Brigade  after 
brigade,  forming  under  cover  of  the  woods,  started  at  a  run 
across  the  open  space  and  charged  our  batteries,  but  the 
heavy  fire  of  our  guns,  with  the  cool  and  steady  volleys  of 
the  infantry,  in  every  case,  sent  them  reeling  back  to  shelter, 
and  covered  the  ground  with  their  dead  and  wounded. 
Fresh  lines  were  immediately  hurled  forward  with  utter 
desperation  and  recklessness.  No  troops  ever  showed  more 


122  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

courage  than  the  enemy  did  upon  this  occasion.  .  They  were 
driven  back,  broken  and  confused,  only  to  unite  and  return 
again  to  the  assault.  From  batteries  upon  batteries  were 
vomited  forth  sheets  of  flame  and  clouds  of  smoke,  whose 
storm  of  grape  and  canister  mowed  down  the  columns  of 
advancing  valor,  leaving  vast  gaps,  that  were  filled  up  by 
the  mad  and  infuriated  masses.  To  add  to  the  terror  of  the 
slaughter,  the  gun-boats  in  the  river  opened  with  their 
eleven-inch  guns,  throwing  their  shells  into  the  woods, 
which  were  filled  with  the  enemy,  tearing  into  splinters  the 
largest  trees  and  creating  great  havoc. 

About  seven  o'clock,  as  fresh  troops  were  being  pushed  in 
by  the  enemy,  Sickle's  and  Meagher's  brigades  were  drawn 
from  the  right  and  sent  in.  Until  dark,  the  enemy  persisted 
in  his  efforts  to  take  the  positions,  but,  despite  his  vastly 
superior  numbers  and  desperate  valor,  his  attacks  were  all 
repulsed  with  fearful  loss.  The  sun  went  down,  but  the 
carnage  did  not  cease,  for  though  the  musketry  closed,  the 
fiery  messengers  of  death  coursed  their  swift-winged  path 
through  the  skies,  dealing  destruction  among  the  enemy, 
who  but  feebly  replied.  About  nine  o'clock  all  firing 
ceased.  Never  was  a  repulse  more  signal,  the  confused 
masses  of  the  enemy's  infantry,  artillery  and  cavalry,  all 
struggling  together,  choking  the  roads  and  crossing  the 
fields  in  every  direction.  So  complete  was  the  confusion, 
that  two  or  three  days  elapsed  before  the  men  of  the  differ- 
ent regiments  and  commands  could  be  collected  together 
and  put  in  shape.  This  is  the  testimony  of  Doctors  Collins, 
Donnelly,  and  other  of  our  surgeons,  who  remained  with 
our  wounded  at  Willis  Church  and  Glendale.*  Thus  ended 


*  Brigadier-General  J.  R.  Trimble,  [severely  wounded  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,]  of  Ewell's 
[severely  wounded  near  Thoroughfare  Gap,  Va.,  August  28th,  1862,]  division,  giving  an 
account  of  the  conduct  of  his  brigade  in  this  battle,  says:  "The  next  morning,  by 
dawn,  I  went  off  to  ask  for  orders,  when  I  found  the  whole  army  in  the  utmost  dis- 
order—thousands of  straggling  men  asking  every  passer-by  for  their  regiments; 
ambulances,  wagons  and  artillery  obstructing  every  road ;  and,  altogether,  in  a  drench- 
ing rain,  presenting  a  scene  of  the  most  woeful  and  disheartening  confusion." 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  123 

this  one-sided  carnage.  General  M'Clellan,  who  had  been 
to  Harrison's  Bar,  on  the  Galena,  during  the  day,  was  pres- 
ent at  the  last  desperate  charge  of  the  enemy.  The  loss  of 
neither  army  in  this  battle  is  known,  but,  there  is  little  doubt, 
that  of  the  enemy  was  treble  our  own. 

As  the  army,  in  its  retreat,  was  occupied  in  marching  by 
night  and  fighting  by  day,  its  generals  found  no  time  for 
collecting  data  which  would  enable  them  to  give  exact 
returns  of  the  casualties  in  each  engagement.  The  aggre- 
gate of  our  entire  losses,  from  the  26th  of  June  to  the 
1st  of  July,  inclusive,  was  officially  returned  by  General 
M'Clellan  as  follows  : 

Killed.   Wounded.    Missing.         Total. 

First,  M'Call's  division 253  1,240  1,581  *3,074 

Second,  Sumner's  corps 187  1,076  848  2,111 

Third,  Heintzleman's  corps...  189  1,051  833  2,073 

Fourth,  Keyes' corps 69  507  201  777 

Fifth,  Porter's  corps 620  2,460  1,198  4,278 

Sixth,  Franklin's  corps 245  1,313  1,179  2,737 

Engineers 2  21  23 

Cavalry 19  60  97  176 


Total 1,582     7,709     5,958     15,249 


*  General  M'Call,  in  his  official  report,  states  the  loss  of  the  Reserves  to  be  3,180. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  division  of  Reserves  lost  more 
than  any  corps,  excepting  the  Fifth,  and  more  than  Sum- 
ner's and  Keyes'  or  Heintzleman's  and  Keyes'  combined. 
They  constituted  about  one-fifteenth  of  the  available  army, 
and  their  loss  was  more  than  one-fifth  of  the  whole  loss  sus- 
tained. 

The  loss  of  the  enemy  in  the  Seven  Days'  is  not  known 
but  from  their  reckless  attacks  upon  our  strong  positions 
at  Mechanicsville,  Games'  Mill,  Glendale  and  Malvern,  it 
must  have  equaled,  minus  unwounded  prisoners,  if  riot 
exceeded,  our  own.  The  official  reports  of  two  corps  com- 
manders show  an  aggregate  of  9,336  killed,  wounded  and 


124  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

missing;*  while  other  subordinate  reports  indicate  heavy 
losses  in  other  divisions,  f 

It  seems  strange  that  Lee  should  have  attempted  to 
assault  our  position  at  Malvern  Hill,  upon  the  points  he 
did,  under  any  other  supposition  than  that  we  were  cowards, 
ready  to  run  upon  a  vigorous  attack  being  made.  He  evi- 
dently, however,  did  not  entertain  this  opinion,  or  he  would 
not  have  feared  to  weaken  his  force  between  us  and  Rich- 
mond, and  make  a  serious  demonstration  upon  our  center 
and  right  while  he  attacked  our  left,  or  have  made  the  main 
assaults  upon  our  right,  where  our  position  was  not  near  so 
strong. 

As  soon  as  the  battle  was  over  our  victorious  army  began 
to  retreat,  leaving  our  dead  and  most  of  our  wounded  upon 
the  field.  Up  to  this  moment  the  majority  of  the  army,  at 
least  of  the  Reserves,  hoped  and  believed  this  struggle 
would  end  in  their  at  least  attempting  to  take  Richmond, 
and  never  for  a  moment  did  it  enter  their  heads  they  were 
not  able  of  successfully  coping  with  the  enemy.  Knowing 
they  were  victorious  upon  every  field  but  one,  they  could 
not  understand  what  they  had  -to  fear  from  the  foe,  and 
when  the  order  came  at  night  to  retreat,  their  feelings  were 
those  of  deep  indignation  and  sorrow. 

Even  Fitz  John  Porter's  devotion  to  his  chief  was  tempo- 
rarily shaken,  he  exclaiming,  in  deep  indignation,  "We 
ought  rather  to  pursue  the  defeated  foe  than  to  be  shame- 
fully flying  from  him."  General  Philip  Kearny,  surrounded 
by  a  group  of  general  officers,  to  whom  the  order  was  read, 

Killed.     Wounded.    Missing.     Total. 

*  Jackson's  corps 966  4,417  63  5,446 

A.  P.  Hill's  corps 619  3,271  ...  3,890 

Total 1,585  7,688  63  9,336 

f  Confederate  Brigadier-General  R.  S.  Rlpley,  chief  of  artillery,  reports  that  his 
brigade  entered  into  these  fights  2,366  strong,  including  ambulance  corps,  of  whom  889 
fell  at  Malvern,  and  three  out  of  four  colonels  were  killed.  Brigadier-General  Garland 
reports  his  loss  in  all  the  battles  at  844.  Brigadier-General  Howell  Cobb  reports  that 
his  brigade,  of  Magruder's  division,  went  into  battle  at  Savage  Station  2,700  strong, 
whereof  but  1,500  appeared  on  the  battle-field  of  Malvern,  where  nearly  500  of  them 
were  killed  and  wounded. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  125 

exclaimed :  "  I,  Philip  Kearny,  an  old  soldier,  enter  my 
solemn  protest  against  this  order  for  retreat.  We  ought, 
instead  of  retreating,  to  follow  up  the  enemy  and  take  Rich- 
mond. And,  in  full  view  of  all  the  responsibility  of  such  a 
declaration,  I  say  to  you  all,  such  an  order  can  only  be 
prompted  by  cowardice  or  treason."*  But  it  was  predeter- 
mined to  retreat,  whether  we  were  victorious  or  defeated, 
and  on  the  afternoon  of  the  30th,  when  the  Reserve  were 
hurling  back  the  assaults  of  the  enemy  at  Glendale,  the 
advance  of  the  army  train  reached  Harrison's  Landing. 

About  eleven  o'clock  that  night,  the  sleepy  boys  were 
waked  up  and  got  into  line.  Moving  on  past  Haxall's  house, 
with  sad  hearts  we  wound  our  way  down  the  hill  to  the  river 
road,  along  which  we  marched,  passing  over  Turkey  bridge. 
The  night  was  extremely  dark,  but  the  road,  which  for  a 
long  distance  was  exceedingly  bad,  was  lit  up  by  thousands 
of  candles  placed  in  the  trees  and  bright  fires  burning  upon 
the  wayside,  which  were  continually  replenished  by  the 
guards.  At  daybreak  we  entered  a  field  of  wheat  ready  for 
cutting,  where  we  lay  down  and  rested  for  an  hour,  and  then 
moved  on.  Other  troops  that  followed  us  rested  on  portions 
of  the  same  field,  until  all  was  trampled  under  and  destroyed. 
It  soon  after  commenced  raining,  turning  the  deep  dust  into 
heavy  mud,  and  in  a  short  time  the  road  was  rendered  almost 
impassable.  But  onward  the  column  moved  until  it  crossed 
Cimage  creek,  and  debouched  into  the  open  plain  of  Harri- 
son's Landing.  The  Reserves  were  moved  to  the  right,  and 
put  into  a  heavy  pine  woods,  where  they  somewhat  sheltered 
themselves  by  building  bough  arbors.  During  the  day  and 
night  the  rain  descended  in  torrents,  making  the  kindling 

*  General  Hooker,  before  the  Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War,  testified  as 
follows : 

"Question— Had  the  defeat  of  the  enemy  at  Malvern  been  followed  up  by  our  whole 
force,  what  would  have  been  the  probable  result? 

"Answer — Richmond  would  have  been  ours  beyond  a  doubt. 

"Question — Instead  of  that,  you  fell  back  to  Harrison's  Landing? 

"Answer — Yes,  sir.  We  were  ordered  to  retreat ;  and  it  was  like  the  retreat  of  a 
whipped  army."  ********** 


126  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  fires  impossible,  but,  as  the  boys  had  but  little  to  cook,  it 
did  not  matter  much.  The  withdrawal,  under  General  Keyes, 
was  effected  with  no  loss,  except  a  few  wagons  that  broke 
down,  the  rear  guard  leaving  Malvern  at  ten  A.M.  on  the 
2d  of  July,  and  coming  into  the  Landing  early  the  next  morn- 
ing. The  advance  guard  of  the  enemy,  who  had  followed 
upon  our  rear,  posted  a  few  guns  and  opened  with  shell  upon 
us,  to  which  we  soon  replied.  The  Reserves  were  formed 
about  nine  A.M.  in  the  open  field  near  the  bridge,  where 
they  stood  in  mud  up  to  their  knees,  with  shells  bursting 
and  round  shot  whistling  over  their  heads  until  three  P.M., 
when  they  moved  to  the  right,  and  bivouacked  near  the 
banks  of  Herring  creek. 

While  the  "change  of  base"  was  being  executed,  the  posi- 
tion at  the  White  House  was  evacuated.  No  less  than  seven 
hundred  vessels  were  in  the  river  at  the  time,  all  of  which 
were  removed  under  cover  of  the  gun-boats  and  Stoneman's 
cavalry. 

Thus  ended  the  "Seven  Days'  Battle,"*  which,  though 
termed  a  change  of  base,  was  simply  a  retreat.  It  was  a 
movement  of  great  delicacy,  most  successfully  executed, 
under  incessant  and  determined  attacks  of  an  enterprising 
enemy.  The  forty  miles  of  wagons,  the  immense  artillery 
train,  a  drove  of  2,500  head  of  cattle,  in  fact,  the  army  and 
its  entire  material  was  successfully  transferred  with  an 
incredible  small  loss  of  material.  All  was  conducted  with 
order.  There  was  no  fear  or  haste,  no  hurrying,  or  smash- 
ing up  of  wagons;  yet  there  was  no  moment  of  repose,  no 
opportunity  to  properly  care  for  the  wounded;  and  the 
dead,  excepting  at  Mechanicsville,  were  left  unburied.  The 
enemy  had  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  roads,  paths,  bridges, 
and  topography  of  the  country,  and  were  well  supplied  with 
friendly  guides.  They  closely  watched  every  movement, 

*  Properly,  this  should  be  called  the  Six  Days'  Battle,  for,  to  make  it  seven,  the 
advance  of  M'Clellan's  pickets,  terminating  in  the  affair  at  Oak  Grove,  on  the  25th, 
would  hare  to  be  included,  which  had  no  connection  with  the  movement. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  127 

and  were  enabled  to  hurl  superior  numbers  on  our  flank  and 
rear,  which  they  did  with  remorseless  impetuosity.  While 
an  advancing  army  loses  nothing  in  men  and  material  by 
capture,  it  is  necessarily  the  reverse  with  a  retreating  one, 
which,  though  it  may  be  successful  in  every  combat,  loses 
the  advantage  of  following  up  its  victories,  which  are  trans- 
ferred to  the  enemy.  Though  this  has  a  tendency  to  increase 
the  morale  of  the  one,  and  diminish  that  of  the  other,  such 
did  not  appear  to  be  the  case  with  our  army,  for  the  men 
went  into  every  battle  in  most  excellent  spirits,  and  with  full 
confidence  of  victory,  and,  upon  our  arrival  at  the  Landing, 
they  were  proud  of  their  achievements,  and  in  good  heart, 
and  had  unbounded  confidence  in  General  M'Clellan,  and 
would,  at  any  moment  during  the  retreat,  or  at  the  Landing, 
fearlessly  assumed  the  aggressive. 

In  regard  to  the  positions  of  the  opposing  armies  until 
the  28th,  both  Generals  M'Clellan  and  Lee  were  deceived. 
M'Clellan  supposed  the  large  mass  of  the  enemy  lay  between 
him  and  Richmond  on  his  left,  while,  in  fact,  only  Generals 
Huger's  and  Magruder's  divisions  of  25,000  men  were  south 
of  the  Chickahominy,  in  front  of  75,000  men.  Lee  sup- 
posed almost  the  whole  of  M'Clellan's  army  was  concen- 
trated on  the  right  of  our  line  north  of  the  river,  and  that 
we  were  retreating  on  our  base  at  the  White  House,  when, 
in  fact,  Porter,  at  no  time,  had  barely  35,000  men  to  oppose 
the  desperate  efforts  of  50,000  rebels.  The  elaborate  and 
powerful  defensive  works,  that  cost  our  army  so  much  delay 
and  labor  to  erect,  were  never  used  by  us.  Throughout  the 
whole  struggle,  the  Union  and  Confederate  troops  displayed 
upon  every  field  the  most  desperate  bravery  and  indomit- 
able courage,  and  learned,  by  the  manly  qualities  they  dis- 
covered, to  respect  each  other.  Never  upon  the  field  did  we 
see  or  hear  of  an  act  of  cruelty ;  and  the  testimony  of  our 
wounded  and  the  surgeons  who  remained  with  them,  was  to 
the  universal  kindness  they  received  from  the  privates  of  the 
enemy.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  same  cannot  be  said 


128  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  their  officers;  and  all  united  in  attesting  to  the  bitter 
animosity  and  heartlessness  shown  by  the  non-combatants 
and  civilians. 

After  the  battle  of  Glendale,  Surgeons  James  Collins,  of 
the  Third,  and  E.  Donnelly,  of  the  Second,  among  others, 
volunteered  to  remain  behind,  and  take  charge  of  our 
wounded,  and  from  them  we  subsequently  learned  many 
interesting  facts  in  regard  to  their  treatment  and  condition. 
Our  wounded  were  collected  on  the  lawn  near  Nelson's 
house,  by  some  Confederate  privates  who  volunteered  to 
help.  They  brought  them  water  and  divided  their  scanty 
rations  among  them.  They  spoke  and  acted  towards  them 
with  the  greatest  kindness,  but  the  sufferings  of  the  poor 
boys  were  great.  With  no  medicine  or  stimulants,  with  a 
scanty  supply  of  water,  and  the  clothing  of  the  boys  only 
for  bandages,  the  doctors  amputated  the  limbs  and  dressed 
the  wounds  of  hundreds  who  were  sinking  from  loss  of 
blood  and  want  of  food.  No  medicine,  liquor,  food  or 
assistance  could  be  obtained  from  the  officials,  one  of  whom, 
a  surgeon  of  the  C.  S.  A.,  deliberately  stole  Dr.  Donnelly's 
case  of  instruments  when  he  was  half  through  an  operation. 
In  two  weeks  all  the  wounded  who  had  survived  the  expos- 
ure and  neglect  they  had  been  subjected  to  upon  the  field 
where  they  fell,  were  hauled  in  army  wagons,  over  corduroy 
roads,  to  Richmond,  a  few  miles  distance.  Upon  their 
arrival,  they  were  huddled  into  Libby  prison,  a  loathsome 
hole,  foul  with  the  stench  of  water-closets  and  the  putrifac- 
tion  of  the  bodies  in  the  dead-house  underneath,  which  were 
exposed  to  their  sight  through  a  large  open  grating  in  the 
floor.  A  little  medicine  was  doled  out  to  them.  A  pittance 
of  tainted  beef  and  hard-tack  was  given  each  day.  Without 
a  change  of  clothing,  or  blankets  to  cover  themselves  with 
at  night,  or  water  to  wash  with  in  the  morning,  they  were 
huddled  together  by  hundreds ;  and  this  was  the  treatment 
they  received  from  the  insurgent  government  in  their 
capital. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  129 

But  the  treatment  they  received  from  the  soldiers  was 
universally  kind.  When  we  say  soldiers,  we  do  not  mean  the 
guards  around  the  prison,  who  had  never  been  upoii  the 
field,  but  the  men  who  had  fought  them,  and  had  learned  to 
respect  a  foe.  With  these,  the  boys  were  all  right.  On  the 
field,  when  we  drove  them  from  positions  formerly  held  by 
us,  we  found,  in  many  cases,  our  wounded  had  been  supplied 
with  water,  and  sometimes  placed  behind  logs  or  trees ;  and 
at  Glendale,  when  several  of  the  Seventeenth  Virginia  were 
taken  prisoners,  although  under  a  heavy  fire,  they  picked  up 
and  carried  oft'  some  of  our  wounded.  They  were  cheered 
for  this,  a  compliment  very  seldom  paid  to  a  foe  upon  the 
battle-field.  Many  other  acts  of  kindness  were  frequently 
done  upon  the  field,  that  showed  there  was  not  felt  the  bit- 
ter animosity  and  vindictiveness  displayed  by  civilians  and 
politicians.  At  Malvern,  the  morning  after  the  battle,  both 
armies  had  strong  pickets  upon  the  field;  and  the  enemy 
were  permitted  to  remove  their  wounded,  but  they  fired 
upon  our  men  when  they  attempted  to  remove  ours.  This, 
however,  was  an  absolute  military  necessity  on  their  part,  as 
it  was  of  the  utmost  importance  to  conceal  from  us  the  extent 
of  their  disaster,  and  the  demoralization  and  flight  of  their 
troops. 

The  position  we  now  occupied  was  a  very  strong  one,  and 
in  the  broad  area  were  collected  the  whole  army,  an  immense 
amount  of  stores  and  ammunition,  and  vast  numbers  of 
siege-guns,  mortars,  etc.  At  the  landing,  lay  a  large  fleet 
of  vessels,  of  every  size  and  description. 
9 


130  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

PUTTING  THE  ARMY  INTO  FIGHTING  ORDER  —  As  BRIGHT  AS  NEW  DOLLARS 
—  NICE  PREDICAMENT  —  VISIT  OF  THE  PRESIDENT  —  GAMBLING  LIEU- 
TENANT—  KESIGNATIONS  AND  PROMOTIONS  —  MIDNIGHT  SHELLING  — 
THE  COLES  HOUSE  —  RUFFIN  FIRES  THE  FIRST  AND  LAST  SHOT  — 
THE  YOUNG  SPY  —  HOOKER'S  FIGHT  AT  MALVERN  HILL — THK  AMBU- 
LANCE CORPS  —  M'CALL  —  REYNOLDS'  SWORD  —  WITHDRAWAL  OF  THE 
ARMY  —  ABANDONMENT  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  —  CAUSE  OF  ITS  FAILURE. 

GENERAL  SEYMOUR,  being  the  only  general  officer 
^  left  in  the  Reserves,  assumed  the  command.  General 
Meade,  heing  absent,  wounded,  Colonel  Sickels  succeeded 
him  in  command  of  the  Second  Brigade;  and  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Thompson  took  command  of  the  Third  Regiment. 
The  Fourth  of  July,  our  natal  day,  was  duly  celebrated  by 
the  firing  of  salutes  and  the  display  of  flags,  among  the  most 
conspicuous  of  which  were  those  captured  from  the  enemy. 
General  M'Clellan  issued  a  patriotic  address  to  the  army, 
which  was  read  at  the  head  of  the  regiments,  and  received 
with  enthusiastic  cheers.  Steps  were  taken  at  once  to  reor- 
ganize, equip,  and  put  the  army  into  fighting  order  again. 
The  stragglers  soon  found  their  regiments.  Upon  inspect- 
ing the  arms,  it  was  found  that,  in  the  same  regiments,  were 
collected  every  calibre  and  pattern  known  in  the  service : 
the  Springfield,  Harper's  Ferry,  Sharpe's,  Burnside,  May- 
nard's,  Enfield,  Tower,  Belgium,  French,  Richmond,  Pal- 
metto, etc.;  the  men  who  having  lost  their  own,  appropri- 
ating their  neighbors.  When  not  of  the  calibre  of  the  reg- 
iment, they  were  turned  in,  assorted,  and  re-issued;  so  that 
each  regiment,  brigade  and  division,  if  possible,  would  be 
armed  alike.  Accoutrements,  ammunition,  and  clothing, 
were  likewise  distributed  as  fast  as  received,  and,  in  an 
incredible  short  time,  the  whole  army  was  in  as  good  condi- 
tion as  ever  to  meet  the  enern}*. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  131 

While  these  matters  were  occupying  the  attention  of  the 
general  officers,  the  great  question  that  agitated  the  soldier's 
mind  was  the  getting  rid  of  the  "  graybacks,"  who,  there 
was  every  reason  to  suppose,  had  domiciled  themselves  upon 
the  person  of  the  patriots,  and  held  them  in  a  ticklish  posi- 
tion. As  we  had  destroyed  all  our  clothing  except  what  we 
stood  in,  and  as  soap  was  an  article  that  could  neither  be 
bought  nor  "  appropriated,"  and  as  clothing  was  issued  by 
piece-meal,  it  was  a  task  more  easily  undertaken  than  accom- 
plished. But  what  can  not  an  American  accomplish  ?  By 
dint  of  washing,  scrubbing,  scouring  and  constant  vigilance, 
the  triumph  was  achieved ;  and  the  boys  came  out  in  their 
new  uniforms  as  clean  and  bright  as  new  dollars.  It  is  a 
matter  of  impossibility  for  an  army  to  pass  through  what  we 
did  in  the  summer  without  being  overrun  with  vermin,  and 
a  soldier  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  who  declares  he  never 
had  any,  did  not  belong  to  the  Reserves.  Early  one  morn- 
ing, some  of  the  boys  determined  to  go  up  the  creek  so  far 
that  no  vermin  would  be  found  floating  on  the  water.  They 
had  carefully  kept  their  clothes  up  the  trees  until  they  got  full 
suits.  Afraid  to  trust  the  precious  bundles  in  their  hands, 
they  swung  them  over  their  shoulders  on  sticks.  Up  the 
levee  they  marched,  and  finding  a  nice  place,  were  soon  enjoy- 
ing a  glorious  splash.  Soon  the  well-known  whistle  of  the 
bullet  was  heard,  and  they  discovered  the  insurgent  pickets 
on  the  other  side.  With  the  creek  before  them,  a  swamp 
behind,  a  long  embankment  their  only  means  of  retreat,  and 
their  clothes  out  of  reach,  they  found  themselves  in  a  pretty 
predicament.  Lying  behind  the  embankment  stripped,  with 
the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun  pouring  down  upon  them,  soon 
became  uninteresting;  and  to  save  themselves  from  broiling, 
they  rolled  in  the  mud  and  tried  baking.  This  operation, 
renewed  as  soon  as  the  mud  commenced  cracking  on  them, 
formed  the  principal  feature  of  their  amusement  until  dark- 
ness covered  their  retreat ;  but  it  killed  the  vermin. 


132  THE   THIRD   RESERVE. 

On  the  8th,  President  Lincoln  visited  the  army,  and,  on 
account  of  the  hard  service  we  had  lately  gone  through, 
declined  a  review,  but  rode  along  the  lines  of  the  divisions, 
which  were  drawn  up  to  receive  him.  He  was  most  enthusi- 
astically cheered  by  the  troops,  honoring  the  chief  who  had 
pledged  himself  to  preserve  us  a  nation,  regardless  of  cost 
or  sacrifice. 

On  the  morning  of  the  14th,  we  moved  our  camp  about 
two  miles,  near  to  Evlington  Heights,  on  the  right  of  our 
line.  Here  we  occupied  a  broad,  open  plain,  near  the  creek, 
where  the  men  could  enjoy  most  excellent  bathing.  As 
good  water  was  scarce,  every  regiment  dug  a  fine,  deep 
well,  from  which  they  obtained  a  bountiful  supply  of  cool 
water.  Sibley  tents  were  issued,  and  our  rations  brought  up 
to  the  full  standard,  with  cabbage,  beets,  onions,  and  other 
vegetables  in  addition,  brought  by  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion. Division  guard-mounting,  company  and  battalion 
drills,  and  dress-parades,  were  ordered.  Several  reviews,  by 
Generals  M'Clellan  and  Seymour,  took  place;  the  sutlers 
arrived,  and  letters  and  newspapers  were  received  daily. 

The  morals  of  an  army  are  never  so  good  in  camp  as  on 
the  march.  While  here,  General  Seymour  issued  stringent 
orders  against  gambling,  which  was  indulged  in  by  the 
unwary  for  excitement,  and  by  the  unprincipled  sharps  to 
fleece  them.  We  knew  of  a  young  lieutenant,  of  a  neigh- 
boring regiment,  who,  in  a  few  days  after  the  paymaster 
came,  invariably  gambled  away  his  two  months'  pay,  and,  at 
the  end  of  three  years'  hard  service,  was  mustered  out  in 
debt  to  the  sutler  and  all  his  comrades  of  whom  he  could 
borrow,  and  with  hardly  clothes  upon  his  back. 

On  the  19th,  the  United  States  truce  steamer  Louisiana 
came  down  the  river  from  City  Point,  loaded  with  paroled 
Union  prisoners  from  Richmond,  among  whom  were  Cap- 
tain William  Brian,  and  Lieutenants  Roberts  and  Lehman. 
Also,  a  large  number  of  the  boys,  most  of  whom  were  sent 
North  to  the  hospitals.  Doctor  Collins,  the  efficient  surgeon 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  133 

of  the  Third,  who  had  remained  with  the  wounded,  also 
came,  and  was  welcomed.  All  bore  testimony  of  the  kind- 
ness of  the  privates  and  cruelty  of  the  officials  of  the  Con- 
federate Government.  While  here,  some  of  the  officers  and 
men  were  prostrated  from  exhaustion,  and  much  sickness  of 
a  mild  nature  prevailed,  caused  by  their  systems  being  over- 
taxed. Nearly  two  hundred  officers  and  men,  out  of  five 
hundred  and  seventy-one  present,  were  sick  or  in  quarters, 
at  one  time,  in  the  Third.  Lieutenant-Colonel  William  S. 
Thompson,  a  gallant  officer,  was  forced  to  resign  on  account 
of  ill  health.  He  subsequently  entered  the  naval  service, 
and  was  killed  in  action,  April  19th,  1865.  The  Rev.  George 
H.  Frear,  the  most  excellent  and  good  chaplain,  also  resigned 
with  much  regret,  on  the  same  account.  Captain  William 
D.  Curtis,  Company  B;  First  Lieutenant  Jacob  Lehman, 
Company  A;  Second  Lieutenants  Sebastian  Eckle,  Com- 
pany A;  George  H.  Lindsey,  Company  E;  and  Edward  K. 
Mull,  Company  F,  all  brave,  efficient,  and  faithful  officers, 
were  also  forced  to  resign  on  account  of  their  health. 
Assistant  Surgeon  Henry  S.  Colston,  about  the  same  time, 
was  promoted  Surgeon  of  the  Eighty-rfirst  Regiment,  Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers;  and  Captain  Joseph  Thomas,  Company 
H,  one  of  the  most  intelligent  officers  and  disciplinarians  in 
the  regiment,  resigned,  to  accept  the  position  of  Surgeon  in 
the  One  Hundred  and  Eighteenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers. 

An  order  having  been  issued,  by  General  Seymour,  dis- 
continuing elections  for  officers  in  the  Reserve  corps,  and 
directing  vacancies  to  be  filled  from  the  officers  and  men 
who,  by  faithful  and  gallant  conduct,  were  deserving  of  it, 
Colonel  Sickels  took  great  pains  to  ascertain  the  opinion  of 
his  command  upon  these  points  before  selecting  the  names 
of  those  to  forward  to  fill  the  vacancies  occasioned  by  the 
resignations. 

The  following  promotions  were  accordingly  made,  which 
gave  great  satisfaction  to  all : 

Captain  John  Clark,  Company  E,  to  be  Lieutenant- 
Colonel. 


134  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Captain  William  Briner,  Company  D,  to  be  Major. 

Company  A — Second  Lieutenant  Michael  Walters,  to  be 
First  Lieutenant;  Amos  W.  Seitzinger,  to  be  Second  Lieu- 
tenant. 

Company  B — First  Lieutenant  George  C.  Davenport,  to 
be  Captain;  First  Sergeant  F.  Gilbert  Nicholson,  to  be 
First  Lieutenant. 

Company  D — First  Lieutenant  Florentine  H.  Straub,  to 
be  Captain;  Second  Lieutenant  Andrew  J.  Stetson,  to  be 
First  Lieutenant;  First  Sergeant  Jacob  V.  Shilling,  to  be 
Second  Lieutenant. 

Company  E — First  Lieutenant  Robert  Johnston,  to  be 
Captain ;  First  Sergeant  Thomas  H.  Bamford,  to  be  Second 
Lieutenant;  Sergeant  Edwin  A.  Glenn,  to  be  Second  Lieu- 
tenant. 

Company  F — Henry  S.  Moulton,  to  be  Second  Lieutenant. 

Company  H — First  Lieutenant  Benjamin  F.  Fisher,  to  be 
Captain ;  Second  Lieutenant  J.  B.  Bartholomew,  to  be  First 
Lieutenant;  First  Sergeant  William  M'Carty,  to  be  Second 
Lieutenant. 

About  the  same  time,  Doctors  Samuel  L.  Orr,  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  George  J.  Rice,  of  Bucks  county,  were  assigned 
to  the  regiment  as  Assistant  Surgeons. 

A  little  after  midnight  on  the  1st  of  August,  the  rebel 
General  French,  with  forty-three  guns,  approached  stealth- 
ily to  Coggin's  Point  and  Coles  House,  opposite  our  encamp- 
ment, and  opened  a  heavy  fire  upon  us  and  the  shipping. 
The  shells  and  round  shot  exploded  and  flew  around  camp 
in  the  most  lively  manner,  creating  great  excitement  among 
the  "contrabands,"  who  entertained  a  mortal  dread  of  "them 
rotten  shot."  The  majority  of  the  boys,  taking  a  philosoph- 
ical view  of  the  matter,  considered  themselves  about  as  safe 
in  one  place  as  another,  and  did  not  disturb  themselves  from 
their  blankets,  while  others,  of  a  more  excitable  nature, 
after  admiring  the  pyrotechnical  display  for  a  time,  lighted 
their  candles  and  went  to  playing  cards.  In  about  a  half- 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  135 

hour  our  guns  silenced  their  fire,  and,  before  daylight, 
French  decamped,  leaving  three  dead,  a  disabled  caisson, 
and  flag  behind.  Our  loss  was  ten  killed  and  fifteen 
wounded.  No  harm  was  done  to  the  shipping.  The  next 
morning,  the  Coles  House,  which  had  been  a  rendezvous  for 
the  enemy,  was  destroyed,  and  our  troops  took  possession 
of  the  point.  The  following  day,  Colonel  Sickel  was  ordered 
over  with  detachments  from  his  own  regiment  and  the 
Eighth,  numbering  some  eight  hundred  men.  Having 
established  his  pickets,  he  advanced  to  the  house  of  Hon. 
Edmun  Ruffin,  who  fired  the  first  and  last  shot  of  the  war. 
The  first  was  at  Sumter,  and  the  last  at  his  own  head. 
Here  were  discovered  some  insurgent  cavarly,  but  they  left 
without  firing  a  shot.  Seventeen  mules  were  captured,  and  a 
number  of  important  letters,  which  the  command  brought 
over  the  next  day.  The  boys  secured  an  abundance  of  fruit, 
vegetables  and  chickens.  Details  were  continued  daily, 
entrenchments  thrown  up,  and  some  heavy  guns  put  in 
position. 

One  day  our  detail  brought  in  a  civilian,  who  attempted 
to  run  through  the  pickets.  He  was  an  intelligent  young 
Virginian,  who  crossed  the  river  with  them  in  the  morning, 
representing  himself  as  being  connected  with  the  commissary 
department,  and  appeared  perfectly  at  home  with  the  men. 
When  taken,  he  was  on  horse-back,  and  tried  hard  to  escape. 
He  showed  considerable  bitterness  against  his  captors, 
appeared  indifferent  as  to  what  they  might  do  with  him,  and, 
although  annoyed  at  his  capture,  an  expression  of  concealed 
fun  was,  in  unguarded  moments,  caught  lurking  in  his  bright 
eyes.  He  was  turned  over  to  the  provost-marshal.  The  next 
day  he  crossed  again  with  a  squadron  of  cavalry,  from  whom 
he  managed  to  slip,  and,  despite  their  efforts,  escaped.  We 
afterwards  learned  he  was  a  Union  spy. 

Upon  information  received  from  Washington, that  deserters 
had  reported  the  enemy  moving  southward  of  the  James, 
leaving  b'ut  a  small  force  in  Richmond,  General  Hooker  was 


136  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

ordered  with  his  own  division  and  Pleasanton's  cavalry  to 
advance  upon  Malvern  Hill.  Through  the  incompetency  of 
his  guides,  Hooker's  first  attempt  miscarried,  but  the  next 
night,  with  Sedgwick's*  division  to  re-enforce  him,  he  turned 
the  hill,  and  drove  the  enemy  up  the  river  road  towards 
Richmond.  Our  loss  was  three  killed  and  eleven  wounded. 
The  enemy's  was  heavier,  beside  one  hundred  prisoners. 
Colonel  Averill,  with  part  of  the  cavalry,  pushed  on  to 
White  Oak  bridge,  driving  thence  the  Eighteenth  Virginia 
Cavalry,  killing  and  wounding  several,  and  capturing  twenty- 
eight  men  and  horses.  Hooker  encamped  on  Malvern  that 
night,  and  on  the  7th  returned  to  camp.  While  this  move- 
ment was  being  made,  the  Reserves  were  held  in  readiness 
to  support  it. 

The  regimental  bands  were  mustered  out  on  the  6th,  a 
late  act  of  Congress  providing  for  brigade  bands  only.  On 
the  same  day,  an  ambulance  corps  for  each  army  corps  was 
organized,  on  the  basis  of  a  captain  for  each  army  corps;  a 
first  lieutenant  for  each  division ;  a  second  lieutenant  for  each 
brigade,  and  a  sergeant  for  each  regiment.  One  transport 
cart,  one  four-horse  and  two  two-horse  ambulances  for  each 
regiment,  each  provided  with  two  stretchers,  and  having  a 
driver  and  two  men.  Sergeant  Frederick  R.  Barth,  Company 
H,  was  detailed  for  this  service.  About  this  time,  Lieuten- 
ants Samuel  La  Rue  and  John  Staunton,  Sergeants  John  F. 
Bender,  John  H.  T.  Christien,  Benjamin  D.  Henning,  James 
E.  M'Masters  and  George  W.  Unruh,  Corporals  Charles  H. 
Loper  and  Franklin  Tressel,  and  Privates  Robert  Clark, 
Nathan  S.  Harkness  and  John  W.  Yeich,  were  detailed  to 
go  to  Pennsylvania  on  recruiting  service. 

On  the  7th,  "Old  Greenback,"  the  paymaster,  Major  John 
M.  Pomeroy,  arrived  in  camp,  and  paid  off  the  regiment. 
On  the  8th,  Doctors  Howard  and  William  Trego,  Edward 

*  Major  General  John  Sedgwick,  of  Conn.,  was  thrice  badly  wounded  at  Antietam, 
and  killed  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  May  9th,  1864,  while  placing  some  of  his  guns, 
and  bantering  some  of  his  men,  who  winced  at  the  singing  of  rebel  bullets.  He  was 
struck  in  the  head  by  a  rifle  ball  and  instantly  killed. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  137 

Hutchinson,  Jacob  A.  Cadwallader,  and  George  Worstall,  of 
the  Sanitary  Commission,  visited  the  Reserves,  to  look  after 
the  health  of  the  soldiers.  Steamers  laden  with  vegetables, 
etc.,  the  generous  donations  of  citizens,  were  constantly 
arriving  at  the  landing. 

On  the  13th,  Generals  M'Call  and  Reynolds  arrived  from 
Richmond,  and  the  Reserves  paraded  to  receive  them. 
Their  reception  was  most  enthusiastic,  the  bands  playing, 
the  boys  cheering,  and  throwing  their  hats  in  the  air.  They 
addressed  a  few  words  to  the  men,  thanking  them  for  the 
hearty  reception,  and  assuring  them  they  would  rejoin  the 
division  as  soon  as  their  health  permitted.  But  the  severity 
of  the  campaign,  and  the  close  confinement  in  Libby  prison, 
had  so  seriously  impaired  M'Call's  health,  that  he  proceeded 
home  to  obtain  the  medical  care  he  so  much  needed.  This 
separation  was  final  between  the  general  and  the  division* 
every  officer  and  man  of  which  respected,  honored  and 
loved  him.  It  was  he  who  organized,  disciplined  and 
brought  to  that  high  state  of  efficiency  the  division,  which 
rendered  them  so  efficient  in  the  field,  and  won  for  them  a 
proud  and  glorious  name  wherever  the  story  of  our  war  was 
read.  In  a  few  weeks  he  became  satisfied  he  would  never 
again  be  able  to  lead  us  OD,  and  not  wishing  to  obstruct  the 
promotion  of  others  in  this  hour  of  the  nation's  trial,  he 
tendered  his  resignation.  The  citizens  of  Chester  county, 
where  he  resided,  soon  after  his  return  home  presented  him 
with  an  elegant  sword,  in  testimony  of  their  appreciation  of 
his  services  in  the  field. 

General  Reynolds  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the 
Reserves.  The  night  he  arrived  the  sergeants  of  his  bri- 
gade met  and  resolved  to  raise  a  subscription  among  them- 
selves and  the  men  to  present  him  a  sword.  The  money 
was  freely  given,  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  author  to 
procure  the  gift.  It  coming  to  the  knowledge  of  the  gen- 
eral, he  refused  to  receive  it,  but  being  assured  that  it  came 
from  the  men  only,  that  there  was  no  axe  to  grind,  and 


138  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

that  no  officer  would  attempt  to  make  capital  out  of  it,  he 
consented.  The  sword  was  procured ;  a  magnificent  and 
costly  one,  studded  with  diamonds  and  gems  of  the  purest 
water.  It  was  borne  from  Fairfax  Station  to  the  field  of 
Gettysburg.  A  note  was  addressed  to  the  general,  request- 
ing him,  in  the  lull  of  battle,  to  receive  the  gift  direct  from 
the  boys,  but  ere  that  hour  came  Reynolds  passed  in  glory 
to  immortality. 

About  the  same  time,  orders  were  received  to  pack  our  knap- 
sacks and  label  each  with  the  owner's  name,  and  send  them 
down  to  the  landing  to  be  shipped  in  charge  of  the  quarter- 
master's sergeant  to  Alexandria.  Orders  were  also  received 
to  have  three  days'  cooked  rations  in  haversacks  and  five  in 
bulk,  and  be  prepared  to  move.  On  the  30th  of  July, 
Major-General  H.  W.  Halleck,  commanding  United  States 
array,  issued  orders  for  the  shipment  of  all  the  sick  from 
Harrison's  Landing  to  the  north,  who  at  that  time  numbered 
about  12,500  men. 

It  having  been  determined  to  withdraw  the  army  from 
Harrison's  Landing  to  Acquia  Creek,  orders  for  the  same  were 
received  on  the  4th  of  August.  The  reasons  that  led  to 
this  determination  were,  that  at  that  time  General  M'Clel- 
lan's  army  numbered  but  ninety  thousand  effective  men, 
and  the  army  of  General  Pope,  charged  with  covering 
Washington,  numbered  but  thirty-eight  thousand.  The 
former  was  twenty-five  miles  from  Richmond,  and  the  latter 
about  eighty  or  ninety  miles  from  Washington,  while 
between  them  were  the  enemy,  who,  according  to  M'Clel- 
lan's  estimate,  numbered  over  two  hundred  thousand  men. 
This  would  enable  the  enemy  to  fall  with  his  superior  num- 
bers upon  one  or  the  other,  as  he  might  elect,  without  either 
being  able  to  re-enforce  the  other  in  case  of  attack.  It  was  in 
the  enemy's  power  at  any  time  to  exchange  Richmond  for 
Washington,  and  while  the  loss  of  their  capital  would  be 
seriously  felt  by  them,  the  loss  of  Washington  to  us,  in  the 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  139 

then  state  of  our  foreign  relations,  would  be  conclusive,  or 
nearly  so,  in  its  results  upon  the  war. 

General  M'Clellau  most  earnestly  protested  against  the 
withdrawal  of  his  army,  he  contending  that  the  true  defence 
of  Washington  was  on  the  banks  of  the  James  river.  He 
asked  for  re-enforcements  to  the  extent  of  35,000  men,  but 
the  Government  had  but  26,000  east  of  the  Alleghenies, 
exclusive  of  those  under  Pope  and  at  Fortress  Monroe. 
General  Halleck,  in  writing  to  General  M'Clellan,  says :  * 
*  *  "In  regard  to  the  demoralizing  effect  of  a  withdrawal 
from  the  Peninsula  to  the  Rappahannock,  I  must  remark 
that  a  large  number  of  your  highest  officers — indeed,  a 
majority  of  those  whose  opinions  have  been  reported  to  me 
— are  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  movement."  *  *  *  Sub- 
sequent events  proved  the  absolute  necessity  of  withdrawing 
the  army  from  the  Peninsula. 

It  having  been  ascertained  that  the  enemy  were  moving 
North  in  force,  Jackson  entering  Gordonsville  on  the  19th 
of  July,  General  M'Clellan,  in  obedience  to  orders  from 
Washington,  embarked  five  batteries  for  Acquia  Creek, 
where  Burnside  had  landed  with  infantry  only  on  the  3d  of 
August.  On  the  13th,  the  enemy,  in  anticipation  of  an 
advance  on  Richmond,  burnt  the  wharves  at  City  Point. 

General  M'Clellan  intended  to  move  his  entire  army  by 
water,  from  the  Landing,  but  repeated  and  urgent  messages 
from  Washington  induced  him  to  move  the  bulk  of  his 
troops  by  land  to  Fortress  Monroe,  and  on  the  14th,  Por- 
ter's and  Heintzleman's  corps,  preceded  by  AverilPs  cav- 
alry, marched,  via  Jones'  bridge  and  Barrett's  Ferry,  down 
the  Peninsula.  The  other  troops  followed,  and  General 
M'Clellan,  with  the  rear-guard,  breaking  camp  on  the  16th, 
crossed  the  Chickahominy  two  days  afterwards.  The  move- 
ment was  covered  by  General  Pleasanton,  with  his  cavalry 
and  horse  artillery,  he  remaining  at  HaxalPs,  near  Malvern, 
until  the  army  had  passed  Charles  City  Court  House.  Por- 
ter's corps  embarked  at  Newport  News  on  the  20th.  The 


140  ?HE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

rest  of  the  army  there,  at  Yorktown  and  Fortress  Monroe: 
M'Clellan  and  staff  leaving  the  latter  point  on  the  23d,  and 
arriving  at  Acquia  Creek  the  next  day. 

Thus  ended  the  ever-memorable  and  unfortunate  cam- 
paign of  the  magnificent  Army  of  the  Potomac  on  the 
Peninsula.  Ten  severely-contested  and  sanguinary  battles 
had  been  fought,  besides  numerous  smaller  engagements. 
The  men  submitted  to  privations,  exposures,  sickness,  and 
even  death,  without  a  murmur,  and  never  was  a  government 
more  cheerfully  or  devotedly  served  than  our  own  was  by 
this  army.  Its  failure  was  undoubtedly  caused  by  the  fact 
that  the  enemy  nearly  always  chose  the  time  and  place  of 
battle,  and,  though  uniformly  inferior  in  aggregate  numbers, 
usually  managed  to  bring  the  larger  force  into  action — 
fighting  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  his  entire  strength 
against  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  ours.  Our  chief,  though 
incessantly  calling  for  re-enforcements,  never  succeeded  in 
bringing  nearly  all  the  troops  he  already  had  into  action  at 
any  one  time. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE,  141 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  KESERVES  TO  THE  RELIEF  OF  POPE  —  EMBARKATION  OF  THE  THIRD  — 
ACQUIA  CREEK —  FALMOUTH  —  BANKS  AT  CEDAR  MOUNTAIN  —  POPE'S 
MOVEMENTS  —  ARRIVAL  O-F  GENERAL  MEADE  —  To  RAPPAHANNOCK 
STATION  —  THE  FIRST  TO  JOIN  POPE  —  WARRENTON  —  MARCH  —  SKIR- 
MISH —  SECOND  BULL  RUN  —  FIGHTING  OF  THE  28TH  — KING'S  BATTLE 
—  RICKETTS'  COMBAT  —  TOPOGRAPHY  OF  MANASSAS  PLAINS  —  FIGHT- 
ING OF  THE  29TH  —  JACKSON'S  AND  LONGSTREET'S  POSITION  —  THE 
JOINT  ORDER  —  POPE'S  MISTAKE  —  M'DOWELL  AND  PORTER — MA- 
N<EUVRE  —  HARD  FIGHTING  —  CHARGE  A  BATTERY  —  THE  30TH  —  Two 
DAYS  WITHOUT  FOOD  —  THE  POSITION  OF  THE  ARMIES  —  RESERVES 
SKIRMISHING  —  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  THUNDERBOLT  —  POPE'S  PLAN  OF 
BATTLE  —  POPE'S  FATAL  BLUNDER  —  THE  RESERVES  SEIZE  HENRY'S 
HILL  —  GLORIOUS  CHARGE  —  INCESSANT  ASSAULTS  —  THE  BRIDGE 
SAVED  —  ORDERLY  WITHDRAWAL  —  STRENGTH  OF  THE  ARMIES  — 
CAUSE  OF  THE  Loss  OF  THE  BATTLE  —  GENERAL  PORTER'S  CASE  — 
CENTREVILLE  —  PICKET  —  BATTLE  OF  CHANTILLY  —  RUNAWAY  SCHOOL- 
GIRLS. 

BUT  to  return  to  the  movements  of  the  Third.  Pope  was 
being  overwhelmed  by  the  the  entire  rebel  army  under 
Lee,  and  urgently  called  for  help.  The  Reserves  were  at  once 
put  on  steamers  and  pushed  to  his  relief.  At  four  o'clock 
on  the  afternoon  of  the  llth  of  August,  the  Third  formed 
and  moved  to  the  landing,  where  they  lay  until  evening, 
when  they  embarked  aboard  the  steamers  Hero  and  Secor, 
and,  bidding  farewell  to  the  scenes  of  their  glory,  passed 
down  the  river  and  came  to  anchor  about  midnight.  Early 
the  next  morning,  they  again  got  under  way,  passing  the 
standing  masts  of  the  frigates  Cumberland  and  Congress, 
that  sunk  gloriously  fighting  to  the  death  the  ironclad  Mer- 
rimac.*  Rounding  Fortress  Monroe,  they  steamed  into  the 
bay  and  headed  northward.  In  the  afternoon  a  violent  rain 

*Mareh  8th,  18G2.  The  Merrimac  was  commanded  by  Admiral  Frank  Buchanan, 
who  was  wounded,  and  was  destroyed  three  days  afterwards  by  order  of  Commodore 
Tatnall. 


142  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  hail  storm  occurred,  roughing  the  bay  and  cascading 
some  of  the  men.  At  nine  P.M.,  they  came  to  anchor  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  Early  the  next  morning  (the 
13th),  they  proceeded  up  the  river  to  Acquia  Creek,  where 
they  arrived  about  eight  o'clock,  and,  debarking  during  the 
afternoon,  were  transferred  to  cars  and  conveyed  opposite 
Fredericksburg,  near  their  old  camping-ground  of  the  pre- 
ceding May.  Here  they  occupied  the  tents  left  standing  by 
M'Dowell's  troops. 

General  John  Pope  was,  on  the  26th  of  June,  the  day  of 
the  battle  of  Mechanicsville,  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  "  Army  of  Virginia,"  consisting  of  the  corps  of  Major- 
Generals  M'Dowell,  Fremont*  and  Banks.  His  command 
consisted  of  about  40,000  disposable  troops,  scattered  from 
Fredericksburg  to  Winchester,  and  he  was  charged  with 
the  covering  of  Washington,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail- 
road, and  to  make  a  diversion  in  favor  of  M'Clellau,  by 
threatening  Richmond  from  the  north.  On  the  16th  of 
July,  Ewell,  with  a  division  of  Lee's  army,  entered  Gordons- 
ville.  On  the  7th  of  August,  all  the  infantry  and  artillery 
of  Pope's  army,  amounting  to  28,000  men,  were  assembled 
along  the  turnpike  from  Sperryville  to  Culpepper,  except- 
ing King's  division,  which  was  opposite  Fredericksburg. 
The  cavalry  pickets  extended  on  the  right  from  the  Blue 
Ridge  on  the  Rapidan,  down  the  same  until  they  joined 
King's,  at  its  junction  with  the  Rappahannock. 

On  the  9th,  General  Banksf  was  ordered  to  move  forward 
to  Cedar  or  Slaughter  Mountain,  and  re-enforce  Crawford's! 
brigade  in  its  strong  position,  and  hold  the  enemy  in  check. 
Banks,  however,  left  this  position  late  in  the  day,  and 
advanced  at  least  a  mile,  throwing  his  whole  force  of,  as  he 

*  Fremont  was  relieved  at  his  own  request,  as  he  considered  Pope  his  junior;  and 
General  Frank  Sigel  succeeded  him. 

t  Ex-Governor  of  Massachusetts.    Speaker  of  the  XXXIVth  Congress. 

%  8.  W.  Crawford,  wounded  at  Antietam .  Subsequently,  commander  of  the  Reserves. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  143 

supposed,  14,000  men*  into  action  against  Jackson's  20,000, 
strongly  posted,  and  sheltered  by  woods  and  ridges.  This 
advance  was  everywhere  swept  by  the  fire  of  the  enemy's 
artillery  and  infantry,  concealed  in  the  woods  and  ravines 
beyond.  The  battle  lasted  about  an  hour  and  a  half,  during 
which  our  troops  did  all  that  troops  could  do  for  victory,  but 
the  odds  was  too  heavy  against  them,  and  they  were  driven 
back  to  their  former  position  with  heavy  loss.  About  this 
time,  liicketts'  division  came  up,  and  General  Pope  arrived 
upon  the  field,  and  drew  in  Banks'  too  extended  lines,  and 
the  enemy  were  driven  back.  An  artillery  fight  was  kept 
up  until  midnight.  SigePs  corps,  in  the  meantime,  arrived, 
and  were  pushed  in  abreast  of  Ricketts.  Both  sides  suf- 
fered severely,  our  loss  being  estimated  at  1,800,  and  the 
enemy  acknowledged  that  of  1,314,  including  General  C.  S. 
Winder,  two  colonels  and  one  major  killed. 

In  this  battle  General  Geary ,f  with  five  Ohio  regiments 
and  the  Twenty-eighth  Pennsylvania,  made  the  most  desper- 
ate charge  of  the  day,  and  was  himself  severely  wounded 
with  most  of  his  officers.;}; 

Before  daylight  the  next  morning,  Jackson  withdrew  his 
forces  two  miles,  and  clung  to  the  mountains  and  woods 
until  the  night  of  the  llth,  when  he  fell  back  across  the 
Rapidan,  in  the  direction  of  Gordonsville,  leaving  many  of 
his  dead  and  wounded  on  the  field.  General  Pope  was  sub- 
sequently re-enforced  by  General  King's  division,  from  Fred- 
ericksbug,  and  by  Reno,  with  8,000  of  Burnside's  army,  and 
advanced  again  to  the  Rapidan  and  Robinson's  rivers.  His 
cavalry  having  captured  the  adjutant  of  I.  E.  B.  Stuart, 

*  General  Pope,  in  his  official  report,  says  :  "  The  consolidated  report  of  General 
Banks'  corps,  received  some  days  previously  (to  the  battle),  exhibited  an  effective  force 
of  something  over  14,000  men.  It  appeared  subsequently,  however,  that  General  Banks' 
force  at  that  time  did  not  exceed  8,000  men." 

fJohn  W.  Geary,  an  officer  of  the  Mexican  War,  Alcalde  of  San  Francisco,  Governor 
of  Kansas,  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-eighth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  and  twice  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania. 

JGreeley's  American  Conflict,  Vol.  II,  page  177. 


144  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

with  a  letter  from  General  Lee,  dated  August  15th,  that 
clearly  indicated  the  whole  of  the  insurgent  army  was  rap- 
idly assembling  to  overwhelm  him,  he  held  fast  to  his  posi- 
tion to  the  last,  so  as  to  afford  time  for  the  arrival  of 
M'Clellan's  army,  and  on  the  18th  commenced  retreating 
across  the  Rappahannock,  which  he  accomplished  without 
loss  early  on  the  20th.  The  insurgents  followed  closely,  and 
after  three  days'  skirmishing  at  Rappahannock  Station  and 
Kelly's  Ford,  without  any  prospect  of  success,  commenced 
moving  up  the  stream,  intending  to  turn  our  right. 

On  the  morning  of  the  16th,  Colonel  Sickel  received  intel- 
ligence that  a  force  of  rebel  cavalry  had  crossed  the  river, 
during  the  night,  some  distance  above,  and  were  moving 
towards  Potomac  bridge,  on  the  Fredericksburg  and  Acquia 
Creek  railroad,  to  cut  our  communication.  He  at  once  dis- 
patched Major  Briner,  with  companies  D,  H,  and  K,  for  its 
protection.  The  same  day,  the  Sixth  Reserves  arrived;  and 
the  next,  General  Meade,  who,  having  sufficiently  recovered 
from  his  wounds,  came  into  camp.  He  was  received  with 
loud  cheers  by  the  men,  and  the  regiments  paraded  under 
arms.  He  assumed  command  of  his  brigade,  which  was 
now  the  First.  The  old  First  became  the  Second,  under 
General  Seymour,  and  General  Jackson  took  command  of 
the  Third.  The  Reserves  were  now  transferred  to  M'Dow- 
ell's  corps.  On  the  21st,  General  Reynolds  and  staff,  and  all 
the  Reserves  excepting  the  Second  Regiment,*  having  arrived, 
they  moved  forward  towards  Kelly's  Ford.  That  night,  at 
nine  o'clock,  with  three  days'  rations  in  the  haversacks,  the 
Third  marched  through  Falmouth,  and  moved  up  the  river, 
on  the  Bealton  road.  The  night  was  dark  and  stormy,  and 
after  marching  five  miles  they  lay  down  along  the  road-side 
and  slept.  Early  the  next  morning  they  moved  on,  halting 


*  The  Second  was  the  last  of  the  Reserves  to  leave  Harrison's  Landing.  On  arriv- 
ing at  Falmouth,  on  the  22d,  Colonel  M'Candless  moved  up  the  river,  and  by  the  night 
of  the  next  day  was  within  four  miles  of  Rappahannock  Station.  Learning  our  troops 
had  abandoned  that  point,  he  pushed  through  the  enemy's  country,  and,  after  a  hard 
and  perilous  march,  rejoined  the  division,  at  Warrenton,  on  the  night  of  the  26th. 


THE  THIRD  EESEEVE.  145 

for  breakfast  about  eight  o'clock.  This  day  the  boys,  for 
the  first  time  that  season,  met  with  fruit,  and  although  it 
was  green,  and  they  were  suffering  much  from  diarrhoea 
they  could  not  restrain  their  appetites  from  enjoying  the 
luxury,  and,  contrary  to  all  expectation,  it  proved  a  most 
effectual  remedy,  their  systems  being  disposed  to  scurvy,  and 
the  acid  of  the  fruit  acting  as  an  antidote.  Passing  by  Hart- 
wood,  they  halted  at  the  Grove  Churches  for  dinner.  The 
march  was  long  and  wearisome,  but  the  booming  of  the 
guns,  that  came  rolling  down  the  river,  quickened  their 
steps,  and  near  sundown  they  reached  Barnetts'  Ford.  It 
soon  set  in  to  rain,  and  the  men  suffered  much  with  the  wet 
and  cold,  being  without  blankets,  as  the  Reserve  had  nothing 
but  what  they  stood  in,  except  muskets  and  cartridge-boxes. 
Early  the  next  morning,  the  23d,  they  were  again  in  motion, 
and  near  noon  reached  Rappahannock  Station,  being  the 
first  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  join  General  Pope.  A 
sharp  artillery  duel  was  progressing,  and  our  troops  had 
commenced  falling  back.  Leaving  our  friends,  the  light 
artillery  pounding  away  at  the  enemy,  who  were  not  the 
least  backward  in  responding,  we  moved  on  early  in  the 
afternoon,  and  bivouacked  in  the  rain,  after  dark,  near  War- 
renton  Junction,  on  the  Alexandria  railroad.  The  next 
morning,  the  24th,  they  moved  off  early,  the  day  proving 
oppressively  hot  and  the  roads  hilly.  With  but  few  and 
short  halts  for  rest  and  water,  they  pressed  on,  and  about 
noon  saw  the  spires  of  Warrenton,  near  which  they  halted 
for  a  while,  when,  moving,  passed  through  the  town  and 
about  two  miles  down  the  Waterloo  pike,  where  they 
bivouacked  in  a  wood  and  lay  in  readiness  to  support  Gen- 
eral Sigel,  who  was  flirting  with  the  rebs,  some  distance 
beyond.  The  next  day  they  received  rations,  which  they 
had  done  without  the  day  before,  and  during  it  and  the  suc- 
ceeding day,  were  kept  in  readiness  to  move,  the  sound  of 
artillery,  as  usual,  being  heard  in  different  directions. 
10 


146  THE  THIRD  RESERVE, 

General  Pope's  army  about  this  time,  the  24th,  occupied 
Warrenton  Sulphur  Springs  and  Waterloo  Bridge,  on  the 
Rappahannock,  and  faced  west  from  thence  to  Warrenton 
and  Manassas  Junction.  SigePs  corps  and  Buford's  cavalry 
were  at  Waterloo  Bridge;  Banks'  corps,  behind  them; 
Reno's,  near  Sulphur  Springs;  M'DowelFs  near  Warrenton, 
and  Porter  between  Kelly's  Ford  and  Falmouth. 

While  Longstreet  attracted  Pope's  attention  in  front, 
Stonewall  Jackson,  "  whose  force  amounted  to  something 
more  than  25,000,  besides  Stuart's  cavalry,  numbering  6,000 
men,"  [A.  H.  Guernsey's  (rebel)  paper,  in  the  New  York 
World,  July  5th,  1866,]  crossed  the  Rappahannock  above 
Waterloo  Bridge,  on  the  25th,  and,  moving  northeastwardly, 
passed  through  Thoroughfare  Gap,  and,  turning  to  the  south- 
east, before  dark  the  next  day,  the  26th,  struck  the  Alex- 
andria railroad  at  Bristoe  Station,  thus  placing  himself 
between  Pope  and  Washington.  The  same  night  he  dis- 
patched Generals  Stuart  and  Trimble  to  Manassas  Junction, 
which  they  surprised.  Here  they  captured  a  large  amount 
of  stores  and  other  property,  which  they  destroyed. 

Early  the  next  morning,  the  27th,  they  drove  Colonel 
Scammon  across  Bull  Run  creek  at  Union  Mills,  and  raided 
along  the  railroad,  burning  and  capturing  unopposed  up  to 
Fairfax  and  Burke's  Stations.  General  Taylor,*  with  the 
First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth  New  Jersey  Infantry,  of 
Franklin's  corps,  hastened  by  railroad  to  meet  them,  but 
was  quickly  routed,  and  himself  mortally  wounded,  by 
Jackson,  who  had  arrived  with  his  own  and  A.  P.  Hill's 
division,  comprising  ten  brigades  and  twelve  batteries. 

Jackson's  success  so  far  was  complete,  but  his  position 
was  very  critical.  He  was  now  between  Pope  and  Wash- 
ington, and,  if  General  Pope  could  concentrate  his  superior 
force  before  Lee,  with  the  balance  of  his  army  arrived, 
Jackson  would  be  crushed  and  overwhelmed.  General 
Pope  ordered  M'Dowell  to  march  and  reach  Gainesville  by 

*  George  W.  Taylor,  New  Jersey. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  147 

the  night  of  the  27th,  and  Keno  and  Heintzleman  to  move 
by  Greenwich  and  the  railroad  and  join  his  right,  and  Por- 
ter to  push  for  Gainesville  as  soon  as  Banks  arrived  at  War- 
renton  Junction. 

On  the  morning  of  the  27th,  the  Eeserves  marched 
through  "Warrenton,  past  New  Baltimore,  and  towards  dark 
bivouacked  at  Buckland  Mills,  where  Broad  Run  crossed  the 
Warrenton  pike,  and  lay  under  arms  all  night.  The  insurgent 
Jackson  the  day  before  crossed  the  pike  near  here,  moving 
from  Thoroughfare  Gap  to  Bristoe  Station.  In  the  after- 
noon we  heard  Hooker's  guns  to  our  right,  he  encountering 
Ewell,  whom  Jackson  had  left  at  Bristoe,  four  miles  west  of 
it,  and  drove  him  towards  Manassas  Junction,  he  leaving 
his  dead,  wounded  and  baggage  on  the  field.  The  same 
night  General  Pope  ordered  Fitz  John  Porter  to  move  at 
one  A.M.  on  the  28th  to  Manassas  Junction,  and  M'Dowell 
to  press  forward  at  the  earliest  dawn  to  the  same  point. 

THE  SECOND  BULL  KUN,  OR  PLAIN  OF  MANASSAS,  AUGUST 

28TH,  29TH  AND  30TH,  1862. 

At  three  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  28th  we  were 
under  arms  and  commenced  our  march,  with  batteries  ready 
to  be  thrown  into  position,  and  a  strong  line  of  skirmishers 
on  the  left  and  front.  After  passing  Gainesville,  and  while 
on  the  Warrenton  and  Alexandria  turnpike,  about  ten  o'clock, 
the  head  of  the  column  was  opened  upon  by  a  rebel  battery, 
posted  on  the  hills  to  our  front  and  left.  The  column  was 
immediately  deployed  and  Cooper's  rifles  brought  to  bear 
upon  them,  under  cover  of  which  General  Meade  ordered 
Sickel  to  deploy  his  regiment  and  feel  their  support.  The 
Third  advanced  rapidly  up  the  ascent,  and,  after  a  brisk  skir- 
mish, drove  the  enemy  from  their  position.  During  this 
affair  a  shell  exploded  in  the  midst  of  the  Eighth,  killing 
two  men  and  wounding  six  others.  Adjutant  Swearenger 
lost  a  leg  and  had  his  horse  killed  under  him.  We  then 
resumed  our  march,  striking  across  the  country  toward 


148  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Manassas  Junction,  where  the  enemy  was  supposed  to  be, 
but  Jackson,  who  was  not  easily  caught  napping,  had  evac- 
uated that  position  early  the  previous  night,  marching 
toward  Centreville  and  Sudley  Spring. 

General  Pope  reached  the  junction  at  noon.  General 
Kearny,  followed  by  Hooker  and  later  by  Reno,  moved 
towards  Centreville,  the  advance  of  the  former,  near  dark, 
coming  in  contact  with  the  rear  of  some  of  Jackson's  forces, 
the  main  body  of  which  had  taken  a  position  on  the  unfin- 
ished railroad  between  Groveton  and  Sudley  Spring,  there 
to  await  the  arrival  of  Longstreet,  who  was  expected  through 
Thoroughfare  Gap.  King's  division  of  M'Dowell's  corps, 
moving  on  the  Warrenton  pike  toward  Centreville,  where 
Pope  still  thought  Jackson  was,  was  attacked  about  6:30 
P.M.  byEwell's  division  of  Jackson's  force.  Gibbon's  Bri- 
gade and  two  regiments  of  Doubleday's  Brigade  were 
engaged,  and  a  sanguinary  combat  ensued,  lasting  until 
after  nine  o'clock. 

"When  we  heard  the  thunder  of  this  conflict,  we  were  near 
Bethlehem  Church,  and  turning  to  the  left,  took  the  Sudley 
Spring  road  toward  the  Warrenton  pike.  We  had  already 
marched  many  long  and  weary  hours,  but,  tired  and  exhaus- 
ted, we  pressed  on  until  the  musket  firing  became  distinct, 
the  flashes  seen  and  the  mingled  voices  of  the  combatants 
heard.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  the  fight.  After  marching 
eighteen  hours  and  twenty-four  miles,  many  without  any- 
thing to  eat,  we  stretched  our  wearied  limbs  upon  the  grass 
to  sleep. 

At  the  time  this  combat  was  progressing,  Ricketts'  divis- 
ion and  the  cavalry,  in  all  about  ten  thousand  strong,  which 
had  been  sent  early  in  the  day,  by  General  M'Dowell  with- 
out orders,  to  block  Thoroughfare  Gap,  encountered  Long- 
street's  corps,  which  had  reached  the  Gap  at  three  o'clock 
that  afternoon.  As  Longstreet  had  no  time  to  lose,  he 
paid  little  attention  to  his  repulse,  but  hurled  his  battalions 
on  his  opponent.  Ricketts  did  not  make  the  stubborn  resist. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  149 

ance  the  circumstances  required,  but  commenced  retreating 
in  the  dark. 

Kicketts  moved  to  Bristoe,  and  King,  with  about  nine 
thousand  men,  withdrew  to  Manassas  Junction,  both  fearing 
being  crushed  between  Longstreet  and  Jackson.  Thus  the 
Warrenton  pike  was  left  unobstructed  and  the  juncture  of 
these  two  forces  unopposed.  This  was  the  critical  hour  of 
the  battle. 

That  the  reader  may  more  fully  understand  the  operations 
of  the  field,  we  will  endeavor  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the 
topography  of  the  region,  and  of  the  position  of  the  con- 
tending forces.  The  Bull  Run  mountains  run  nearly  north 
and  south,  and  are  cloven  by  two  gaps,  Thoroughfare  and 
Hopewell,  about  three  miles  apart.  Jackson  had  marched 
up  the  western  side  of  this  range,  crossed  it  at  Thoroughfare 
Gap,  and  swooped  down  upon  Pope's  rear.  Longstreet  was 
following  upon  the  same  track.  From  the  mountains,  the 
country  slopes  eastward  towards  Bull  Run  river,  the  dis- 
tance between  the  mountains  and  the  river  at  the  fetone 
Bridge  being  ten  or  twelve  miles.  The  intervening  plain, 
known  as  that  of  Manassas,  is  wooded  and  often  rugged. 
The  Warrenton  turnpike  crosses  this  plain  from  northeast 
to  southwest;  the  Manassas  Gap  railroad  crosses  it  from 
southeast  to  northwest;  the  railroad  and  turnpike  intersect 
each  other  at  Gainesville,  a  village  about  midway  between 
the  mountains  and  river.  Let  the  letter  x  serve  to  rep- 
resent these  features.  The  line  running  downwards  from  the 
left  to  right  stands  for  the  railroad ;  that  running  upwards 
from  left  to  right,  the  turnpike.  The  upper  left-hand  corner 
is  Thoroughfare  Gap;  the  upper  right-hand  corner  is  the 
Stone  Bridge ;  the  lower  right-hand  corner  is  Manassas  Junc- 
tion, five  miles  distant  from  the  bridge.  At  the  intersection 
of  the  two  lines  is  Gainesville.  Just  below  the  turnpike,  a 
mile  from  the  Stone  Bridge,  is  the  first  Bull  Run  battle-field ; 
just  above  it,  two  miles  further  west,  is  that  of  the  second 
Bull  Run,  more  properly  called  Groveton,  from  a  hamlet 


150  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

there  situated.  In  fact,  both  battle-fields  cross  the  turnpike, 
but  the  first  was  mainly  below,  the  second  mainly  above. 
The  distances,  as  closely  as  can  be  measured  upon  the  large 
government  map,  are :  Thoroughfare  Gap  to  Gainesville, 
five  miles;  Gainesville  to  Groveton,  four  miles;  Groveton 
to  Stone  Bridge,  three  miles;  Manassas  to  Gainesville,  seven 
miles. 

On  the  morning  of  the  29th,  Jackson,  with  25,000  men, 
was  drawn  up,  his  right  at  Groveton,  his  line  extending 
northward  about  two  miles.  Directly  in  his  front  was  half 
of  Pope's  force,  under  Reynolds,  Sigel,  Heintzleman  and 
Reno,  25,000  strong.  The  other  half,  of  nearly  equal 
strength,  under  M'Dowell  and  Porter,  lay  along  the  Man- 
assas railroad  from  the  Junction  part  way  to  Gainesville. 
General  Pope,  who  was  at  Centreville,  felt  he  had  Jackson 
sure  within  his  grasp,  surrounded  by  50,000  men,  and  that 
he  could  crush  him  before  Longstreet's  arrival.  Pope,  how- 
ever, was  greatly  deceived,  as  Longstreet,  in  a  letter  dated 
Coffinville,  Mississippi,  September  23d,  1866,  [papers,  etc., 
furnished  by  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  of  the 
Senate,  p.  471,]  states :  "  My  command  arrived  within 
supporting  distance  of  Jackson's  command  about  nine  A.M., 
29th  August,  near  Groveton." 

General  Pope,  at  10:30  that  morning,  not  knowing  the 
positions  of  either  Jackson  or  Longstreet,  sent  the  following 
order,  No.  26. 

"  HEADQUARTERS  ARMY  OF  VIRGINIA, 
"  CENTREVILLE,  August  29th,  1862. 

"Generals  M'Dowdl  and  Porter :  You  will  please  move 
forward  with  your  joint  commands  towards  Gainesville.  I 
sent  General  Porter  written  orders  to  that  effect  an  hour 
and  a  half  ago.  Heintzleman,  Sigel  and  Reno  are  moving 
on  the  Warrenton  turnpike,  and  must  now  be  not  far  from 
Gainesville.  I  desire  that,  as  soon  as  communication  is 
established  between  this  force  and  your  own,  the  whole  com- 
mand shall  halt.  It  may  be  necessary  to  fall  back  behind 


THE   THIED  RESERVE.  151 

Bull  Run,  at  Centreville,  to-night.  I  presume  it  will  be  so, 
on  account  of  our  supplies.  I  have  sent  no  orders  of  any 
description  to  Ricketts,  and  none  to  interfere  in  any  way  with 
the  movements  of  M'Dowell's  troops,  except  what  I  sent  by 
his  aid-de-camp  last  night,  which  were  to  hold  his  position  on 
the  Warrenton  pike  until  the  troops  from  here  should  fall  upon 
the  enemy's  flank  and  rear.  I  do  not  even  know  Ricketts' 
position,  as  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  out  where  M'Dowell 
was  until  a  late  hour  this  morning.  General  M'Dowell  will 
take  immediate  steps  to  communicate  with  General  Ricketts, 
and  instruct  him  to  rejoin  the  other  divisions  of  his  corps  as 
soon  as  practicable.  If  any  considerable  advantages  are  to 
be  gained  by  departing  from  this  order,  it  will  not  be  strictly 
carried  out.  One  thing  must  be  held  in  view,  that  the  troops 
must  occupy  a  position  from  which  they  can  reach  Bull  Run 
to-night,  or  by  morning.  The  indications  are  that  the  whole 
force  of  the  enemy  is  moving  in  this  direction  at  a  pace  that 
will  bring  them  here  by  to-morrow  night  or  next  day.  My 
own  headquarters  will  be  for  the  present  with  Heintzleman's 
corps,  or  at  this  place. 

"JOHN   POPE, 
"Major-General  Commanding." 

This  order,  and  a  subsequent  one,  dated  4:30  P.M.,  direct- 
ing Porter  to  march  on  Jackson's  right  flank,  were  based 
upon  the  erroneous  supposition  that  Longstreet  was  fully 
twenty-four  hours  distant ;  that  Jackson's  corps  was  the  only 
body  to  be  encountered;  that  the  Union  force  was  con- 
sequently nearly  double  that  of  the  Confederates ;  whereas, 
the  juncture  of  the  enemy  had  been  completed  some  hours 
before,  "giving  them  a  preponderance  of  three  to  two." 
[A.  H.  Guernsey's  (rebel)  paper,  New  York  World,  July  3d, 
1866.]  M'Dowell,  by  virtue  of  his  rank  as  senior  general, 
took  command  of  the  whole  force,  and  in  some  measure 
annulled  the  joint  order,  by  separating  the  forces.  Both  he 
and  Porter  deviated  from  the  order.  M'Dowell,  instead  or 
moving  west  towards  Gainesville,  withdrew  King's  division 


152  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

from  Porter,  and,  uniting  Ricketts'  division  with  it,  marched 
towards  Groveton.  The  propriety  of  his  doing  so  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  questioned.  Porter,  being  left  by 
M'Dowell  with  Longstreet  in  his  immediate  front,  remained 
in  his  position,  holding  the  superior  force  of  the  enemy  in 
check,  and,  by  inviting  attack  or  by  threatening  it,  kept  him 
from  going  against  General  Pope's  scattered  army.  By  this 
action  he  was  rendering  the  most  efficient  aid  in  his  power 
to  the  Union  army.  He  has  been  blamed  for  not  attacking 
Longstreet.  If  M'Dowell  with  the  joint  commands  had 
attacked  Longstreet,  a  general  battle  would  have  at  once 
been  brought  on,  and,  with  Pope's  army  not  in  hand,  and 
with  the  enemy  in  position  to  place  themselves  between 
the  two  wings  of  it,  the  result,  undoubtedly,  would  have 
been  most  disastrous. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  29th,  the  Reserves  were 
formed  and  moved  forward  to  meet  the  enemy.  They  were 
now  separated  from  M'Dowell  and  the  rest  of  his  command, 
and  were  acting  under  the  orders  of  Sigel.  We  advanced 
some  distance,  and  passed  through  a  woods  into  an  open 
plain,  where  we  were  drawn  up  on  the  left  of  a  mass  of 
troops  and  pushed  into  a  woods  beyond.  Soon  we  were 
ordered  back,  and  then  commenced  a  series  of  movements 
and  evolutions  and  feints  upon  the  enemy  that  took  us  sev- 
eral times  over  the  same  ground,  often  under  fire  of  rebel 
batteries  and  with  a  hot  sun  pouring  down  upon  us.  The 
day  was  extraordinarily  hard  upon  the  men,  who  were  worn 
out  and  weak,  they  being  now  completely  out  of  rations, 
and  having  no  opportunity  to  fill  their  canteens.  The  Third 
held  the  extreme  right  of  the  division,  which  was  on  the 
left  of  Schenck's.  At  one  time,  Schenck  having  withdrawn, 
the  enemy  pushed  in  troops  on  our  right  and  attempted  to 
cut  us  off,  but  the  movement  was  detected  in  time  to  fall 
back  to  a  plateau  south  of  the  pike. 

Sigel,  who  was  nearest  the  enemy,  opened  the  day  by  an 
early  attack,  and  was  fully  engaged  by  seven  o'clock,  gain- 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  153 

ing  ground  by  hard  fighting  until  half-past  ten,  when,  the 
enemy  receiving  large  re-enforcements,  he  was  forced  to  be 
contented  with  holding  his  own.  The  enemy,  under  Jack- 
son, were  now  in  position,  with  their  left  resting  on  Sudley 
Springs,  and  right  a  little  south  of  Warrenton  pike.  His 
front  was  covered  by  an  embankment  of  an  abandoned  rail- 
road, and  his  troops  sheltered  by  a  dense  woods  close  up  to 
it.  Heintzleman's  corps  occupied  the  right  of  our  line,  rest- 
ing on  Catharpen  creek,  near  its  junction  with  Bull  Run; 
Sigel's,  the  center ;  and  the  Reserves,  under  Reynold's,  the 
extreme  left,  south  of  Warrenton  pike.  In  fact,  the  two 
armies  confronted  each  other  with  the  railroad  embankment 
between  them.  Up  to  four  o'clock,  a  succession  of  heavy 
skirmishes  from  point  to  point  along  the  front  took  place. 
About  half-past  four,  M'Dowell  approached  with  the  balance 
of  his  corps.  General  Pope,  who  was  still  in  ignorance  of 
the  presence  of  Longstreet  in  front  of  Fitz  John  Porter,  had 
sent,  about  half-past  four  P.M.,  an  order  to  Porter  to  march 
upon  and  attack  Jackson's  left  flank,  and,  about  six  o'clock, 
presuming  Porter  was  upon  or  near  the  point  designated, 
directed  Heintzleman  and  Reno  to  attack  the  enemy's  left 
front.  The  assault  was  made  with  great  gallantry.  Kearny, 
having  changed  front  on  the  left,  led  his  division  to  the 
charge,  sweeping  back  and  rolling  up  the  first  line  on  to 
their  center  and  right.  The  conflict  at  this  point  was  main- 
tained with  great  spirit,  and  Grover's  Brigade  broke  through 
two  of  the  enemy's  lines,  and  penetrated  to  the  tbird  before 
it  was  checked.*  A  little  before  sunset,  General  M'Dowell, 
under  the  impression  the  enemy  were  in  full  retreat  down 
the  Warrenton  pike,  sent  King's  (now  Hatch's)  division  of 
his  corps  in  pursuit.  On  the  double-quick,  Hatch,  at  the 
head  of  the  column,  followed  by  his  own,  Doubleday's  and 
Patrick's  brigades,  crossed  an  arm  of  the  Bull  Run  close  to 
Groveton,  when  suddenly  his  skirmishers  encountered  those 

•General  Pope's  official  report.    Grover  attacked  at  three  o'clock, and  was  not  sup- 
ported.   Pope's  report  of  hour  is  wrong. 


154  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  the  enemy.  A  well-sustained  and  rapidly-increasing  mus- 
ketry fire  from  an  unyielding  line,  together  with  a  vig- 
orous cannonade,  soon  convinced  General  Hatch  that  the 
enemy  was  not  in  retreat,  but,  strongly  posted,  determinedly 
resisted  his  advance.  In  response  to  the  furious  attacks,  the 
Confederates  brought  up  heavy  re-enforcements,  and  finally, 
with  a  charge,  forced  Hatch's  division  to  retire,  with  a  large 
number  of  killed  and  wounded  and  the  loss  of  one  gun. 
(Captain  J.  A.  Judson,  an  Assistant  Adjutant-General  in 
King's  division.)  The  enemy  engaged  proved  to  be  Hood's  * 
division,  whom  Longstreet  had  ordered  to  make  a  forced 
reconnaissance. 

While  these  movements  were  being  made,  General  Rey- 
nolds was  ordered  to  threaten  their  right  and  rear.  Push- 
ing on  over  an  open  field,  a  rebel  battery  was  found  posted 
on  an  elevation  about  a  half-mile  to  the  left  of  the  pike, 
which  opened  fire  upon  them.  Reaching  the  base  of  the 
elevation,  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  the  battery,  it  was 
determined  to  try  it.  The  Second,  under  M'Candless,  with 
the  First  in  support,  was  sent  into  a  wood  to  the  right  and 
front  to  draw  its  fire.  Generals  Seymour  and  Jackson,  at 
the  head  of  most  of  their  regiments,  gallantly  led  them  to 
the  charge  up  the  hill ;  but  they  had  not  only  the  fire  of  the 
battery  to  encounter,  but  a  heavy  supporting  force  of 
infantry,  and,  notwithstanding  their  steadiness,  they  were 
forced  to  fall  back,  forming  and  lying  down  within  three 
hundred  yards  of  the  guns.  Unfortunately,  in  this  assault, 
the  guns  of  Ramson's  battery  were  smooth-bores,  and  could 
offer  no  cover  by  their  fire  to  the  storming  party. 

After  the  battle  ceased,  the  Reserve  were  withdrawn  to 
the  position  they  occupied  the  night  before,  and,  hungry  and 
wearied,  they  lay  down  on  their  arms  to  sleep.  But, 
unfortunately  for  us,  some  boys  belonging  to  the  "  Coffee 
Brigade "  kindled  small  fires  to  boil  their  much-coveted 


*  General  John  B.  Hood,  whom  Jefferson  Davis  sent  to  troll  Sherman  out  of 
Georgia. 


THE  THIRD   RESERVE.  155 

beverage,  by  which  the  enemy  discovered  our  bivouac,  and 
opened  at  long  range,  with  solid  shot,  by  which  several  were 
killed  and  wounded.  The  boys,  however,  were  too  tired  to 
pay  much  attention  to  this.  Regiments  from  each  brigade 
that  night  were  sent  on  picket,  which,  on  the  battle-field, 
means  to  lie  down  in  line  of  battle  within  a  short  distance 
of  the  enemy,  and  be  prepared  for  an  attack  at  any  moment. 

The  next  morning,  the  30th,  at  three  o'clock,  we  were 
again  under  arms,  ready  for  the  coming  struggle.  The  men 
were  now  absolutely  suffering  for  food,  they  having  been 
entirely  out  of  rations  for  two  days.*  They  were  worn 
down  by  constant  marching,  fighting  and  loss  of  sleep,  and 
were  unfit  for  the  field.  Many  were  so  utterly  exhausted 
that  it  was  necessary  to  send  them  to  the  rear,  they  being 
unable  to  continue  with  us.  The  boys,  who  had  been  with- 
out food  for  two  days  and  had  hardly  murmured  before, 
now  complained  to  their  colonel.  Sickel  sat  upon  his  horse 
and  listened  to  their  story,  which  he  knew  was  too  true. 
He  told  them  in  a  kind  voice  he  could  get  them  no  rations, 
that  he  had  nothing  but  cartridges  to  give  them.  When 
they  looked  on  his  pale  face,  and  saw  he  was  hardly  able  to 
keep  the  saddle,  they  ceased  to  complain.  The  opening  gun 
of  the  day  sounded,  the  shot  whistled  over  our  heads,  loud 
cheers  arose  from  the  boys,  and  the  Reserves  were  satisfied 
with  their  cartridges. 

Our  battle-ground  this  day  was  substantially  that  of  yes- 
terday, but  extending  further  to  the  left.  Our  army,  facing 
westward,  was  posted  in  a  form  of  an  inverted  Y  with 
unequal  arms,  the  opening  towards  us.  The  short  arm,  just 
south  of  the  Warrenton  Pike,  was  occupied  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Reserves,  who  held  the  extreme  left.  The  long 

*GeneraI  Pope,  in  his  report,  says :  "  On  the  morning  of  the  30th,  as  may  be  sup- 
posed, our  troops,  who  had  been  so  continually  marching  and  fighting  for  so  many 
days,  were  in  a  state  of  great  exhaustion.  They  had  had  little  to  eat  for  two  days 
previous,  and  the  artillery  and  cavalry  horses  had  been  in  harness  and  saddled  con- 
tinually for  ten  days,  and  had  had  no  forage  for  two  days  previous.  It  may  easily  be 
imagined  how  little  these  troops,  after  such  severe  labor,  and  after  undergoing  such 
hardship  and  privation,  were  in  condition  for  active  and  efficient  service." 


156  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

arm,  north  of  the  pike,  stretching  off  towards  Sudley  Springs, 
was  held,  commencing  on  the  Reserves'  right,  by  Porter, 
Sigel,  Reno  and  Heintzleman,  with  Ricketts'  and  Kings' 
divisions,  under  M'Dowell,  in  reserve.  Elevated  ground 
immediately  in  front  and  to  the  left  of  the  Reserves,  was 
covered  with  dense  timber,  interspersed  with  patches  of  pine 
and  scrub  oak.  To  the  right  of  the  Reserves,  and  in  Por- 
ter's front,  was  a  narrow  but  dense  forest.  Between  the 
forests,  one-half  mile  apart,  and  skirting  the  Warrenton 
pike  on  Porter's  front,  was  cleared  ground,  a  natural  glacis, 
rising  rapidly  to  an  elevated  ridge  held  by  the  enemy  and 
crowned  by  numerous  artillery.  This  artillery  commanded 
the  pike  and  the  cleared  ground,  and  concentrated  a  flank 
and  direct  fire  upon  any  attacking  column.  The  enemy's 
skirmishers  held  the  open  ground  and  the  forests.  His 
forces  and  movements  were  concealed  from  us,  whilst  the 
least  of  ours,  as  far  back  as  Centreville,  were  open  to  his 
view.  Unsuccessful  efforts  had  been  made  the  day  before  to 
gain  possession  of  these  forests. 

Soon  after  daybreak,  the  Reserves,  under  General  Rey- 
nolds, took  up  their  position  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  line, 
near  the  Henry  house,  they  being  intended  as  the  pivot  in 
the  attack  which  Porter's  corps  was  to  make  on  the  enemy's 
right,  then  supposed  to  be  on  the  pike  and  in  retreat.  The 
Bucktails  and  Second,  supported  by  the  Third,*  were 
deployed  as  skirmishers,  and  advanced  beyond  Young's 
creek  over  a  rising  piece  of  ground,  flanked  on  either  side 
by  heavy  woods.  Up  this  they  slowly  crept,  among  the 
dead  of  the  preceding  day,  and,  after  feeling  for  the  enemy 
for  some  time,  discovered  them  occupying  a  store  and  some 
out-buildings,  from  which  they  were  soon  driven.  Taking 

*  General  Reynolds,  in  his  official  report  of  the  operations  of  his  division  that  day, 
states :  "  The  advanced  skirmishers  were  the  First  Rifles,  (Bucktails,)  Colonel  M'Neil, 
and  the  First  Infantry,  Colonel  Roberts,  supported  by  the  Seventh  Infantry,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Henderson."  This,  however,  is  a  mistake.  The  author  was  present  with 
his  regiment,  the  Second,  Colonel  M'Candless,  and  conversed  with  both  Colonels 
M'Neil  and  Sickel,  and  could  not  be  mistaken  in  regard  to  it. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  157 

up  a  position  on  the  extreme  edge  of  the  woods,  near  Grove- 
ton,  a  sharp  fire  was  opened  by  both  sides  across  a  broad 
clearing,  beyond  which  the  enemy  were  posted  in  a  woods 
with  their  sharp-shooters  in  the  trees,  from  which  they  were 
dropped  in  a  lively  style  by  volleys  from  squads  of  our  men, 
who  marked  every  tree  from  which  smoke  issued. 

As  it  was  desirable  to  ascertain  the  strength  of  the  enemy 
in  our  front,  we  were  ordered  to  advance,  and  crossing  the 
clearing,  we  drove  the  enemy  before  us  and  about  four  hun- 
dred yards  into  the  woods,  where  we  halted.  A  masked 
battery  was  discovered  to  our  right  and  front,  and  a  large 
force  of  infantry  on  our  left  and  rear,  masked  by  cavalry, 
about  twelve  hundred  yards  distant.  Our  regiments  were 
about-faced,  marched  to  the  edge  of  the  woods,  their  lines 
dressed,  muskets  brought  to  a  shoulder,  and  then  moved 
across  the  clearing  with  deliberation,  and  when  they  reached 
the  position  they  charged  from,  were  fronted  and  lain  down. 
This  was  the  discovery  of  the  thunderbolt  that  was  about  to 
be  hurled  upon  us,  for  it  was  the  advance  of  a  heavy  mass 
that  had  turned  our  left  flank.  In  retiring,  a  number  of 
muskets  were  destroyed,  and  an  attempt  made  to  bring  off 
a  brass  howitzer  that  M'Dowell  had  abandoned  the  day 
before,  but  its  spokes  were  cut  and  a  wheel  broke  down. 
Lying  down,  all  was  quiet  for  about  an  hour,  the  enemy 
remaining  stationary,  to  concentrate  their  forces.  In  the 
meantime,  Meade's  Brigade  came  up,  and  the  Third  rejoined 
them. 

General  Pope's  plan  of  battle  was  to  attack  the  enemy's 
left,  along  the  Haymarket  road,  and,  with  that  view,  he 
strengthened  our  right.  Lee's  plan  was  to  turn  our  left, 
and  he  had  concentrated  the  mass  of  his  troops  towards  that 
point.  Pope's  plans  were  based  on  the  erroneous  impres- 
sion that  the  enemy  had  been  some  hours  retreating.  Gen- 
eral M'Dowell,  who  was  the  governing  spirit  upon  the  field, 
who  had  made  a  reconnaissance  on  our  extreme  right,  had 
mistaken  the  contraction  of  Lee's  lines  for  a  retreat.  One 


158  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

paroled  prisoner  of  our  own,  taken  the  evening  before,  came 
into  our  lines  during  the  morning  and  reported  the  enemy 
retreating  during  the  night  in  the  direction  of  Gainesville,* 
which  seemed  to  confirm  M'Dowell's  report.  That  any  gen- 
eral should  parole  prisoners  upon  a  battle-field,  and  permit 
them  to  go  direct  into  an  enemy's  lines,  and  carry  informa- 
tion of  his  retreat,  if  he  really  was  retreating,  seems  as 
improbable  as  it  does  to  suppose  any  one  could  be  deceived 
by  such  information. 

So  much  was  General  Pope  deceived,  as  to  the  attitude  of 
the  opposing  forces,  that  at  noon  he  issued  the  following 
special  order : 

"  The  following  forces  will  be  immediately  thrown  for- 
ward in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  and  press  him  vigorously 
during  the  whole  day.  Major-General  M'Dowell  is  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  pursuit;  Major-General  Porter's  corps 
will  push  forward  on  the  Warrenton  turnpike,  followed  by 
the  divisions  of  Brigadier-Generals  King  and  Reynolds. 

"  The  division  of  Brigadier-General  Ricketts  will  pursue 
the,  Haymarket  road,  followed  by  the  corps  of  Major-Gen- 
eral Heintzelman."  *  *  * 

In  an  order  issued  at  a  later  hour,  General  Pope  says : 
"  Major-General  M'Dowell,  being  charged  with  the  advanced 
forces  ordered  to  pursue  the  enemy."  f  *  *  * 

No  such  movement  was  ever  attempted. 

About  two  o'clock,  by  order,  Porter,  supported  by  King, 
attacked  the  enemy,  who  were  still  supposed  by  Pope  to  be 
retreating  along  the  pike ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  Heintzle- 
man  and  Reno,  supported  by  Ricketts,  were  ordered  to  assail 
them  to  his  right.  The  enemy,  from  his  elevated,  crescent- 
shaped  position,  swept  with  artillery  the  ground  over  which 
our  troops  advanced.  He  opposed  them  with  a  heavy  mus- 
ketry fire  from  behind  the  railroad*  embankments,  where  he 


*  General  Pope's  official  report. 

t"  Papers,  etc.,  furnished  by  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  of  the  Senate,"  p. 
357. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  159 

was  driven,  and  stood  almost  unharmed.  Butterfield,  Sykes 
and  Hatch  (with  Heintzleman,  Ricketts  and  Reno  on  the 
right,  not  engaged),  emerging  from  the  sheltering  timber, 
rapidly  advanced,  gallantly  attacked  and  desperately  con- 
tended for  victory.  The  resistance  could  not  be  overcome. 
Let  us  read  Stonewall  Jackson's  official  report  of  this  com- 
bat: 

"  In  a  few  moments  our  entire  line  was  engaged  in  a  fierce 
and  sanguinary  struggle  with  the  enemy.  As  one  line  was 
repulsed  another  took  its  place  and  pressed  forward,  as  if 
determined,  by  force  of  numbers  and  fury  of  assault,  to 
drive  us  from  our  position.  So  impetuous  and  well  sus- 
tained were  these  onsets,  as  to  induce  me  to  send  to  the 
commanding  general  for  re-enforcements,  but  the  timely 
and  gallant  advance  of  General  Longstreet,  on  the  right, 
relieved  my  troops  from  the  pressure  of  overwhelming  num- 
bers, and  gave  to  those  brave  men  the  chances  of  a  more 
equal  conflict."  *  *  * 

Such  was  was  the  fury  of  the  Union  assault  that  Jackson 
supposed  he  was  far  outnumbered,  whereas,  the  combatants 
were  nearly  equal,  with  the  advantage  of  the  strong  posi- 
tion in  favor  of  the  enemy. 

It  was  soon  after  this  attack  commenced  that  the  Reserve 
skirmishers  fell  back  over  the  clearing,  and,  when  GenersJ 
Reynolds  saw  it,  he  inquired  of  Colonel  M'Candless  why  he 
had  withdrawn.  Upon  being  informed,  he  replied  that  it 
was  impossible.  Putting  spurs  to  his  horse,  he  dashed 
through  our  skirmishers  to  the  left,  and  into  the  open 
ground.  There  he  found  the  enemy's  line  of  skirmishers 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  our  line,  covering  our  left  flank, 
with  cavalry  behind,  perfectly  stationary,  masking  a  column 
of  infantry  formed  for  attack  on  our  left  flank,  when  our 
line  should  be  sufficiently  advanced.  The  skirmishers  fired 
upon  him,  but  his  hour  had  not  yet  come,  and  he  run  the 
gauntlet  unscarred,  but  losing  an  orderly  who  followed  him. 
Reynolds  reported  the  fact  to  General  M'Dowell,  our  corps 


160  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

commander,  "  who  came  upon  the  ground,  and  directed  me 
to  form  my  division  to  resist  this  attack,  the  dispositions  for 
which  were  rapidly  completed.  Other  troops  were  to  be  sent 
to  my  support,  when  the  commanding  general  (M'Dowell) 
observing  the  attack  of  Porter  to  have  been  repulsed, 
ordered  me  with  my  division  across  the  field  to  the  rear  of 
Porter,  to  form  a  line,  behind  which  the  troops  might  be 
rallied."  [General  Reynolds'  official  report.]  Our  line  fell 
back  over  the  same  ground  we  advanced  on  in  the  morning, 
and  joined  the  division,  which  was  drawn  up  on  the  Bald 
Hill,  in  rear  of  a  heavy  wood.  Our  rifles,  to  the  right  of  us, 
were  soon  engaged  with  a  battery,  whose  range  they  soon 
got,  and  forced  it  to  withdraw. 

The  Reserves  were  then  ordered  to  the  right  and  rear  of 
Porter,  but  before  the  rear  of  our  column  had  left  the 
position,  the  threatened  attack  by  the  enemy  burst  into  a 
furious  assault  upon  our  left  and  along  the  entire  line.  The 
rear  brigade,  the  Third,  under  Colonel  Anderson,*  with 
three  batteries,  were  obliged  to  form  on  the  ground  on  which 
they  found  themselves  to  oppose  it.  Tower's  and  M'Lean's 
brigades  of  Ricketts'  division  formed  with  them,  but  the 
assault  was  too  severe  for  them  to  withstand  long,  and,  after 
heavy  loss,  little  by  little  they  were  forced  to  yield.  Four  of 
Kerns'  guns  were  taken,  but  not  until  he  was  killed  and 
twenty-four  of  his  men  lay  around  him,  and  twenty-seven 
horses  had  been  shot  down.f  Cooper  lost  his  caissons. 
The  brigade  sustained  itself  most  gallantly,  and,  though 
severely  pushed  on  both  front  and  flank,  maintained  its  posi- 
tion until  overwhelmed  by  numbers,  when  it  fell  back, 
taking  up  new  positions  whenever  the  advantages  of  ground 
permitted. 

*  General  Jackson  ruptured  a  blood  vessel  in  battle  the  day  before,  and  the  com- 
mand of  the  brigade  devolved  on  Colonel  Harding,  of  the  Twelfth,  who,  being  severly 
wounded  in  the  early  part  of  the  fight,  turned  the  command  over  to  Colonel  Anderson, 
of  the  Ninth. 

fProf  Bates'  History  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Vol.  I,  p.  969. 


I  HE   THIRD  RESERVE.  161 

Reynolds,  with  Meade's  and  Seymour's  brigades  and  Ran- 
som's battery,  hurried  across  the  field  to  the  right,  under  a 
heavy  fire  of  round  and  shell.  Passing  by  the  Robinson 
house  and  crossing  a  road,  our  course  was  diverted  by  the 
difficult  nature  of  the  ground,  and  the  retreating  masses  of 
the  broken  columns  among  the  troops  of  Heintzleman's 
corps,  already  formed,  by  which  much  time  was  lost  and 
confusion  created,  which  allowed  the  enemy  to  sweep  up 
with  his  right,  so  far  as  almost  to  cut  us  off  from  the  pike 
There  was  nothing  left  but  the  Third  Brigade  and  the  three 
batteries  of  Reserve  artillery  and  scattered  troops  of  other 
commands  to  resist  the  advance  of  the  enemy  upon  our  left. 
Arriving  on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  our  brigades  and  battery 
took  up  a  position  near  a  road,  from  which  we  overlooked  a 
large  portion  of  the  field,  and  Porter's  troops  commenced 
forming  behind  us,  but  on  account  of  the  position  at  Bald 
Hill  being  forced,  we  were  ordered  to  the  extreme  left,  where 
we  took  a  position  on  a  hill  to  the  right  of  the  Henry  house, 
not  far  from  our  first  position  in  the  morning.  Here  we 
formed  in  column  of  brigade,  with  Ransom's  battery  in  front, 
which  threw  its  shells  at  long  range  upon  the  heavy  masses 
of  the  enemy,  who  were  advancing.  There  we  remained 
under  a  shower  of  shells,  with  the  boys  being  knocked  over 
pretty  rapidly,  but  all  in  good  heart. 

At  last,  we  saw  division  after  division  of  our  army  give 
way,  and  soon  all  upon  the  field  appeared  in  utter  confusion, 
except  the  dense  columns  of  the  enemy  that  were  advancing 
with  wild  shouts  of  victory,  intent  upon  seizing  the  War- 
renton  pike,  to  cut  off  the  retreat  over  Bull  Run.  The 
quick  eye  of  Reynolds  had  perceived  this,  and  he  brought 
the  Reserves  here  to  prevent  it,  it  being  necessary  to  main- 
tain the  position  at  any  sacrifice.  On  rushed  the  exulting 
insurgents  with  loud  yells,  determined  to  go  right  over 
every  obstacle  to  the  pike.  Silently  stood  the  Reserves  at  a 
rest,  watching  their  approach.  The  gallant  Reynolds  dashed 
11 


162  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

to  the  front,  and  seizing  the  flag  of  the  Second,  waved  it 
aloft,  shouting,  "Follow  me,  Reserves."  A  prolonged  yell 
burst  from  the  brigades  as  they  dashed  upon  the  foe.  The 
columns  met  on  the  brow  of  a  declivity,  and,  for  a  few 
moments,  the  most  fearful  carnage  ensued.  The  dead  and 
wounded  were  trampled  under  foot.  The  rear  ranks  pressed 
on  till,  faltering  and  trembling,  the  fierce  foe  were  crushed 
down  and  hurled  back  upon  the  denser  masses  that  sup- 
ported them.  Reynolds,  with  the  standard  waving  above 
his  head,  and  Meade  and  Seymour  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fight,  urging  the  men  on,  presented  a  scene  of  heroic 
grandeur. 

On  pressed  the  Reserves,  wild  with  their  cry  of  battle, 
driving  the  enemy  into  the  woods,  on  and  over  their  support 
that  lay  five  or  six  line  deep,  who  sprang  to  their  feet  and 
met  them  with  a  sheet  of  flame,  and  dropped  to  give  range 
to  those  behind.  On  both  flanks  swarmed  the  enemy,  and 
the  flaming  missiles  from  several  batteries  were  bursting  in 
their  midst.  For  an  instant  they  were  in  the  fire  of  hell, 
completely  enveloped  in  smoke  and  flame.  The  pressure 
was  too  much,  and  they  were  literally  whirled  from  the 
ground.  But  they  had  not  yielded  the  pike  yet,  nor  did 
they  intend  to.  Reynolds,  Meade  and  Seymour  were  in 
their  midst,  and  they  could  not  leave  them.  Rallying  again 
on  their  old  position,  with  Ransom's  guns  dealing  death,  the 
foe  came  thundering  upon  them,  but  the  steady  and  low  fire 
of  the  line  hurled  them  back  until  Buchanan,  with  a  division 
of  regulars,  came  to  their  succor.  Hordes  of  the  enemy 
were  now  pouring  upon  this  one  point,  determined  to  carry 
it  at  any  sacrifice ;  but  the  Reserves  held  them  at  bay  until 
after  dark,  when  they  were  forced  back  nearly  a  mile,  but 
still  covering  the  pike.  Porter's  forces  now  came  to  their 
relief,  and,  with  their  ammunition  entirely  spent,  muskets 
thoroughly  heated,  and  the  men  almost  exhausted,  they  were 
withdrawn  to  the  rear.  Nearly  the  whole  army  had  now 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  163 

been  withdrawn  from  the  field,*  and  with  the  Third  Bri- 
gade, in  the  early  part  of  the  night,  they  marched  towards 
Centreville,  and  bivouacked  with  Sykes  upon  the  east  bank 
of  Cub  Run. 

General  Reynolds,  in  his  official  report,  gives  the  loss  of 
our  division  as  six  hundred  and  fifty-three. f  The  loss  of 
the  contending  armies  in  this  battle  was  never  stated  by 
their  commanders.  J 

Among  those  killed,  in  the  Third,  was  Captain  H.  Clay 
Beatty,  one  of  the  most  promising  young  officers  in  the 
division.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  a  gentleman  by  nature, 
a  soldier  through  principle,  high-minded,  honorable  and 
brave,  he  won  the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  officers, 
and  the  love  of  his  men.  The  Reserves,  and  the  Union, 
never  lost  a  braver  and  kinder  heart  than  his. 

Of  our  generals,  Pope,  in  his  report,  said : 

"  Brigadier  General  John  F.  Reynolds,  commanding  the 
Pennsylvania  Reserves,  merits  the  highest  commendation  at 
my  hands.  Prompt,  active,  and  energetic,  he  commanded 
his  division  with  distinguished  ability  throughout  the  opera- 
tions, and  performed  his  duty  in  all  situations  with  zeal  and 
fidelity.  Generals  Seymour  and  Meade,  of  that  division,  in 

*Pope,  in  his  official  report,  says: 

"About  eight  o'clock  at  night,  therefore,  I  sent  written  instructions  to  the  com- 
manders of  corps  to  withdraw  leisurely  towards  Centreville,  and  stated  to  them  what 
route  each  should  pursue  and  where  they  should  take  post.  General  Reno  was 
instructed  with  his  whole  corps  to  cover  the  movements  of  the  army  towards  Centre- 
ville. The  withdrawal  was  made  slowly,  quietly,  and  in  good  order,  no  pursuit  what- 
ever having  been  attempted  by  the  enemy.  A  division  of  infantry,  with  its  batteries, 
was  posted  to  cover  the  crossing  of  Cub  Run." 

t  For  the  loss  in  the  Third,  see  Appendix  A. 

%  General  Lee,  officially,  claims  to  have  captured,  during  his  campaign  against 
Pope,  from  Cedar  Mountain  to  Chantilly,  more  than  7,000  prisoners,  besides  2,000  of  our 
wounded  left  in  his  hands,  with  30  pieces  of  artillery,  and  20,000  small  arms.  Our  loss 
of  railroad  cars,  munitions,  and  camp  equipage,  must  have  been  immense.  The  rebel 
medical  director  makes  their  losses,  in  two  days  of  the  fighting  on  Manassas  Plains, 
1,090  killed,  6,154  wounded — total,  7,244.  Longstreet  reports  his  losses,  from  the  23d  to 
the  3£>th  of  August,  inclusive,  at  4,725.  A.  P.  Hill  reports  the  losses  in  his  division,  from 
the  24th  to  the  31st,  at  1,548.  Probably  the  entire  rebel  loss  in  the  campaign  did  not 
fall  short  of  15,000  men.  We  must  have  lost  heavily  in  stragglers,  who  never  rejoined 
their  regiments,  and  our  total  loss  probably  reached  20,000. 


164  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

like  manner  performed  their  duties  with  ability  and  gal- 
lantry, and  in  all  fidelity  to  the  Government  and  to  the 
army." 

During  the  night,  and  part  of  the  morning  of  the  31st, 
Sunday,  it  rained  very  hard.  Soon  after  daybreak,  we 
marched  to  Centreville.  Everything  was  in  great  confusion. 
The  roads,  deep  with  mud,  were  crowded  with  soldiers, 
orderlies,  and  wagons.  Squads  of  prisoners,  and  a  long 
train  of  ambulances,  were  moving  towards  Washington. 
Omnibusses,  carriages,  and  other  vehicles,  impressed  by  the 
Government,  covered  the  fields  in  every  direction.  Long 
lines  of  horses,  tied  to  ropes,  were  coming  out  from  Wash- 
ington. Hundreds  of  Government  officials  and  citizens 
arrived,  loaded  with  tobacco,  envelopes,  postage  stamps,  etc., 
which  they  generously  distributed. 

Colonel  Sickel,  who  was  entirely  unfit  for  the  field,  was 
now  forced  to  give  up.  Sick,  unable  to  eat,  suffering  from 
the  effect  of  a  coup  de  so-leil  a  few  days  before,  forced  to  yield 
the  command  of  his  regiment  on  the  battle-field  to  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Clark,  he  was  yet  unwilling  to  leave  his  com- 
rades, and  went  with  them  through  all  the  fighting,  cheering 
and  encouraging  them  on  the  best  he  could.  It  was  only 
when  he  saw  them  safe  at  Centreville,  with  the  prospect  of 
rations,  that  he  was  willing  to  part  from  them. 

Towards  noon,  the  division  marched  to  the  rear  about 
two  miles,  and  halted.  Coffee  and  crackers  were  issued, 
and  soon  our  fires  were  burning.  This  was  a  perfect  god- 
send to  us,  every  mouthful  of  coffee  we  drank  seeming  like 
so  much  life  passing  into  us.  We  remained  here  a  couple 
of  hours,  during  which  time  we  devoured  the  best  part  of 
our  three  days'  rations,  when  we  marched  back  to  Centre- 
ville, where,  about  dark,  we  had  salt-beef  issued  to  us.  Soon 
after,  with  light  hearts  and  heavy  stomachs,  our  division 
marched  out  to  relieve  General  Reno,  who  covered  the  cross- 
ings of  Cub  Hun,  our  artillery  shelling  the  woods  as  we 
advanced.  We  were  posted  on  a  range  of  high,  wooded 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  165 

hills,  resting  on  our  arms  all  night,  the  enemy  being  about 
as  well  used  up  as  we  were,  and  contenting  themselves  with 
a  little  skirmishing  while  we  were  moving  into  position.  It 
rained  hard  all  night,  and  it  was  a  long  and  wearied  watch. 
About  daybreak  an  officer  was  awoke  by  something  pulling 
at  his  boots,  and  looking  around,  he  beheld  xthe  most  glad- 
dening sight  the  eyes  of  a  soldier  could  rest  upon :  A  few 
inches  from  the  ground,  on  one  side  was  a  cup  of  coffee, 
and  on  the  other  a  bunch  of  crackers,  while  between,  radi- 
ant with  joy,  was  the  shining  face  of  a  young  contraband? 
looking  lovelier  than  the  cherubs  of  Michael  Angelo  in  their 
flight  to  heaven  with  expanded  wings. 

Soon  we  were  relieved,  and,  as  we  marched  back,  we 
passed  long  lines  of  ambulances  going  to  the  field  after  the 
wounded,  and  army  wagons  conveying  rations  to  them,  a 
flag  of  truce  being  arranged  for  that  purpose.  That  day, 
September  1st,  the  regiments  were  mustered  for  pay. 

General  Lee,  though  not  disposed  to  try  the  experiment 
of  Malvern  Hill  again,  was  not  idle,  and  the  morning  after 
the  battle  dispatched  Jackson's  and  E well's  divisions  to  turn 
and  assail  our  right,  and  cut  off  our  communication  with 
Washington.  Piatt's  and  Griffin's  brigades  of  Porter's 
corps,  that  had  marched  from  the  battle-field  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  last  day  of  our  desperate  struggle ;  Franklin's 
corps,  that  had  been  near  Centreville,  unknown  to  Pope,  the 
whole  of  the  same  sad  day,  and  Sumner's  corps,  that  arrived 
there  afterwards,  swelled  our  army  to  60,000  men.  On  the 
1st  of  September,  it  lay  on  the  pike  from  Centreville  to 
Fairfax  Court  House.  Pope  suspected  Lee's  movements, 
and  had  ordered  Sumner  and  Hooker  to  dispose  of  their 
forces  to  resist  it. 

CHANTILLY,  SEPTEMBER  IST,  1862. 

About  noon,  we  moved  off  on  the  fields  along  the  pike, 
which  was  filled  with  wagons  moving  both  ways.  Just 
before  sunset,  when  opposite  Chantilly,  Jackson,  with  a 


166  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

superior  force  of  infantry,  but  no  artillery,  commenced  an 
attack  on  two  divisions  of  Reno's  troops.  The  Reserves 
were  immediately  put  into  position  to  support  them.  The 
battle  soon  became  furious,  and  continued  until  after  dark. 
In  the  midst  of  it  a  thunder  storm  occurred,  so  furious  that 
the  sound  of  battle  was  unnoticed  at  Centreville,  but  three 
miles  oft'.  Generals  Isaac  J.  Stephens  and  Philip  Kearny, 
both  of  New  Jersey,  were  killed,  and  the  command  devolved 
upon  General  Birney,  who  finished  the  contest  by  a  bayonet 
charge.  Birney  held  the  field  through  the  night,  burying 
our  dead  and  removing  the  wounded.  Our  loss  did  not 
exceed  a  total  of  500  men.  This  battle  was  called,  by  the 
insurgents,  Ox  Hill.  Jackson's  flank  movement  proved  a 
failure,  and  our  retreat  was  no  further  annoyed  by  the 
enemy. 

The  next  morning,  beeves  were  shot  and  issued  to  the 
men.  Soon  afterwards  we  moved  off  down  the  pike,  through 
Fairfax  Court  House  to  Anandale,  where  we  turned  to  the 
left,  and,  after  an  hour's  halt,  marched  on  past  Ball's  Cross 
Roads  to  the  neigborhood  of  Arlington  Heights.  On  the 
road  we  passed  wagons,  artillery  and  fresh  troops,  moving 
the  other  way.  The  new  regiments  were  easily  distin- 
guished by  their  white  faces,  new  clothes  and  full  knap- 
sacks. We  happened  to  halt  a  few  moments  alongside  of 
one  of  these,  when  an  animated  discussion  arose  among  our 
boys  as  to  where  they  came  from,  and  who  they  were.  Some 
contended  they  were  just  oft'  of  Chestnut  street,  or  out  of 
band-boxes,  while  others  suggested  they  were  runaway 
school-girls.  This  latter  idea  seemed  to  prevail,  and  the  Miss 
Nellies,  Katies  and  Sallies,  were  tempted  with  crackers  and 
cartridges,  in  exchange  for  locks  of  their  hair.  One  thought- 
less youth,  who  estrayed  into  our  ranks,  was  surrounded  by 
the  boys,  but  managed  to  escape,  when,  with  reddened 
cheeks  and  flashing  eyes,  he  came  to  a  charge,  and  swore  he 
would  bayonet  the  first  Reserve  who  attempted  to  kiss  him. 
Before  nine  o'clock  that  night  all  the  army  was  inside  the 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  167 

intrenchments,  except  three  corps  on  the  Vienna  and  Chain 
Bridge  roads,  which  arrived  the  next  day. 

The  next  morning,  the  3d,  we  moved  about  three  miles, 
near  the  Arlington  House,  the  late  residence  of  General 
Robert  E.  Lee,  now  a  National  Cemetery,  where  slumber 
thousands  of  our  Union  dead,  where  we  lay  in  the  woods 
until  the  afternoon  of  the  next  day,  when  we  marched  to 
Upton  Hill.  The  Reserves  were  now  in  a  sad  plight.  The 
majority  of  the  boys  were  nearly  shoeless,  some  had  lost 
their  caps,  and  very  many  had  no  blouses.  What  clothes 
they  had  were  ragged  and  torn,  and  there  was  hardly  a 
blanket  among  them.  New  clothing,  however,  was  soon 
issued,  and  when  the  boys  got  a  chance  to  wash  their  hands 
and  faces  they  thought  they  looked  very  fine.  This  opera- 
tion they  had  no  opportunity  to  perform  for  about  eight 
days. 

Here  terminated  our  short  but  arduous  campaign  in  the 
"Army  of  Virginia,"  under  General  John  Pope.  The 
strength  of  Pope's  army  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  on  paper, 
was  65,600  men.  Of  these,  Piatt  and  Griffin's  brigades, 
5,000  strong,  were  at  Centreville  on  the  30th ;  (Pope)  Banks', 
5,000  strong,  were  at  Bristol  on  the  29th  and  30th,  guarding 
supplies.  The  strength  of  Lee's  army  at  the  battle  was 
62,900,  all  of  whom  were  in  action.*  Lee's  army  outnum- 
bered Pope's  7,300.f  Doctor  A.  H.  Guernsey's  paper  (which 
"is  considered  quite  accurate  and  just"  by  the  Confederate 
generals,)  put  the  rebel  force  in  the  battle  at  71,000  men. 
The  failure  of  Pope  is  to  be  attributed  to  a  number  of 
causes : 

That  Ricketts,  considering  the  favorable  ground  east 
of  Thoroughfare  Gap,  did  not  offer  the  stubborn  resist- 
ance he  was  capable  of,  to  the  march  of  Longstreet,  is  evi- 
dent. Ricketts'  march  on  Bristoe,  to  a  very  slight  extent, 

*  Proceedings  and  Report  of  Board  of  Army  Officers,  April  12th,  1878,  in  the  case 
of  Fitz  John  Porter,  part  I,  page  508. 
If  Ibid,  page  462. 


168  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

justified  King's  withdrawal  from  the  Warrenton  pike. 
These  two  movements  left  Longstreet's  march  to  unite  with 
Jackson  unobstructed. 

The  mistake  in  supposing,  on  the  morning  of  the  30th, 
that  Lee's  army  was  in  full  retreat  down  the  Warrenton 
pike,  when,  in  fact,  the  left  wing  of  it  was  in  an  almost 
impregnable  fortress — the  Independent  railroad  embank- 
ment and  cut — and  the  right  wing  was  being  heavily  re-en- 
forced, to  turn  on  our  left  flank. 

That  the  plan  of  battle  originally  settled  upon — of  falling 
back  and  concentrating  our  army  behind  Bull  Run  creek, 
within  easier  reach  of  re-enforcements  and  supplies — was 
changed  to  an  offensive  one. 

The  exhausted  state  of  our  troops,  for  want  of  rations. 

Of  the  91,000  veteran  troops  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac who  left  Harrison's  Landing,  but  20,500  re-enforced 
Pope.  Franklin  and  Sumner,  with  19,000  more,  marched 
from  Alexandria,  and  arrived  at  Centreville  after  the  battle 
was  lost.  Alexandria  was  swarming  with  troops  under 
General  M'Clellan,  and  was  full  of  supplies.  Pope's  army 
was  absolutely  without  food  during  one,  two  and  three  days. 
There  was  no  enemy  between  Alexandria  and  Pope  after 
the  night  of  the  28th.  General  Pope  received  a  letter  on 
the  morning  of  the  30th,  from  General  M'Clellau,  inform- 
ing him  that  "  rations  and  forage  were  at  Alexandria,  wait- 
ing a  cavalry  escort."  Forage  and  rations,  and  citizens  in 
private  carriages,  came  to  us  after  our  defeat  without  a 
"  cavalry  escort,"  when  there  was  really  more  danger  than 
before  the  battle. 

Subsequently  charges  were  preferred  by  General  Pope 
against  Major-General  Porter,  upon  which  he  was  tried  and 
convicted  by  a  court-martial  ordered  by  the  President.  He 
was  sentenced  "  to  be  cashiered,  and  to  be  forever  disquali- 
fied from  holding  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the 
government  of  the  United  States."  Severe  as  this  sentence 
was — worse  than  death  to  Fitz  John  Porter — it  appears  to 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  169 

have  been  justified  by  the  weight  of  evidence.  After-dis- 
covered evidence  convinced  General  Porter,  who  had  always 
felt  himself  wronged  by  the  verdict,  that  he  could  establish 
the  correctness  of  the  defence  he  gave  on  his  trial.  Upon  his 
appeal,  President  Hayes,  April  9th,  1878,  ordered  a  Board 
of  Officers  to  examine  the  case.  The  two  principal  points 
that  seemed  to  justify  the  verdict  were:  The  alleged  failure 
to  obey  the  order  requiring  him  to  move  his  command  at 
one  A.M.  on  August  28th;  the  failure  to  attack  on  the  29th. 
As  to  the  first,  the  intense  darkness  of  the  night  and  the 
bad  roads,  that  were  blocked  by  wagon  trains,  induced  him, 
by  the  advice  of  Generals  Morell,  Sykes  and  Butterfield,  to 
delay  the  movement  until  three  o'clock.  As  to  the  second, 
the  responsibility  for  not  doing  so  up  to  noon,  rested  with 
General  M'Dowell,  as  senior  officer,  vested  with  the  com- 
mand. As  to  the  advisability  of  attacking,  the  only  chance 
of  success  was  with  the  combined  forces  early  in  the  day. 
General  Pope  based  his  orders  upon  the  supposition  that 
Longstreet  was  fully  twenty-four  hours  distant;  that  Jack- 
son's corps  was  the  only  body  to  be  encountered;  and  that 
the  Union  force,  consequently,  was  nearly  double  that  of  the 
insurgents,  whereas,  what  Porter  strongly  suspected  then — 
in  fact  knew — that  Longstreet  was  in  his  immediate  front 
with  a  superior  force,  we  now  have  undoubted  evidence  was 
the  fact.  That  attacks  must  sometimes  be  made  under  such 
circumstances  as  Porter  was  in  is  undoubtedly  true,  for  it  is 
sometimes  necessary  for  a  portion  of  an  army  to  sacrifice 
itself  to  save  the  rest  of  the  army.  General  Porter,  by  not 
attacking,  by  the  mere  position  of  his  troops,  and  by  his 
movements  that  day,  rendered  a  much  more  important  ser- 
vice to  the  rest  of  the  army,  by  keeping  at  least  double  his 
numbers  in  front  of  him,  and  paralyzing  them  so  far  as  any 
action  against  our  right  was  concerned,  and  by  delaying  the 
general  battle  until  the  next  day,  when  Pope  had  his  army 
for  the  first  time  really  in  hand.  The  report  of  the  Board  of 
Officers  fully  justify  Porter's  conduct,  and  says,  "that  in  our 


170  1HE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

opinion,  justice  requires  at  his  hands  (the  President's)  such 
action  as  may  be  necessary  to  annul  and  set  aside  the  find- 
ings and  sentence  of  the  court-martial." 

When  a  great  wrong  has  been  done  and  the  error  of  it 
ascertained,  all  feelings  of  honor  demand  a  frank  acknowl- 
edgment of  it  and  restitution.  Are  we  not  too  great  a  nation, 
too  magnanimous  a  people,  to  suffer  the  continuation  of  a 
wrong?  Porter,  by  this  nation,  and  by  history,  will  have 
justice  done  him. 

The  Porter  inquiry  case  gave  our  friends,  the  late  Con- 
federates, an  opportunity  to  place  on  record  the  gallant 
deeds  of  their  arms  upon  that  field,  and  we  read  them,  as 
Americans,  with  prid,e. 

But  the  blood  of  Bull  Run  was  not  shed  in  vain.  The 
rights  of  the  South,  under  the  Constitution,  had  strong  advo- 
cates in  the  North.  "  The  Union  as  it  was,  and  the  Consti- 
tution as  it  is,"  was  a  political  watch-word.  The  restoration 
of  the  Union  was  the  prevailing  wish,  and  to  accomplish  it 
the  large  majority  in  the  North  would  have  freely  forgiven 
the  past  and  guaranteed  the  South  in  their  property  in 
slavery.  The  Nation  did  not  yet  recognize  the  great  issue 
of  the  war — slavery.  The  sacrifice  of  more  blood  and  treas- 
ures was  needed  to  clear  our  vision  and  purify  our  heart. 
The  South  was  not  yet  reduced  to  the  helpless  condition  of 
submission  to  the  will  of  God. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  171 


CHAPTER  XI. 

POPE  SUPERSEDED  BY  M'CLELLAN —  CROSS  THE  POTOMAC  —  THE  MARCH 
THROUGH  MARYLAND  —  FREDERICK,  EARLY  IN  THE  MORNING  —  THE 
BOUQUET  OF  FLOWERS  —  WANTED  His  TOOTH  PULLED  —  BATTLE  OF 
SOUTH  MOUNTAIN  —  PLEASANTON  ATTACKS  —  BURNSIDE  COMES  UP  — 
LONGSTREET  SUPERSEDES  HlLL  —  FALL  OF  RENO  —  HOOKER  FLANKS — 
LAUGHABLE  SCENE  —  RESERVES  SCALE  THE  MOUNTAINS  —  FREE  FIGHT 
—  VICTORY  —  MARCH  —  BOONSBORO  —  PRISONERS. 

/GENERAL  POPE,  having  resigned  his  command,  was 
^JT  succeeded  by  General  M'Clellan,  on  the  2d  of  Septem- 
ber. Pope's  original  army  had  been  greatly  demoralized, 
but  that  of  M'Clellan  was  in  good  heart,  and  the  portion  of 
it  that  had  been  in  the  late  campaign  only  needed  a  little 
rest.  On  the  3d,  D.  H.  Hill,  with  the  van  of  the  insurgent 
army,  crossed  the  Potomac  near  Edwards'  Ferry,  into  Mary- 
land; and  Lee,  soon  following  with  the  balance  of  his  army, 
entered  Frederick  on  the  8th.  M'Clellan,  early  apprised 
of  this  movement,  put  his  army  in  motion  to  meet  him. 

About  this  time  the  Reserves  were  transferred  from 
M'Dowell's  to  the  First  Corps,  commanded  by  General 
Hooker.  About  two  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  7th,  we 
fell  in,  and  moved  off  through  the  woods  to  the  pike,  cross- 
ing the  Potomac  on  Long  Bridge,  and  marching  through 
the  thronged  streets  of  the  Capital  with  our  drums  beating. 
Proceeding  out  the  Leesboro  road,  we  lay  down  to  rest. 
That  afternoon  we  moved  on  to  Leesboro,  about  seven 
miles  distant,  where  we  lay  in  a  scrub-oak  thicket  until  the 
afternoon  of  the  9th,  when  we  marched  through  Mechauics- 
ville  and  bivouacked  about  sunset  near  Brookville.  About 
noon  the  next  day,  we  moved  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Patuxent  and  bivouacked,  and  the  succeeding  day  to  near 
Poplar  Springs.  The  insurgent  cavalry  had  left  this  place 
the  night  before.  In  our  march  through  Maryland,  we 


172  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

found  some  loyal  inhabitants,  but  the  majority  were  pass- 
ively so  only.  The  insurgent  soldiery,  in  the  main,  con- 
ducted themselves  very  well,  but  cattle,  horses,  and  stores 
of  all  kinds,  that  would  contribute  to  the  subsistence  or 
efficiency  of  this  army,  were  seized  by  wholesale,  and 
crossed  over  the  Potomac.  The  articles  taken  were  paid  for 
in  quartermaster's  orders ;  but  who  wished  to  invest  in  such 
paper  ?  At  the  urgent  request  of  Governor  Curtin,  General 
Reynolds  was  detached  from  the  Reserves  on  the  12th,  and 
sent  to  Pennsylvania  to  organize  the  75,000  "  emergency 
men  "  the  Governor  had  called  out  for  the  defence  of  the 
State.  General  Meade,  thereupon,  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  division.  In  the  absence  of  Colonel  Sickel,  the 
senior  officer  of  the  brigade,  the  command  of  the  same 
devolved  upon  Colonel  Magilton.  On  the  same  day,  our 
troops  had  a  brief  skirmish  at  Monocacy  Bridge,  and  drove 
the  rear  guard  of  the  enemy  out  of  Frederick.  While  in 
possession  of  the  city,  the  "Liberators"  ordered  all  the 
stores  to  be  opened,  which  they  soon  emptied  of  their  con- 
tents, paying  for  the  same  in  their  worthless  trash.  They 
also  opened  recruiting  offices,  but  the  citizens,  who  had 
shown  no  gluttonous  appetite  to  fight  for  the  Union,  listened 
unmoved  to  the  pealing  anthems  of  "  My  Maryland  "  and 
other  southern  hymns. 

General  M'Clellan  here  had  the  good  fortune,  on  the  13th, 
to  obtain  a  copy  of  Lee's  general  order,  dated  September 
9th,  developing  his  prospective  movements.  This  directed 
the  seizing  of  Harpers  Ferry,  and  the  re-crossing  of  the 
Potomac  by  a  large  portion  of  the  army,  and  its  return  to 
Maryland.  Thus  possessed  of  his  adversary's  designs,  un- 
known to  him,  and  when  it  was  too  late  to  change  them,  he 
was  enabled  to  move  with  greater  promptness  and  certainty. 
Our  army,  which  had  been  slowly  moving  through  Mary- 
land in  five  columns,  covering  Washington  and  Baltimore, 
was  now  concentrated  near  Frederick. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  173 

SOUTH  MOUNTAIN,  SEPTEMBER  14iH,  1862. 

At  three  o'clock  on  Sunday  morning,  our  drums  rattled 
the  reveille  on  the  banks  of  the  Monocacy,  and,  after  coffee 
and  crackers,  we  filed  off  on  the  National  road,  and  marched 
through  Frederick.  The  inhabitants  were  hardly  awake, 
and  those  we  saw  were  universally  dressed  in  neat,  snowy 
white.  There  were  many  bright  eyes  peeping  through  the 
window-slats,  and  handkerchiefs  mysteriously  waving.  A 
good  sprinkling  of  miniature  flags  were  displayed,  and,  alto- 
gether, Frederick  presented  a  novel  and  interesting  sight 
early  in  the  morning.  Moving  on,  we  wound  our  way  up 
the  Catoctin  Mountain,  on  the  summit  of  which  an  artillery 
fight  had  taken  place  the  day  before,  in  which  one  of  the 
enemy's  caissons  had  been  exploded.  From  here  the  scenery 
is  magnificent.  In  our  rear  lies  the  valley  of  the  Monocacy, 
with  Frederick  resting  on  its  breast;  and  in  front  stretches 
that  of  the  Catoctin,  with  the  South  Mountains  beyond. 
Down  this  beautiful  valley  winds  the  broad  creek  that  gives 
it  name,  and  in  which  is  situated  Middletown.  Long  lines 
of  troops  and  ammunition  wagons  were  moving  across  it, 
towards  the  mountains,  from  whose  sides  issued  puffs  of 
white  smoke  and  came  the  booming  of  cannon. 

About  noon  we  marched  through  the  town,  a  pretty  place, 
whose  inhabitants  lined  the  streets  and  welcomed  us  on  our 
way  to  battle.  Bread,  cakes,  milk,  water,  and  fruit,  were 
freely  given  by  the  good  people,  whose  hearty  welcome  made 
us  feel  for  the  first  time  we  were  among  friends.  A  pretty 
young  lady  stepped  from  the  side-walk,  and  handed  to  the 
adjutant  of  the  Second  a  bouquet  of  flowers.  She  spoke 
not  a  word,  but  crimsoned  when  their  eyes  met.  That  night 
young  Cross  lay  dead  upon  the  field,  and  the  flowers  were 
found  buttoned  inside  his  coat.  Marching  on,  with  happy 
hearts,  we  came  to  the  Catoctin,  where  Pleasanton's  cavalry 
had  skirmished  and  driven  Stuart's,  the  day  before,  but  not 
until  they  succeeded  in  destroying  the  bridge  and  burning 
the  mill  and  surrounding  houses.  Here  we  rested  for  a 


174  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

while,  and  made  coffee.  One  of  the  boys  had  an  aching 
tooth,  and  asked  the  surgeon  to  extract  it.  ""Why,  my  dear 
boy,  we  are  going  into  battle  in  a  little  while."  "I  know 
that,"  replied  the  boy,  "  but  who  wants  to  go  to  heaven  with 
the  tooth-ache." 

At  this  time  Jackson's  corps  and  Walker's  *  division  had 
recrossed  the  Potomac  into  Virginia,f  and  M'Law's  corps  of 
about  20,000  was  skirmishing  at  Harpers  Ferry.!  Long- 
street  had  marched  toward  Hagerstown,  and  detached  six  of 
his  brigades,  under  Anderson,  to  cooperate  with  M'Law's 
against  Maryland  Heights  and  Harpers  Ferry.  This  left 
D.  H.  Hill's  division,  of  five  brigades  of  5,000  men,  §  and 
Stuart's  cavalry  to  hold  Turner's  Gap  and  the  adjacent 
passes  of  South  Mountain.  Lee,  to  thus  divide  his  army, 

i  V     * 

certainly  showed  an  utter  contempt  of  his  adversary's  enter- 
prise, or  of  all  rules  of  warfare. 

Turner's  Gap,  through  which  the  National  road  passes,  is 
about  four  hundred  feet  high,  and  the  crests  on  either  side 
rise  some  six  hundred  feet  higher.  The  old  Hagerstown 
road  is  half  a  mile  to  the  north,  and  the  old  Sharpsburg 
road  an  equal  distance  to  the  south,  both  rising  higher  than 
the  Gap.  Early  in  the  morning  Pleasanton's  cavalry  had 
been  skirmishing  with  the  enemy,  and  when  General  Cox's 
division  arrived,  about  nine  A.M.,  one  brigade  was  sent  up 
the  Sharpsburg  road  to  ascertain  if  they  held  the  crest  on 
that  side  in  force.  Such  proving  to  be  the  case,  Cox  with 
his  division,  supported  by  General  Reno's  corps,  at  once 
commenced  the  attack,  which  was  continued  with  desperate 
fighting  until  noon,  when  the  musketry  firing  ceased  until 
two  o'clock,  each  side  awaiting  re-enforcements.  During  this 
time,  and  somewhat  later,  nine  of  Longstreet's  brigades 
arrived,  raising  the  enemy's  force  to  nearly  30,000  men,  and 

*  Major-General  W.  H.  J.  Walker,  of  Georgia.    Killed  at  Decatur,  Ga.,  July  22d,  1864. 

t  September  llth. 

:;  September  12th. 

g  General  D.  H.  Hill's  official  report. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  175 

Longstreet  coming  upon  the  field,  and  ranking  Hill,  took 
the  chief  command.  In  the  meantime,  Hooker  with  our 
corps  arrived,  and,  taking  the  old  Hagerstown  road,  moved 
to  the  right,  to  turn  their  left  flank.  About  two  P.M.  Wil- 
cox's  division  came  up,  and  General  Reno  ordered  him  to 
move  up  the  Sharpsburg  road,  and  take  position  to  the  right 
of  it.  Wilcox,  at  General  Cox's  request,  sent  two  regiments 
to  his  support,  and  a  section  of  Captain  Cook's  battery  was 
placed  upon  the  crest  near  the  road,  and  opened  fire  across 
the  Gap  upon  an  insurgent  battery.  As  Wilcox  was  deploy- 
ing, the  enemy  suddenly  opened  with  a  battery  at  short  range, 
and  drove  the  cannoneers,  with  their  limbers,  from  the  guns, 
which  were  nearly  lost,  but  saved  by  a  determined  charge  of 
the  Seventy-ninth  New  York  and  Seventeenth  Michigan. 
The  division  was  then  formed  on  the  right  of  Cox's,  and 
sheltered  as  much  as  possible  under  the  mountain-side,  until 
the  whole  line  advanced. 

Shortly  before  this  General  Burnside  arrived,  and  directed 
Reno  to  move  up  the  divisions  of  Sturges  and  Rodman  *  to 
the  crest  alongside  of  Cox  and  Wilcox,  and  to  attack  with 
his  whole  force  as  soon  as  Hooker  was  well  up  the  mountain 
on  the  right.  It  was  half-past  three  before  these  troops  were 
in  position,  when  Clark's  battery  was  sent  to  assist  General 
Cox.  The  advantage  of  the  enemy's  position  was  still  very 
great,  all  our  movements  being  seen  by  him,  while  his  posi- 
tions and  strength  were  concealed  from  us.  Besides  this,  our 
men  had  to  struggle  up  the  steep  mountain-side,  while  the 
enemy  lay  behind  the  stone  walls  and  rocks,  and  took  advan- 
tage of  the  inequality  of  the  ground.  The  disproportion 
between  the  troops  actually  engaged  was  not  so  very  great, 
probably  about  one-third  more  on  our  side,  which  left  heavy 
odds  against  us.  About  three  o'clock,  under  a  heavy  fire  of 
artillery,  a  general  advance  of  the  line  took  place,  and  was 
signalized  by  gallantry  on  both  sides,  but  our  steadiness 

*  Brigadier-General  Isaac  P.  Rodman.    Killed  at  Antietam. 


176  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

prevailed,  and  they  were  gradually  driven  back  until  the 
crest  was  ours.  At  the  head  of  his  troops,  about  sunset,  fell 
the  gallant  Major-General  Jesse  L.  Reno. 

"While  the  left  was  thus  engaged,  the  right,  under  General 
Hooker,  was  also  climbing  up  the  mountain-side.  About 
two  o'clock  we  moved  from  the  Catoctin  along  the  National 
road,  and  turned  ofl'  to  the  right  on  the  old  Hagerstown 
road,  passing  by  Mount  Tabor  Church,  then  through  the 
woods  and  over  the  fields,  along  the  base  of  the  mountain 
for  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  when  we  halted.  The  inhab- 
itants, who  had  never  witnessed  a  battle,  took  advantage  of 
this  opportunity,  and  accompanied  us  on  our  march,  keep- 
ing between  us  and  the  mountains,  the  better  to  see  all  that 
passed.  The  enemy,  who  had  been  watching  our  move- 
ments, opened  from  a  gun,  throwing  a  shell  in  close  prox- 
imity. The  efi'ect  upon  the  sightseers  was  magical,  they 
breaking  through  our  lines  with  wild  screams,  and  knocking 
the  boys  around  like  toys.  The  men,  with  a  bound,  cleared 
the  fences,  and  run  like  deer,  but  many  of  the  poor  women 
were  left  hanging  on  the  posts  by  their  petticoats  and  hoops, 
while  the  terrified  children  lay  upon  the  ground  and  shrieked. 
Never  did  we  see  a  battle  opened  with  such  a  prelude  before, 
and  it  did  us  more  good  than  all  the  harangues  our  generals 
could  have  delivered. 

General  Seymour,  whose  brigade  occupied  the  extreme 
right,  deployed  the  Bucktails,  with  the  Second  as  a  sup- 
port, as  skirmishers.  Advancing  up  the  foot-hills,  we  soon 
became  engaged,  driving  the  enemy  close  on  to  the  moun- 
tains, where,  coming  to  a  stone  wall,  they  rallied  and  made 
a  desperate  resistance ;  but  the  flags  of  the  Reserve  were 
forced  over  it,  and  then  took  place  the  most  exciting  and 
spirited  fight  we  ever  witnessed.  Generally  speaking,  fight- 
ing is  too  earnest  work  for  the  boys  to  see  much  fun  in  it, 
but  the  women  down  the  road  put  the  devil  into  their  heads, 
and  the  insurgents  could  not  knock  it  out  of  them.  The 
ground  was  of  the  most  difficult  character  for  the  movement 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  177 

of  troops,  the  mountain-side  being  very  steep  and  rocky, 
and  obstructed  by  stone  walls,  rocks  and  timber,  from 
behind  which  the  enemy,  in  lines  and  squads,  kept  up  an 
incessant  fire.  All  order  and  regularity  of  our  lines  was 
soon  destroyed,  and  the  regiments  became  mixed  up,  the 
battle  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  free  fight,  in  which 
every  one  went  in  according  to  his  fancy.  From  wall  to 
wall,  and  rock  to  rock,  the  enemy  were  driven,  squads  of 
boys  outflanking  them,  and  getting  outflanked  in  turn.  But 
higher  and  higher  we  went,  until  at  last  our  banners  caught 
the  last  gleam  of  the  setting  sun,  and  the  cheers  of  victory 
rolled  down  the  mountain-side.  It  was  dark  before  the  bat- 
tle was  over,  but  desultory  firing  of  musketry  lasted  until 
nine  o'clock.  Hooker,  fearing  we  were  going  too  fast  for 
safety  during  the  action,  sent  Duryea's  Brigade  to  our  sup- 
port, but  they  did  not  arrive  until  after  dark,  when  they 
loudly  cheered  the  victors.  When  the  Reserves  prepared 
to  move  up  the  mountain,  General  Meade  ordered  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Clark,  commanding  the  Third,  to  move  his  regi- 
ment some  distance  to  the  right,  and  occupy  an  eminence  to 
protect  that  flank,  and  watch  any  movement  of  the  enemy 
in  that  direction.  When  the  action  became  general,  the 
First  Massachusetts  Cavalry  arrived,  and  relieved  Clark, 
who  moved  his  command  in  the  direction  of  the  fire,  and 
was  ordered  by  Meade  to  the  support  of  Ransom's  battery, 
who  had  a  section  of  guns  on  a  prominent  and  exposed 
position.  Here  they  remained  until  the  close  of  the  battle. 
The  loss  in  the  Reserves  was  399,  and  among  the  wounded 
were  Colonel  Thos.  F.  Gallagher,  commanding  the  Third 
Brigade,  and  Colonel  Bolinger,  of  the  Seventh.  General 
M'Clellan  reported  our  total  loss  at  312  killed,  1,234 
wounded,  and  22  missing,  making  a  total  of  1,568.  We 
took  1,500  prisoners.  He  says :  "  The  loss  of  the  enemy  in 
killed  was  much  greater  than  our  own,  and  probably  also 
in  wounded."  This,  however,  from  the  nature  of  the  ground 
12 


178  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

and  fighting,  could  not  have  been  so,  but  was  probably  the 
reverse. 

In  the Regiment,  there  was  a  man  who  had  been 

through  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  this  so  far,  but  who  had 
never  been  in  a  battle,  he  always  shirking;  and  neither  the 
threats  of  his  officers  nor  the  ridicule  of  his  comrades  could 
induce  him  to  go  into  danger,  as  he  declared  he  had  a  pre- 
sentiment he  would  be  killed  in  the  first  fight.  At  last  he 
refused  to  do  fatigue  duty,  and,  as  a  soldier  who  will  neither 
fight  nor  work  is  not  particularly  desirable  about  a  regiment, 
an  officer  detailed  two  men  to  make  him  go  in  and  take  his 
chance  along  with  his  comrades.  Soon  after  he  got  under 
fire  he  lay  down  behind  a  log,  where  he  was  reasonably 
safe;  but  rising  to  go  to  a  rock  a  few  feet  off,  he  fell  dead, 
pierced  by  nine  of  the  enemy's  balls.*  Shirking,  of  course, 
was  never  allowed,  and  no  man  of  proper  spirit  would  dis- 
grace himself  in  the  eyes  of  his  comrades  by  it.  Some 
brave  men,  at  times,  from  not  being  well,  felt  nervous,  and 
went  to  their  officers  and  asked  to  be  excused  from  going 
in,  and  we  never  knew  of  an  instance  of  their  being  refused. 

Ammunition  was  supplied  through  the  night,  and  at  noon 
the  next  day  the  Reserves  left  the  mountains  and  moved  off 
on  the  National  road  towards  Antietam,  the  Third  marching 
with  the  battery.  At  Boonsboro,  we  found  the  churches 
and  buildings  filled  with  the  enemy's  wounded,  and  a  large 
number  of  prisoners  doing  fatigue  duty  with  them.  Many 
of  these  were  our  old  friends  of  Longstreet's  corps,  whom 
we  had  met  in  every  battle  but  one,  and  a  young  reb.  of 
the  Seventeenth  Virginia,  who  was  wounded  and  taken  at 

*  Bravery  is  born  in  us,  and  not  acquired.  It  lies  in  the  blood  and  is  a  species  of 
instinct.  It  is  involuntary,  and  depends  not  upon  ourselves.  It  is  always  thought- 
lessly impetuous,  and  is  inspired  by  the  impulse  of  example,  the  blindness  arising 
from  common  danger  and  the  heat  of  battle. 

Courage,  which  is  generally  confounded  with  bravery,  is  not  always  united  with  it. 
It  is  in  the  soul,  and  is  a  real  virtue,  a  sublime  and  noble  sentiment.  It  is  animated 
by  patriotism,  self-respect,  and  a  zeal  for  the  cause  engaged  in.  It  is  not  inaccessible 
to  fear;  but  it  overcomes  it.  Bravery,  in  the  hour  of  danger,  is  sometimes  weakened 
by  reflection;  courage  is  always  strengthened  by  it. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  179 

Glendale,  and  who  was  again  slightly  in  luck,  grasped  the 
hand  of  his  captor  with  the  warmth  and  delight  of  a  school- 
boy. Here,  early  in  the  day,  our  cavalry  overtook  the  ene- 
my's, killing  and  wounding  a  number,  and  capturing  two 
hundred  and  fifty  prisoners  and  two  guns.  At  Boonsboro 
we  turned  to  the  left,  and  marched  to  Keedysville.  Early 
the  next  morning,  the  16th.  the  Third  rejoined  the  division, 
which  laid  to  the  right  of  the  Keedysville  and  Williamsport 
road,  and  were  just  in  time  to  receive  a  scanty  supply  of  cof- 
fee and  crackers  to  breakfast  on. 

Before  dark,  on  the  14th,  Franklin  had  driven  the  enemy 
from  Crampton's  Gap  several  miles  southeast  of  Turner's 
Gap.  The  next  morning,  at  eight  o'clock,  Harpers  Ferry, 
with  its  11,500  troops  and  vast  supplies,  was  causelessly  sur- 
rendered by  Colonel  Miles,*  of  Bull  Run  dishonor.  On  the 
morning  of  the  16th,  Jackson  rejoined  Lee  at  Antietam. 
At  noon  "Walker  arrived,  and  on  the  17th  M'Laws  came  up. 
By  the  evening  of  the  15th  the  whole  of  M'Clellan's  army 
was  concentrated  in  the  same  neighborhood,  the  batteries 
posted,  and  the  men  laid  down  upon  their  arms. 

*  Colonel  Dixon  S.  Miles,  Second  Infantry.    Killed  while  the  white  flag  was  flying. 


180  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

BATTLE  OF  ANTIETAM — STRENGTH  OF  THE  ARMIES  —  THE  KESERVES 
OPEN  THE  BATTLE  —  THE  I?TH  —  ATTACK  BEFORE  DAYLIGHT  —  DES- 
PERATE FIGHTING  —  FALL  OF  MANSFIELD — "BULL"  SUMNER  GOES 
IN  —  HOOKER  WOUNDED  —  GALLANTRY  OF  BARLOW  —  RICHARDSON 
KILLED  —  BURNSIDE  ON  THE  LEFT  —  BRILLIANT  CHARGE  OF  HART- 
RANFT  —  LOSS  OF  THE  THIRD  —  LOSS  OF  THE  Two  ARMIES  —  TROPH- 
IES—  FIELD  HOSPITAL  —  A  SURGEON'S  DUTY  —  REBELS  RECROSS  THE 
POTOMAC  —  THE  FIELD  AFTER  THE  BATTLE  —  BURYING  THE  DEAD 
—  GRIFFIN  CAPTURES  A  BATTERY  —  STUART  REPULSED. 

ANTIETAM,  SEPTEMBER  16TH  AND  17TH,  1862. 

A  NTIETAM  creek  is  crossed  by  four  stone  bridges — the 
<t\-  upper  one,  on  our  right,  on  the  Keedysville  and  Williams- 
port  road ;  the  second  one,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  below, 
on  the  Keedysville  and  Sharpsburg  pike ;  the  third,  about 
a  mile  below  the  second,  on  the  Rohrersville  and  Sharpsburg 
road;  and  the  fourth,  near  the  mouth  of  Antietam  creek, 
on  the  road  leading  from  Harpers  Ferry  to  Sharpsburg, 
and  some  three  miles  below  the  third.  The  stream  has  a 
few  difficult  fords.  The  enemy's  position  was  a  very  strong 
one,  on  the  heavily-wooded  heights  west  of  Antietam  creek, 
stretching  from  it  to  the  Potomac,  with  both  flanks  and 
rear  protected  by  them.  They  were  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Lee,  and  consisted  of  Generals  Jackson's,  Longstreet's, 
D.  H.  Hill's,  Ransom's,  Jenkin's,  Stuart's  and  other  troops, 
and  numbered  from  70,000  to  80,000,*  though  Lee  says 
they  were  under  40,000  men. 

Our  forces  were  composed  of  Generals  Hooker's,  Sum- 
ner's,  Fitz  John  Porter's,  Franklin's,  Burnside's  and  Banks' 

•Pollard,  in  his  Southern  History  of  the  War,  says  of  this  battle  : 
"It  was  fought  for  half  the  day  with  45,000  men  on  the  Confederate  side;  and  for 
the  remaining  half  with  no  more  than  an  aggregate  of  70,000  men." 

The  Richmond  Enquirer  of  September  23d,  says  it  has  "authentic  particulars"  of 
the  battle;  and  that  "the  ball  was  opened  on  Tuesday  evening  about  six  o'clock,  by 
•11  our  available  force,  60,000  strong,  commanded  by  General  Robert  E.  Lee  in  person." 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  181 

corps,  Couch's  division  and  Pleasonton's  cavalry,  and  num- 
bered 87,164  men.  This  includes,  however,  4,320  cavalry, 
which  were  of  little  use ;  Couch's  division  of  5,000  men  and 
Humphrey's  division  of  raw  recruits,  neither  of  which  arrived 
until  the  battle  was  over,  and  numbered  about  15,000  men. 

General  Lee,  to  gain  time,  on  the  15th  and  16th  ostenta- 
tiously displayed  his  infantry  to  sight,  exposing  them  to  our 
artillery  fire,  but  the  next  day  they  were  kept  well  concealed 
in  the  woods.  On  the  16th,  the  two  armies  faced  each  other 
idly  until  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  when  "  Fighting  Joe 
Hooker  "  was  sent  on  his  old  errand  of  turning  the  enemy's 
1  eft  flank,  backed  by  Sumner,  Franklin  and  Mansfield,  who 
were  to  come  into  action  successively  nearer  the  enemy's 
center. 

It  was  near  three  o'clock  when  our  division,  followed  by 
Ricketts'  and  Doubleday's,  which  constituted  our  corps, 
crossed  the  Antietam  at  a  ford  and  the  upper  bridge,  and 
advanced  to  open  the  battle.  A  squadron  of  cavalry  pre- 
ceded us,  and  after  moving  about  a  mile  on  the  "Williams- 
port  road  we  turned  sharp  to  the  left,  into  the  fields,  with 
woods  in  front  and  on  either  side.  We  advanced  slowly  in 
columns  of  division,  ready  to  form  to  resist  cavalry,  which 
hovered  on  our  flanks  and  front.  The  Bucktails  and  eight 
companies  of  the  Third  were  thrown  out  as  skirmishers, 
and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Clark,  with  the  remaining  division 
of  his  regiment,  advanced  with  the  column.  The  skirm- 
ishers were  soon  engaged,  and  the  enemy  opened  with  a 
battery,  to  which  Cooper's  replied,  and  Seymour's  Brigade 
advanced  to  their  support.  The  Second  and  Third  Brigades 
were  immediately  pushed  forward  by  Meade,  and  delivering 
heavy  volleys,  steadily  advanced,  driving  the  enemy  from 
the  strip  of  woods  over  the  fields  to  the  woods  beyond.  In 
the  corn-field  in  our  front  was  a  battery  supported  by  masses 
of  infantry  deployed  around  it,  which  played  upon  Seymour's 
Brigade.  General  Meade  posted  Ransom's  battery  of 
twelve-pounders  on  the  far  edge  of  the  woods  just  gained, 


182  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

which  opened  a  destructive  enfilading  fire  upon  them,  soon 
causing  the  infantry  to  seek  the  shelter  of  the  woods,  and 
the  guns  to  withdraw  to  its  edge,  from  which  they  shelled 
the  woods  we  occupied.  Darkness  closed  the  contest,  though 
the  artillery  continued  firing  slowly  until  near  ten  o'clock. 
That  night  we  rested  on  our  arms,  on  ground  won  from  the 
enemy.  Our  pickets  were  so  close  that  several  of  the 
enemy's  unintentionally  got  into  our  lines  at  different  points, 
and  were  captured.  During  the  night,  the  enemy  made  two 
attacks  upon  our  pickets,  but  were  repulsed  each  time  with- 
out our  losing  any  ground. 

Such  was  the  position  of  the  contending  forces  that  the 
battle  must  commence  the  next  morning,  as  soon  as  it  was 
light  enough  to  distinguish  friend  from  foe.  At  three 
o'clock,*  our  pickets,  fearing  other  troops  would  get  ahead 
of  them,  and  being  determined  the  Reserves  should  have 
the  honor  of  opening  this  day's  battle  also,  commenced  a 
brisk  skirmish,  and  were  at  once  re-enforced  by  the  Second, 
and,  in  a  short  time,  by  the  balance  of  Seymour's  Brigade, 
which,  by  early  daylight,  was  engaged  in  a  desperate  strug- 
gle in  the  second  line  of  woods.  Ricketts'  division  was 
soon  after  sent,  by  General  Hooker,  to  re-enforce  Seymour's 
Brigade:  and  Doubleday's  division  was  advanced  to  the 
right,  along  the  woods  occupied  by  the  Second  and  Third 
Brigades  of  Reserves.  Hood's  division,  that  fought  us  the 
afternoon  before,  and  bothered  us  through  the  night,  was 
replaced  by  Ewell's  and  D.  R.  Jones'  divisions,  under  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  who  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  enemy. 
Against  these  veterans,  Meade  hurled  the  Reserves,  backed 
by  the  other  troops,  and  drove  them  into  the  woods  and 
almost  through  it,  but  not  until  the  rebel  General  Stark 
was  killed,  and  Jones  and  Lawton  were  wounded.  Hood's 
division  now  returned,  backed  by  the  brigades  of  Ripley, 
Colquitt,  Garland  f  (now  under  Colonel  M'Rae),  and  D.  R. 

*  September  17th. 

t  Brigadier-General  Garland.    Killed  at  South  Mountain. 


THE  THIRD   RESERVE.  183 

Jones,  and  the  conflict  was  renewed  with  determined  energy. 
Back  into  the  woods  we  pressed  them,  until  we  felt  the  full 
weight  of  the  fire  of  the  fresh  troops,  when  our  lines  showed 
signs  of  wavering. 

Hooker  called  on  Doubleday,  for  his  "best  brigade, 
instantly."  Gallantly  they  dashed  up,  led  by  Hartsuff,  and 
were  soon  on  our  right,  delivering  their  volleys.  Our  lines 
were  steadied,  and  the  woods  resounded  with  the  continuous 
roar  of  musketry,  and  the  waves  of  flame  and  smoke  swayed 
to  and  fro.  By  this  time  the  whole  of  the  enemy's  re-enforce- 
ments were  in  action,  pressing  us  hard,  forcing  back  our  right 
flank,  and  curving  us  into  a  simi-circle.  Seymour  was  there, 
cheering  us  on,  and  the  gallant  Hartsuff,  whose  brigade 
received  the  weight  of  the  enemy's  shock,  and  had  been 
driven  back,  fell  wounded  in  our  ranks.  In  spite  of  all  the 
exertions  of  the  officers  and  the  determination  of  the  men, 
who  needed  no  urging  on,  we  were  broken  down  and  driven 
back  by  the  sheer  heat  of  the  fire. 

The  Reserves,  we  suppose,  were  very  much  like  other 
troops,  and  when  they  were  once  thoroughly  broken  up  and 
scattered,  it  was  merely  the  waste  of  lives  to  attempt  to 
rally  them  under  fire,  without  a  support  was  near.  We  have 
seen  the  attempt  made  a  number  of  times,  but  it  always 
resulted  in  the  same  thing.  We  were  broken  up  this  time, 
and  ran  as  fast  as  our  legs  would  carry  us,  for  about  five 
hundred  yards,  when  we  came  to  a  depression  of  the  ground, 
where  the  division  all  collected.  The  officers  and  men  waved 
their  flags,  and  called  aloud  the  number  of  their  respective 
regiments,  and  in  an  incredible  short  time — a  very  few 
moments — our  bright  lines  were  re-formed ;  our  bright  lines 
— for  we  never  saw  our  brigade  look  so  glorious  before. 
Seymour  knew  by  the  boys'  eyes  how  their  hearts  felt,  and 
with  loud  cheers  they  followed  him,  and  dashed  upon  the  sur- 
prised foe,  to  whom  they  appeared  to  rise  from  out  the  earth. 

Meade,  whose  quick  eye  had  discerned  our  trouble, 
instantly  brought  Ransom's  guns  into  battery,  which  opened 


184  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

upon  the  advancing  column  with  grape  and  canister.  The 
Third  Brigade,  Colonel  Anderson,  formed  behind  a  fence 
bordering  the  blood-soaked  corn-field,  and  poured  into  the 
enemy  enfilading  volleys.  The  Second  Brigade  was  double- 
quicked  to  our  rescue,  and,  with  our  own  and  Rickette', 
hurled  back  the  enemy  from  the  corn-field  far  into  the  woods. 

At  daybreak,  the  Third,  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Clark, 
having  been  rejoined  by  the  detached  companies  of  skir- 
mishers, moved  with  the  Second  Brigade  to  the  right,  with 
the  Third  Brigade  on  the  right  and  Doubleday's  division  in 
advance.  Moving  in  columns  of  battalions  in  mass,  they 
advanced  towards  the  Hagerstowu  pike,  until  reaching  a 
ravine  in  front  of  the  corn-field.  Here  the  enemy  opened 
upon  them,  and  a  warm  contest  ensued  for  the  possession  of 
the  field.  The  troops  in  front  giving  way,  Meade  deployed 
both  brigades,  and  formed  his  line  of  battle  along  the  fence 
bordering  the  corn-field,  for  the  purpose  of  covering  the 
withdrawal  of  these  troops.  At  this  moment,  Seymour's 
Brigade,  some  distance  to  the  left,  gave  way,  and  Meade 
ordered  the  Second  Brigade  to  their  rescue.  The  brigade 
started  on  the  double-quick,  moving  to  the  left  flank  in  line 
of  battle,  but,  on  account  of  demonstrations  on  their  front, 
they  were  halted  and  faced  several  times,  during  which  they 
were  exposed  to  a  severe  fire  of  artillery  and  musketry,  from 
which  they  suffered  severely.  Arriving  in  their  position, 
they  fronted  and  immediately  engaged  the  enemy,  and,  with 
Seymour  and  Ricketts,  drove  them  back  into  the  woods. 
Anderson,  at  the  same  time,  with  the  Third  Brigade,  gained 
full  possession  of  the  bloody  corn-field. 

Soon  after  General  Hooker's  corps  became  engaged  he 
ordered  up  Mansfield's  corps,  which  had  crossed  the  Antie- 
tam  during  the  night,  and  bivouacked  about  a  mile  in  our 
rear.  General  Williams'  division  was  deployed  on  our  right, 
with  the  right  of  its  right  brigade,  under  Crawford,  resting 
on  the  Hagerstown  and  Sharpsburg  pike.  General  Green's 
division  joined  Williams'  left.  During  the  deployment  the 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  185 

gallant  Mansfield  fell,  mortally  wounded,  while  in  front  of  his 
troops.  The  command  of  the  Twelfth  Corps  now  devolved 
upon  General  Williams,  and  it  became  engaged  about 
seven  A.M.,  the  attack  being  opened  by  Hampton's  Pitts- 
burg,  Cothran's  New  York,  and  Knapp's  Pennsylvania  bat- 
teries. The  enemy,  who  occupied  the  woods  on  the  west  of 
the  pike  in  force,  pushed  a  column  of  troops  into  the  open 
field,  east  of  the  pike.  The  woods  were  traversed  by  out- 
cropping ledges  of  rock;  and  several  hundred  yards  to  the 
right  and  rear  was  a  hill,  which  commanded  the  debouche 
of  the  woods,  and  on  which  their  artillery  was  posted.  In 
the  fields  between  was  a  long  stone  wall,  continued  by 
breastworks  of  rails,  behind  which  was  placed  infantry. 
The  woods  formed  a  screen,  behind  which  all  this  was  con- 
cealed. For  about  two  hours  the  battle  raged  with  varied 
success,  the  enemy  endeavoring  to  drive  our  troops  into  the 
second  line  of  woods,  and  ours,  in  turn,  to  get  possession  of 
the  line  in  front.  Our  troops  at  last  succeeded,  by  desperate 
fighting,  in  driving  the  enemy  into  the  woods  beyond  the 
pike,  near  the  Dunker  Church.  In  this  conflict,  General 
Crawford,  commanding  Williams'  division,  was  seriously 
wounded. 

General  Sumner's  corps,  haying  crossed  the  Antietam  in 
the  morning,  about  nine  o'clock,  Sedgwick's  division  was 
sent  to  relieve  Crawford's,  and,  entering  the  woods  west  of 
the  pike,  they  drove  the  enemy  before  them.  The  first  line 
was  met  by  a  heavy  fire  of  musketry  and  shell  from  the 
breastworks  and  batteries,  and,  at  the  same  time,  a  heavy 
column  attacked  and  drove  back  Green's  division,  and  gained 
the  rear  of  Sedgwick's.  General  Howard*  immediately  faced 
the  third  line  to  the  rear,  preparatory  to  a  change  of  front 
to  meet  the  column  advancing  on  the  left,  but  his  line 
received  so  severe  and  destructive  a  fire  in  front,  while 
executing  this  movement,  and  which  it  was  unable  to  return, 

*  Major-General  O.  O.  Howard,  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks.  Subsequently,  chief  of  the 
Freedman  Bureau. 


186  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

that  it  gave  way  towards  the  right  and  rear,  and  was  soon 
followed  by  the  first  and  second  lines.  General  Gorman's 
Brigade  and  a  regiment  of  Dana's  soon  rallied,  and  checked 
the  advance  of  the  enemy.  The  second  and  third  lines  now 
formed  on  the  left  of  Gorman's  Brigade,  and  poured  a 
destructive  fire  upon  the  enemy.  General  Gordon,  whose 
brigade  Sumner  had  ordered  to  the  support  of  Sedgwick, 
arrived  after  Sedgwick  had  given  way,  and,  finding  himself 
opposed  by  a  superior  force,  was  compelled  to  withdraw  to 
the  rear  of  the  batteries  at  the  second  line  of  woods.  As 
Gordon's  troops  unmasked  our  batteries  on  the  left,  they 
opened  with  canister,  and  the  enemy,  unable  to  withstand 
their  deadly  fire  in  front,  and  the  musketry  from  the  right, 
were  driven  back  with  great  slaughter. 

During  this  assault,  Generals  Sedgwick  and  Dana  were 
seriously  wounded.  About  the  time  of  Sedgwick's  advance, 
General  Hooker,  who  had  just  reconnoitered  the  ground  in 
front  on  foot,  and  had  re-mounted  amid  a  shower  of  bullets, 
received  a  severe  and  intensely  painful  wound  through  the 
foot,  and  was  compelled  to  leave  the  field.  At  his  request, 
General  Meade  assumed  the  command  of  his  corps.  Gen- 
eral Seymour  thereupon  took  command  of  the  Reserves; 
and  Colonel  Roberts,  of  his  brigade.  Ten  o'clock  came. 
The  Reserves,  who  had  but  little  or  no  sleep  during  the 
night,  had  been  fighting  from  before  daybreak.  They  had 
been  twenty-two  hours  without  food,  having  neither  supper 
nor  breakfast,  and  many  of  the  men's  cartridge-boxes  were 
entirely  empty.  Hooker  had  sent  for  fresh  troops,  to  replace 
them,  and,  amidst  a  hail  of  musket-balls,  they  marched  to 
the  rear  as  coolly  and  steady  as  on  parade.  Crossing  the 
blood-soaked  corn-field,  they  entered  the  first  strip  of  woods, 
and  were  lain  down  to  await  the  issue  of  an  assault  upon  the 
right,  which  being  repulsed  without  their  assistance,  they 
moved  beyond  the  woods,  on  to  a  ridge,  where  rations  and 
ammunition  awaited  them.  "By  two  P.M.,  the  division  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Reserves  now  commanded  by  General 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  187 

Seymour,  were  organized  on  this  ridge,  supplied  with 
ammunition,  and  held  in  readiness  to  repel  an  attack,  if  the 
enemy  should  attempt  one  on  our  right  flank,  or  assist  in 
any  advance  he  might  make."* 

While  the  conflict  was  so  obstinately  raging  on  our  front 
and  right,  General  French's  division,  of  Sumner's  corps, 
was  engaged  with  the  enemy  further  to  the  left.  An  attempt 
to  carry  the  line  of  heights  was  met  with  a  counter-charge 
by  the  insurgents,  but  repulsed.  Successive  attempts  to 
turn  their  right  and  left  were  foiled,  and  after  a  bloody  com- 
bat of  four  hours,  French  paused,  having  gained  consider- 
able ground,  but  not  carrying  the  heights. 

On  the  left  of  French,  General  Richardson's  division  was 
hotly  engaged.  They  moved  steadily  forward  under  a  severe 
fire,  and  engaged  the  enemy  near  Roulette's  house.  Reach- 
ing the  crest,  they  found  the  enemy  posted  in  a  sunken 
road,  and  in  a  corn-field  in  rear  of  the  road.  Here  Meagher's 
Brigade  exhausted  their  ammunition  in  a  hot  combat  with 
the  enemy,  and  the  gallant  General  being  wounded,  they 
were  ordered  to  give  place  to  CaldwelPs  Brigade.  The  bat- 
tle raged  with  great  fury,  when  Colonel  Barlow  f  seized  the 
opportunity  of  turning  the  enemy's  left  flank  in  the  sunken 
road,  with  the  Sixty-first  and  the  Sixty-fourth  New  York 
Volunteers.  He  captured  over  three  hundred  prisoners  and 
three  flags,  and,  the  other  regiments  of  CaldwelPs  Brigade 
advancing,  they  drove  the  enemy  in  confusion  through  the 
corn-field  beyond.  Soon  after,  the  enemy,  maneuvering 
behind  a  ridge,  successively  attacked  them  on  the  right  and 
left  flanks  and  front,  but  were  signally  repulsed  each  time, 
and  hurled  back,  our  lines  advancing  and  seizing  Doctor 
Piper's  house,  a  defensible  building  very  near  the  Hagers- 
town  pike,  and  about  the  center  of  the  enemy's  lines.  Here 
the  infantry  fighting  ceased,  the  artillery  being  brought  into 

*  General  Meade's  official  report. 

t  Colonel  Francis  C.  Barlow,  of  New  York.  Appointed  Brigadier-General  September 
19th,  1862.  Wounded  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania. 


188  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

play.  Near  this  point  fell  Major-General  Israel  B.  Richard- 
son, mortally  wounded.  With  the  exception  of  some  minor 
fighting,  and  the  repulse  of  a  heavy  line  of  infantry  by 
General  Pleasanton,  with  sixteen  guns,  the  operations  on 
this  portion  of  the  field  closed.  About  noon,  Franklin's 
corps  arrived  from  Crampton's  Gap,  and  was  sent  to  the 
right,  where  Sumner's  and  Meade's  corps  were  hotly  en- 
gaged. 

General  Burnside's  corps  held  our  extreme  left,  opposite 
the  bridge  on  the  Rohrersville  and  Sharpsburg  road.  This 
was  held  by  General  Toombs,*  with  the  Second  and  Twen- 
tieth Georgia  Infantry,  some  sharp-shooters,  and  the  batter- 
ies of  General  D.  R.  Jones.  Burnside  was  ordered  at  eight 
A.M.  to  carry  the  bridge  and  heights  beyond,  and  to 
advance  along  the  crest  upon  Sharpsburg  and  its  rear. 
Several  attempts  were  made  to  execute  this  order,  but  were 
repulsed  until  about  one  P.M.,  when  it  was  carried  by  a 
brilliant  charge  of  the  Fifty-first  Pennsylvania,  Colonel 
John  F.  Hartranft,f  and  Fifty-first  New  York  Volunteers. 
The  enemy  retreated  to  the  heights,  but  it  was  three  o'clock 
before  Burnside  charged  up  the  heights,  carrying  them 
handsomely,  some  of  his  troops  reaching  the  outskirts  of 
Sharpsburg.  It  was  a  short-lived  triumph,  however.  Lee, 
who  had  been  too  hard  pressed  on  his  left  to  spare  any 
troops,  was  now  re-enforced  by  A.  P.  Hill's  division,  which 
had  just  arrived  from  Harpers  Ferry.  Hill,  under  cover  of 
a  heavy  fire  of  artillery,  charged  our  extreme  left  and  front, 
and  drove  our  men  back  down  the  heights,  and  pressed  on 
towards  the  bridge  until  checked  by  the  fire  of  our  batteries 
on  the  opposite  side.  Darkness  soon  after  put  an  end  to  the 
combat,  and  the  enemy  held  the  heights.  Brigadier-General 
Isaac  P.  Rodman,  who  led  our  charge,  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  General  Branch,  of  North  Carolina,  who  led  the  insur- 
gent, was  killed. 

*  Robert  Toombs,  of  Georgia,  this  day  wounded. 
tSubsequently  twice  Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  189 

General  M'Clellan,  in  his  official  report,  says:  "If  this 
important  movement  had  been  consummated  two  hours  ear- 
lier, a  position  would  have  been  secured  upon  the  heights 
from  which  our  batteries  might  have  enfiladed  the  greater 
part  of  the  enemy's  line,  and  turned  their  right  and  rear; 
our  victory  might  thus  have  been  much  more  decisive." 
Thus  terminated,  indecisively,  one  of  the  bloodiest  days  of 
the  war,  in  which,  for  fourteen  hours,  over  150,000  men 
and  500  pieces  of  artillery  *  were  engaged.  That  night  the 
enemy  withdrew  their  line  far  to  the  rear,  beyond  the 
Hagerstown  pike ;  and  we  slept  on  the  field  from  which  we 
drove  them. 

General  Meade  says :  "  The  Reserves  went  into  action 
3,000  strong,  and  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  over  570  men," 
or  about  one-fifth.  Meade  received  a  contusion  from  a  spent 
grape-shot,  and  had  two  horses  killed  under  him.  Among 
those  killed  was  Colonel  M'Neal  of  the  Bucktails,  a  gallant 
soldier,  an  accomplished  gentleman  and  a  sincere  Christian. 
The  loss  in  the  Third  was  heavy,f  and  among  those 
killed  was  Captain  Florentine  H.  Straub,  of  Company  D,  a 
brave  and  gallant  officer,  who  appeared  to  know  not  what 
fear  was.  Among  the  wounded  was  Captain  George  D. 
Davenport,  Company  B,  and  Lieutenant  F.  G.  Nicholson, 
of  the  same  company,  both  brave  and  meritorious  officers. 

M'Clellan  puts  the  loss  of  our  army  in  this  battle  at  2,010 
killed,  9,416  wounded,  and  1,043  missing,  making  a  total  of 
12,469.  Lee,  in  his  official  report  of  this  battle,  written 
March  6th,  1863,  is  silent  as  to  his  loss.  The  "Reports  of 
the  operations  of  the  Army  of  Virginia,  from  June,  1862,  to 
December  13th,  1862,"  published  by  the  insurgent  govern- 
ment, makes  their  loss  in  the  Maryland  battles  only  1,567 
killed,  and  8,724  wounded,  making  a  total  of  10,291;  and 
says  nothing  of  the  missing.  This  is,  palpably  and  pur- 
posely, an  under-statement.  M'Clellan  says  :  "  About  2,700 

*M'Clellan's  report. 

t  For  list  of  the  killed  and  wounded,  see  appendix  A. 


190  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  the  enemy's  dead  were,  under  the  direction  of  Major 
Davis,  assistant  inspector-general,  counted  and  buried  upon 
the  battle-field  of  Antietam.  A  portion  of  their  dead  had 
been  previously  buried  by  the  enemy.  *  *  *  Thirteen 
guns,  thirty-nine  colors,  upwards  of  15,000  stand  of  small 
arms,  and  more  than  6,000  prisoners,  were  the  trophies  which 
attest  the  success  of  our  army  in  the  battles  of  South  Moun- 
tain, Crampton's  Gap,  and  Antietam.  Not  a  single  gun  nor 
color  was  lost  by  our  army  during  these  battles." 

The  reports  of  Lee's  corps  or  division  commanders,  gives 
the  following  aggregates : 

Killed.     Wounded.    Missing.          Total. 

Longstreet's 964  5,234  1,310  7,508 

Jackson's 351  2,030  57  2,438 

D.  H.  Hill's 464  1,852  925  3,241 

A.  P.  Hill's...  63  283  346 


Total 1,842     9,399     2,292     13,533 

D.  H.  Hill  reports  that,  out  of  less  than  5,000  men,  he 
had  3,241  disabled.  Lawton's  Brigade  lost  554  men  out  of 
1,150. 

By  night  almost  all  the  wounded  were  collected  in  and 
around  the  different  farm-houses  and  buildings,  where  the 
same  attention  was  shown  to  the  enemy's  as  to  our  own.* 
Rude  tables  were  put  up,  on  which  the  operations  were  per- 
formed, and  from  which  dripped  the  blood,  while  near  by  were 
the  amputated  arms  and  legs.  The  wounded  lay  near  by,  gaz- 
ing at  the  sight,  patiently  and  resignedly  waiting  their  turn  to 
be  lifted  upon  the  tables,  around  which  the  surgeons  stood 
with  their  sleeves  rolled  up,  performing  the  operations  with 
perfect  coolness  and  seeming  indifference.  A  surgeon 

*This  is  literally  true.  After  the  battle,  the  author  visited  the  hospitals  in  search 
of  the  wounded  of  his  regiment,  and  particularly  noticed  that  the  wounded  were 
treated  in  rotation,  regardless  of  the  side  they  fought  on.  He  saw  rebel  limbs  ampu- 
tated while  there  were  thousands  of  Unionists  waiting  their  turn.  The  rebels  spoke 
of  the  kindness  of  our  stretcher-men  in  removing  them  from  the  field,  where  they 
expected  to  be  left  for  days,  as  they  had  left  our  wounded  on  the  Peninsula  and  at 
Bull  Run. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  191 

understands  well  that  skill  and  dispatch  is  what  is  required, 
and  if  he  was  to  permit  the  sympathy  he  feels  for  the  poor  suf- 
ferer to  have  play,  it  might  prove  a  great  misfortune  to  the 
patient.  Where  there  are  thousands  of  cases  which  require 
immediate  attention,  and  which  will  take  the  limited  num- 
ber of  surgeons  several  days  to  attend  to,  the  individual  is 
necessarily  overlooked  for  the  good  of  the  mass.  Where 
the  probabilities  are  strongly  against  saving  a  man,  he  is  not 
operated  upon,  but  made  as  easy  as  circumstances  will 
admit,  and  the  same  principle  is  applied  to  the  saving  or 
losing  of  a  limb.  This  is  an  imperative  necessity  that  the 
exigency  of  the  occasion  requires.  After  the  operations 
were  completed,  the  patients  were  laid  on  straw  or  hay? 
i  n  the  buildings,  or  on  the  grass  in  rows,  and  over  those  that 
were  exposed  were  stretched  blankets  to  protect  them  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun.  Water  and  food  were  distributed  to 
them  by  the  nurses,  and  the  stretcher-men  removed  and 
buried  those  that  died. 

Numerous  farmers  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  visited 
the  hospitals,  bringing  with  them  bread,  cakes,  pies,  cooked 
poultry,  milk,  etc.,  which  they  distributed  to  the  wounded, 
and  all  of  them  appeared  anxious  to  get  a  soldier  to  take 
home  to  nurse. 

General  Lee,  of  course,  did  not  care  to  renew  the  battle 
the  next  day,  and  M'Clellan  remained  quiet.  General 
M'Clellan  states  it  was  his  intention  to  renew  the  battle  on 
the  19th,  but,  when  his  cavalry  advance  reached  the  river, 
they  discovered  the  enemy  had  decamped,  leaving  us  only 
his  dead  and  seme  2,000  badly  wounded.  The  whole  army 
was  moved  forward  towards  the  river,  our  division  marching 
early  in  the  morning  to  the  front  and  right  about  three 
miles,  crossing  the  Hagerstown  and  Sharpsburg  pike,  and 
encamping  near  the  Potomac,  above  Sharpsburg.  Our 
route  took  us  over  and  along  the  enemy's  line,  and  we  found 
the  fields  and  woods  literally  covered  with  their  dead.  At 
one  point,  where  they  had  crossed  the  fields  and  pike 
obliquely,  and  where  they  must  have  received  a  terrible  fire 


192  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

of  musketry,  the  formation  of  their  line  was  distinctly 
marked  by  their  dead,  who  were  stretched  in  long  rows, 
showing,  at  the  time  they  received  the  fire,  they  were  well 
dressed.  The  effect  of  this  fire  must  have  been  crushing, 
none  of  their  dead  lying  in  front  of  their  line,  though  to  the 
rear  the  ground  was  covered  with  them.  In  one  thing  their 
dead  differed  from  ours :  large  water  blisters,  in  many  cases, 
entirely  covered  their  hands.  The  Confederates  were  drag- 
ged into  rows,  by  ropes  placed  around  their  ankles,  and 
covered  with  earth.  Many  of  our  men  were  buried  by  their 
comrades,  and  their  graves  marked  with  their  names  and 
regiments  penciled  on  boards.  Where  the  bodies  were  not 
marked  with  slips  of  paper,  or  could  not  be  identified,  they 
were  buried  in  rows,  in  wide  graves,  side  by  side.  It 
impressed  one  with  sad  feelings  to  see  such  terrible  destruc- 
tion of  human  life,  and  caused  us  to  wonder  if  we  were  not 
demons  instead  of  God's  creatures. 

The  enemy  having  posted  eight  batteries,  supported  by 
six  hundred  infantry,  under  Pendleton,  to  cover  his  cross- 
ing, at  dark  on  the  19th,  General  Griffin,  with  his  own  and 
Barnes'  brigades,  of  Porter's  corps,  crossed,  and,  after  a 
smart  action,  took  four  guns,  and  drove  back  their  support ; 
but  the  next  day  a  part  of  the  corps,  making  a  reconnais- 
sance in  force,  was  ambushed  by  A.  P.  Hill,  and  badly  cut 
up,  with  the  loss  of  two  hundred  prisoners.  In  this  affair, 
the  One  Hundred  and  Eighteenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers, 
Colonel  Provost  (The  Corn  Exchange  Regiment),  suffered 
severely. 

On  the  19th,  General  Stuart  recrossed  the  Potomac,  at 
Williamsport,  with  4,000  cavalry  and  a  battery  of  six  guns, 
backed  by  10,000  infantry.  General  Couch  was  dispatched 
with  his  division,  supported  by  other  troops,  and  attacking, 
drove  him  back  with  considerable  loss.  On  the  20th,  Gen- 
eral Williams,  with  the  Twelfth  Corps,  occupied  Maryland 
Heights ;  and  on  the  22d,  Sumner,  with  the  Second  Corps, 
took  possession  of  Harpers  Ferry. 


THE   THIRD   RESERVE.  193 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  VISIT  —  STUART  RAIDS  TO  CHAMBERSBURG  —  RESIGNA- 
TIONS AND  PROMOTIONS  —  THE  DOCTOR'S  BIRTHDAY  —  EFFORT  TO 
REORGANIZE  THE  RESERVES  —  ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-FIRST  AND 
ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-SECOND  REGIMENTS,  PENNSYLVANIA  VOLUN- 
TEERS—  PROMOTION  OF  REYNOLDS  —  MEADE  COMMANDS  THE  RESERVES 
—  MARCH  TO  BERLIN  —  CROSS  THE  POTOMAC  —  SNICKER'S  GAP  —  MID- 
DLEBURG  —  PAROLED  REBS  —  WHITE  PLAINS  —  WARRENTON  —  THE 
GENEROUS  CORPORAL  —  BURNSIDE  SUPERSEDES  M'CLELLAN  —  FITZ 
JOHN  PORTER  RELIEVED  —  PLANS  OF  CAMPAIGN  — THE  GRAND  DIVI- 
SION—  To  FAYETTEVILLE  —  DEPARTURE  OF  SEYMOUR  —  BEALTON  — 
HART  WOOD  —  BROOKE'S  STATION — THE  PICKET — COOL  POLITENESS — 
MARCH. 

ON  THE  1st  of  October,  the  President,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
visited  the  army,  and  remained  with  us  several  days, 
during  which  he  rode  through  the  encampments,  reviewed 
the  troops,  and  visited  the  hospitals.  At  the  latter  he  made 
short  addresses,  and  took  many  of  the  sufferers  by  the  hand, 
speaking  kindly  to  them,  and  showing  the  same  regard  and 
feeling  for  the  Confederate  wounded  as  for  our  own. 

Lee  soon  retired  to  the  vicinity  of  Bunker  Hill  and  Win- 
chester, and  on  the  10th  of  October  sent  Stuart,  with  1,800 
cavalry  and  a  battery  of  horse-artillery,  on  a  raid  into  Penn- 
sylvania, and  around  our  army.  Crossing  the  Potomac  above 
Williamsport,  Stuart  pushed  rapidly  to  Chambersburg,  where 
he  burnt  a  great  many  buildings,  destroyed  5,000  muskets, 
and  paroled  275  sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  General 
M'Clellan  made  extensive  preparations  to  insure  his  capture, 
but  his  plans  were  foiled  by  lack  of  energy  and  zeal  upon 
the  part  of  those  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  them. 
Stuart  re-crossed  the  Potomac,  below  the  Monocacy. 

While  we  lay  here,  the  following  changes  took  place  in 
the  regiment:  Captain  David  D.  Feaster,  Company  C,  a 
brave  officer,  who  had  rendered  good  service  to  his  country, 
13 


194  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

was  discharged  on  account  of  physical  disability.  Second 
Lieutenant  Joseph  B.  Roberts,  another  brave  officer  of  the 
same  company,  was  discharged  on  account  of  wounds 
received  at  Glen  dale.  Adjutant  Albert  H.  Jamieson,  a  gal- 
lant and  meritorious  officer,  was  honorably  discharged  on 
account  of  ill  health.  Harry  8.  Jones,  "  My  sergeant-major, 
who  cannot  lie,"  was  promoted  Adjutant,  vice  Jamieson,  dis- 
charged. Orderly-Sergeant  John  H.  Crothers,  was  promoted 
First  Lieutenant,  Company  C,  vice  Yardley,  promoted  Cap- 
tain and  Assistant  Quartermaster,  U.  S.  Volunteers.  Corporal 
Henry  W.  Sutton  was  promoted  Second  Lieutenant  Com- 
pany C,  vice  Roberts,  discharged.  Firat  Lieutenant  Andrew 
J.  Stetson  was  promoted  Captain  Company  D,  vice  Floren- 
tine H.  Straub,  killed  at  Antietam.  Second  Lieutenant 
Jacob  V.  Shillings  was  promoted  First  Lieutenant  Company 
D,  vice  Stetson,  promoted.  Orderly-Sergeant  Albert  Briner 
was  promoted  Second  Lieutenant  Company  D,  vice  Shil- 
lings, promoted.  Orderly-Sergeant  Henry  S.  Moulton,  pro- 
moted Second  Lieutenant  Company  F,  vice  Jamieson,  dis- 
charged. First  Lieutenant  Samuel  J.  La  Rue,  promoted 
Captain  Company  I,  vice  H.  Clay  Beatty,  killed  at  Bull  Run. 
Second  Lieutenant  Samuel  Beatty  was  promoted  First  Lieu- 
tenant Company  I,  vice  La  Rue,  promoted.  Orderly-Ser- 
geant Jackson  Hutchinson  was  promoted  Second  Lieutenant 
Company  I,  vice  Beatty,  promoted.  About  the  same  time, 
the  Reverend  John  J.  Pomeroy,  of  Franklin  county,  was 
appointed  Chaplain,  vice  the  Reverend  George  H.  Frear, 
resigned. 

On  the  17th,  Colonel  Sickel  rode  into  camp,  much  to  the 
joy  of  the  men,  who  turned  out  and  received  him  with  loud 
cheers.  The  20th  being  the  birth-day  of  the  most 
estimable  surgeon  of  the  Third,  Doctor  Collins,  he  enter- 
tained the  officers  in  the  large  hospital  tent.  After  doing 
ample  justice  to  the  excellent  supper,  the  guests  spent  the 
evening  in  agreeable  and  social  conversation,  recalling  home 
and  by-gone  days. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  195 

While  we  lay  here,  Governor  Curtin  was  anxious  to  with- 
draw the  Reserves,  for  the  purpose  of  recruiting  and  reorgan- 
izing them,  and,  in  a  letter  to  His  Excellency  the  President, 

said : 

******* 

u  The  Pennsylvania  Reserve  Corps,  numbering  thirteen 
regiments  of  infantry,  one  regiment  of  cavalry  and  one  of 
artiller}%  with  a  numerical  strength  of  fifteen  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  sixty  men,  were  taken  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States  in  July,  1861,  immediately  after  the  first  battle 
at  Manassas.  The  thirteen  regiments  of  infantry  did  not  mus- 
ter four  thousand  men  after  the  battle  of  Antietam.  All  of 
these  regiments  are  much  reduced  in  number,  whilst  many  of 
them  can  scarcely  be  said  to  retain  regimental  organizations. 
The  brilliant  history  of  the  Reserve  Corps  in  the  war,  and 
the  State  pride,  which  has  followed  them  since  they  entered 
the  service,  together  with  the  circumstances  surrounding 
their  organization,  would,  I  have  no  doubt,  prove  such  incen- 
tives to  enlistment,  that  the  corps  could  be  filled  to  the  max- 
imum in  a  short  space  of  time. 

"  I  suggest  that  the  corps  be  returned  to  the  State,  and 
placed  in  the  camp  at  this  capital,  and,  if  I  am  correct  in 
my  impression,  the  success  would  aft'ect  the  minds  of  our 
people  favorably,  and  other  regiments  in  the  service  could  be 
filled  in  their  turn  promptly. 

"  It  is  proper  that,  in  this  connection,  I  should  say  that 
the  suggestions  reflect  the  opinion  of  all  the  officers  of  the 
corps." 

The  governor,  however,  was  not  successful  in  his  endeavor, 
and  renewed  efforts  were  made  to  fill  up  our  ranks  by  recruit- 
ing parties.  It  may  as  well  be  stated  here,  the  Reserves, 
during  their  three  years'  service,  received  over  5,000  recruits, 
making  the  entire  number  of  men  they  took  into  the  field 
over  20,000.  Our  division  had  become  so  reduced  in  strength 
that  it  became  necessary  to  re-enforce  it  by  the  addition  of 
other  regiments.  Therefore,  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty- 


196  1HE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

first  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  Colonel  Chapman  Biddle,  (a 
Philadelphia  regiment,)  was  assigned  to  the  First  Brigade ; 
and  the  One  Hundred  and  Forty-second  Pennsylvania  Vol- 
unteers, Colonel  Robert  P.  Cummings,*  was  joined  to  the 
Second  Brigade.  When  General  Reynolds  returned  to  the 
army,  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  our  corps,  the 
First.  General  Meade  then  resumed  the  command  of  the 
division. 

On  the  6th  of  October,  General  M'Clellan  received  orders 
to  "  cross  the  Potomac  and  give  battle  to  the  enemy,  or  drive 
him  south."  This  order  was  responded  to  by  calling  for 
re-enforcements  and  supplies.  Between  the  26th  of  that 
month  and  the  2d  of  November,  the  army  crossed.  The 
plan  of  the  campaign  was  to  move  parallel  to  the  Blue 
Ridge,  seize  the  passes  of  the  mountains,  and  head  the 
enemy  off  somewhere  between  the  Potomac  and  Richmond. 

On  Sunday,  the  26th,  the  Reserves  broke  camp  at  ten  A. 
M.,  and  marched  towards  Berlin.  A  cold  rain-storm  pre- 
vailed all  day,  rendering  the  movement  tiresome  and  hard 
upon  the  men.  That  night  they  bivouacked  in  Pleasant 
Valley,  near  the  western  base  of  the  South  Mountains. 
Late  the  next  afternoon  they  reached  Berlin.  Early  on 
the  80th  they  crossed  the  Potomac  on  the  pontoons,  and 
encamped  near  Lovettsville,  Virginia,  where,  on  the  31st, 
they  were  inspected  and  mustered  for  pay.  On  the  1st  of 
November  they  marched  through  Waterford,  and  encamped 
about  two  miles  west  of  Hamilton.  The  next  day,  Captain 
Washington  Richards  and  Sergeants  John  M.  James  and 
George  B.  Davis  were  detailed  to  proceed  to  Camp  Curtin, 
Pennsylvania,  to  bring  on  recruits.  The  next  morning  the 
division  marched,  and,  towards  dark,  passed  through  Philo- 
mont,  whose  inhabitants  appeared  not  to  know  the  name  of 
it,  and  bivouacked  two  miles  beyond,  near  Snicker's  Gap, 
where  there  had  been  a  lively  artillery  skirmish  in  the 
morning  for  the  possession  of  the  pass.  Our  dismounted 

*Of  Somerset  county.    Killed  at  Gettysburg,  July  1st,  1863. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  197 

cavalry  drove  the  enemy  out.  Early  the  next  morning,,  the 
4th,  we  moved  a  short  distance,  to  Uniontown,  and  halted 
until  three  P.M.,  when  we  marched  on,  passing  Franklin's 
corps  and  Couch's  division  at  their  bivouacs,  and  lay  for  the 
night  on  a  high  table-land.  Early  the  next  morning  we 
moved  off,  fording  the  head-waters  of  Goose  creek,  a 
broad  and  rapid  stream,  and  passed  through  Middleburg, 
and  halted  beyond  to  take  dinner.  Here  we  found  a  num- 
ber of  paroled  wounded  rebs,  who  appeared  quite  sociable 
with  the  boys.  About  4  P.M.  we  again  moved  on,  and,  as 
there  was  a  long  wagon  train  in  advance,  and  the  roads 
were  exceedingly  bad,  the  march  was  slow  and  tedious. 
After  dark  we  passed  through  White  Plains,  a  deserted  village 
on  the  Manassas  Gap  railroad,  and,  marching  two  miles 
beyond,  countermarched  a  mile  back,  and  bivouacked  in  a 
heavy  woods  about  ten  o'clock.  Although  it  was  raining 
and  we  had  been  fourteen  hours  marching  sixteen  miles,  and 
the  boys  were  tired,  we  soon  had  bright  fires  burning,  and 
were  as  contented  as  soldiers  could  be. 

The  next  morning,  the  6th,  we  marched  at  eight  o'clock 
towards  Warrenton,  the  infantry  moving  on  the  fields,  to 
leave  the  road  clear  for  the  artillery.  Arriving  at  the  gap 
between  the  Watery  and  the  Pig-Nut  Mountains,  the  Buck- 
tails  and  the  Second  were  thrown  out  as  skirmishers,  to 
clean  the  woods  out  on  either  side.  They  succeeded  in  scar- 
ing up  a  number  of  squirrels,  but  no  gray-backs.  We  then 
marched  on,  and,  about  four  P.M.,  entered  Warrenton, 
and  moved  through  and  beyond  it  about  a  mile,  where  we 
encamped  near  our  old  ground  of  the  preceding  August. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  town,  if  they  really  felt  any  delight 
at  our  arrival,  certainly  did  not  manifest  it  by  any  outward 
signs,  the  female  portion  keeping  in  doors,  and  the  men 
looking  on  in  silence.  We  passed,  however,  a  number  of 
wounded  paroled  prisoners,  whose  countenances  were  more 
friendly,  they  saluting  us  in  an  easy  matter-of-course  style. 
The  town  was  completely  cleaned  out  of  everything  in  the 


198  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

way  of  goods,  the  stores  were  closed,  and  business  sus- 
pended. It  now  being  within  our  lines,  the  inhabitants 
were  exceedingly  anxious  to  obtain  supplies,  and  a  moderate 
amount  of  provisions  were  allowed  to  come  in.  Yet  some 
of  them  showed  no  gratitude  for  the  same.  A  negro  shoe- 
maker, who  soled  a  pair  of  boots  for  an  officer,  was  ordered 
by  his  master  to  refuse  greenbacks,  and  to  demand  gold  or 
Confederate  money,  it  being  supposed  the  "Yanks"  pos- 
sessed none  of  the  last  named.  In  this,  though,  they  were 
sadly  mistaken,  for  an  enterprising  color-corporal  generously 
offered  to  pay  the  bill,  he  receiving  five  dollars  in  corpora- 
tion currency  in  exchange  for  his  ten-dollar  bill,  fresh  from 
the  banking  establishment  of  some  news-boy  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

While  we  remained  here,  the  weather  was  cold  and 
unpleasant,  and  a  violent  snow-storm  occurred.  On  the 
7th  of  November,  General  M'Clellan  was  relieved  of  the 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  supersede 
by  General  Ambrose  E.  Burnside.  Whatever  verdict  his- 
tory may  pass  upon  General  M'Clellan,  it  cannot  be  denied 
he  possessed  a  strong  hold  upon  the  affections  of  the  army. 
No  officer  or  soldier  who  served  under  him  will  attempt  to 
deny  this.  And  there  is  no  better  proof  of  the  thorough 
discipline  of  the  army  than  the  cordial  and  earnest  support 
it  immediately  gave  to  the  new  commander.  About  the 
same  time,  General  Fitz  John  Porter  was  relieved  of  his 
command. 

What  General  M'Clellan's  plan  of  campaign  was,  is  not 
fully  known.  It  is  certain  though,  that,  at  one  time,  he  con- 
templated advancing  on  Richmond  via  Culpepper  Court 
House  and  Gordousville.  He  also  issued  orders  for  the 
rebuilding  of  the  wharves  at  Acquia  landing,  and  rebuilding 
the  Acquia  and  Fredericksburg  railroad.  On  the  6th  of 
November,  he  ordered  Captain  Drum,  his  chief  engineer, 
to  remove  all  the  pontoons  at  Berlin  to  Washington,  and 
hold  them  in  readiness  to  move.  These  movements  indi- 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  199 

cated  an  advance  via  Fredericksburg.  Our  movement  south 
had  been  so  slow  that  it  was  impossible  to  bring  the  enemy 
to  battle  north  of  the  Rappahannock.  The  plan  proposed 
by  General  Burnside  was  to  make  a  feint  against  Culpepper, 
and  then,  by  a  rapid  movement,  to  seize  the  heights  of 
Fredericksburg,  and,  establishing  his  base  there,  advance  on 
Richmond  from  the  north.  This  plan  had  the  advantage  of 
covering  Washington.  The  army  was  divided  into  three 
grand  divisions.  The  right,  consisting  of  the  Second  and 
Ninth  Corps,  was  commanded  by  General  Sumner;  the 
center,  composed  of  the  Third  and  Fifth  Corps,  by  General 
Hooker;  and  the  left,  of  the  First  and  Sixth  Corps,  com- 
manded by  General  Franklin.  The  Eleventh  Corps  consti- 
tuted the  reserve,  and  was  commanded  by  General  Sigel. 

At  noon  on  the  llth,  we  moved  off  to  the  southwest,  and, 
before  night,  encamped  near  Fayetteville,  about  two  miles 
from  the  Rappahannock.  On  the  14th,  the  Third  went  on 
picket  for  twenty-four  hours,  Colonel  Sickel  commanding 
the  division  line.  As  it  was  fine,  clear  weather,  they  had  a 
very  pleasant  time.  The  next  day  they  were  relieved  by  the 
One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first,  Colonel  Biddle.  Here, 
General  Seymour  was  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  First 
Brigade  at  his  own  request,  his  health  not  permitting  him 
to  go  through  a  Winter  campaign.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Colonel  William  Sinclair,  U.  S.  A.,  commanding  Sixth 
Reserves.  The  Third  Brigade  was  now  commanded  by 
General  Jackson. 

The  next  morning,  the  17th,  during  a  drizzling  rain,  we 
moved  off  down  the  Bealton  and  Hartwood  Church  road, 
passing  Bealton  Station,  Morrisville  and  the  Gold  Mines. 
After  dark,  when  near  Rockypen  run,  by  the  blunder  of  an 
aid-de-camp,  we  were  sent  into  a  woods  so  thickly  over- 
grown with  underbrush  that  we  were  forced  to  about-face 
and  retrace  our  steps,  and  seek  bivouac-grounds  for  our- 
selves near  by.  The  next  morning  we  marched  along  the 
fields  to  Hartwood  Churches,  where  we  took  the  road  to 


200  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Stafford  Court  House,  and,  crossing  Potomac  creek,  we 
ascended  a  steep  hill  that  severely  tested  the  strength  of  the 
teams  to  haul  the  guns  and  wagons  up.  It  was  a  very  hard 
day's  march  through  the  rain  and  mud,  and  towards  night 
we  encamped  near  the  banks  of  Accaheek  creek.  For  the 
past  ten  days  the  booming  of  cannon  had  been  heard  in  the 
direction  of  the  upper  fords  of  the  Rappahannock.  We 
remained  here  four  days,  during  which  it  rained  continually, 
and  heavy  details  were  made  to  corduroy  roads.  So  partic- 
ular were  our  Generals  to  prevent  depredations  being  com- 
mitted on  private  property,  that  hourly  roll-calls  were  ordered 
in  each  regiment,  and  the  absentees  were  ordered  to  be  put 
under  arrest  upon  their  return. 

About  eight  A.M.,  on  the  22d,  we  moved  along  the  fields 
bordering  the  Telegraph  road  and  passed  through  Stafford 
Court  House  to  Brooke's  Station,  on  the  Acquia  Creek  and 
Fredericksburg  railroad,  where  we  arrived  about  noon,  and 
encamped  on  an  elevated  plain  overlooking  an  extensive 
meadow.  Here  we  found  the  remains  of  insurgent  huts, 
which  they  occupied  during  the  previous  Winter.  The 
sutlers,  who  always  precede  the  paymaster,  soon  arrived 
with  a  supply  of  goods,  and  the  boys  were  enabled  to 
replenish  their  stock  of  tobacco,  which  they  had  been  out  of 
for  some  time. 

On  the  1st  of  December,  Major  Pomeroy  arrived  and  paid 
the  regiments  off.  An  officer  asked  for  two  months  advance 
pay,  and  the  Major  accommodated  him  at  his  own  risk. 
Just  before  his  departure,  the  officer  handed  him  a  sealed 
envelope.  Upon  opening  it,  the  Major  found  a  twenty- 
dollar  greenback  enclosed,  which  he  returned  to  the  officer, 
saying,  "I  cannot  receive  any  compensation  for  accommo- 
dating one  who  is  fighting  for  our  country."  While  we  lay 
here  we  received  a  full  supply  of  clothing,  some  of  the  men 
being  almost  bare-footed  and  without  blankets,  and  many  of 
them  in  need  of  stockings,  under-clothing  and  great  coats. 
Our  rations  were  made  full  and  liberal,  and  the  men  appeared 
in  excellent  spirits. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  201 

We  remained  here  sixteen  days,  and  had  a  very  pleasant 
line  to  picket  on,  making  our  headquarters  at  Mr.  Schooler's 
house.  Mr.  S.  and  his  family  were  strong  secessionists,  but 
had  the  good  sense  and  breeding  to  submit  to  circumstances 
with  grace.  We  rode  up  to  the  house,  ordered  our  horses 
to  be  put  into  the  stables,  and  the  saddles  and  blankets  into 
the  parlor,  which  we  took  possession  of.  A  young  lady  of 
excellent  education  and  fascinating  manners  soon  appeared, 
and  took  a  seat  by  the  fire  we  had  built.  She  informed  us 
they  were  secessionists  at  heart,  and  that  her  two  brothers 
were  in  the  Confederate  army,  but,  situated  as  they  were, 
they  treated  with  respect  the  Union  officers  whose  duty 
placed  them  there.  Such  frankness  won  our  hearts,  and 
could  she  or  any  one  else  expect  us  after  that  to  submit  to 
her  cool  politeness  ?  Their  clock  was  out  of  order — a  very 
fortunate  affair  for  us.  One  of  our  officers  had  studied  clock- 
making  in  his  early  youth,  having  dissected  his  mother's 
Lepine.  He  at  once  overhauled  the  clock,  and,  luckily,  set 
it  running.  The  piano  was  sadly  out  of  tune,  and  another 
officer,  possessed  of  a  critical  ear  for  music,  with  a  cone- 
wrench  put  it  in  excellent  order.  In  fact,  we  made  our- 
selves at  home  and  generally  useful,  and,  by  showing  a  proper 
respect  for  their  feelings  and  sentiments,  and  getting  the 
right  side  of  madam,  we  succeeded  in  overcoming  their 
cold  politeness  and  gaining  their  sincere  friendship.  They 
played  for  us  "My  Maryland,"  "  The  Bonny  Blue  Flag," 
and  other  Confederate  songs,  which  they  sung  with  spirit; 
spoke  of  the  battles  past,  and  of  the  approaching  one.  The 
mother  showed  us  many  times  the  likeness  of  her  darling, 
"  Charley,"  a  handsome  boy  of  sixteen,  who  belonged  to 
the  Forty-seventh  Virginia,  whom  we  promised  to  treat 
kindly  should  the  fortune  of  war  ever  place  it  in  our  power 
to  do  so.  Under  the  flag  of  truce  to  bury  the  dead  after  Fred- 
ericksburg,  we  handed  to  a  Confederate  officer  an  unsealed 
note,  from  the  mother  to  Charley. 

While  we  lay  here,  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  Clark  was 
detailed  to  report  to  General  Haupe,  for  duty  as  railroad 


202  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

constructor,  and  was  ordered  to  take  charge  of  the  Acquia 
and  Fredericksburg  railroad.  He  never  again  rejoined  the 
regiment,  much  to  the  regret  of  every  officer  and  man. 

We  remained  at  Brooke's  Station  until  the  8th  of 
December,  when  we  broke  camp  early  in  the  morning,  and 
marched.  It  was  very  cold,  and  the  roads  were  frozen  hard 
and  covered  with  sleet,  which  made  it  tiresome  for  the  men 
and  horses.  At  noon  we  encamped  in  a  meadow  near 
White  Oak  Church,  having  marched  eight  miles.  While  we 
lay  here,  all  the  detailed  men  were  ordered  into  the  ranks, 
and  sixty  rounds  of  cartridges  supplied  to  each  man. 


LIEUT.  COL.  JOHN   CLARK. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  203 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

SITMNER  SUMMONS  FREDERICKSBURG —  BOMBARDMENT  —  LAYING  PONTOONS 

—  BATTLE  OP  FREDERICKSBURG —  THE  FIELD,  AND  STRENGTH  OP  THE 
ARMIES  —  GLORIOUS  CHARGE  OP  THE  RESERVES  —  THE  HEIGHTS  CAR- 
RIED—  SUPPORT  FAILS  —  FRANKLIN'S  TESTIMONY  —  MEADE'S  REPORT 

—  LEE'S    REPORT  —  EXTRACT  —  JACKSON'S   Loss   EXCEEDS   THE    RE- 
SERVES' STRENGTH  —  BACK  OP  THE  CITY,  ON  THE  RIGHT  —  MARYE'S 
HEIGHTS  —  DESPERATE  CHARGES  —  HUMPHREY'S  GALLANT  BUT  FATAL 
CHARGE  —  THE  Loss  OP  THE  Two  ARMIES  —  UNWORTHY  OP  LEE  — 
JACKSON'S    REPORT  —  DIVINE    SERVICE   ON   THE    FIELD  —  FLAG    OF 
TRUCE  —  OUR  DEAD  AND  WOUNDED  —  RE  CROSS  THE  RIVER  —  BURN- 
SIDE'S  NOBLE  QUALITIES. 

GENERAL  SUMMER'S  advance  reached  Falrnouth  No- 
^J  vember  17th,  and  on  the  21st  he  summoned  Fredericks- 
burg  to  surrender.  The  authorities  replied  that,  while  it 
would  not  be  used  to  assail  us,  its  occupation  by  our  troops 
would  be  resisted  to  the  utmost.  Most  of  the  inhabitants, 
thereupon,  abandoned  the  place,  which  was  occupied  by  Gen- 
eral Barksdale's*  Mississippi  Brigade,  who  posted  themselves 
as  sharp-shooters  in  the  houses  along  the  river.  Lee's  engi- 
neers were  busy  fortifying  the  heights  in  the  rear.  On  the 
28th,  Wade  Hampton  dashed  across  the  river  above,  raiding 
up  to  Dumfries,  capturing  some  cavalry  and  sutlers'  wagons. 
On  the  5th  of  December,  General  D.  H.  Hill  assailed,  with 
artillery,  the  gun-boats  near  Port  Royal,  and  forced  them  to 
retire.  He  then  threw  up  fortifications,  to  prevent  their 
return. 

THE  BOMBARDMENT  OF  FREDERICKSBURG,  DECEMBER  HTH. 

At  two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  reveille  was  sounded, 
awaking  the  boys  from  their  slumber  on  the  hard,  frozen 
ground,  and  soon  the  valleys  and  hills  were  lit  up  by  innu- 

*  William  Barksdale,  of  Mississippi.    Killed  at  Gettysburg,  Pa. 


204  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

merable  fires,  around  which  they  gathered  to  prepare  their 
coffee.  Soon  we  took  up  our  march,  the  bright  stars  light- 
ing us  on  our  way,  and  as  the  columns  defiled  through  the 
gorges  and  woods  the  heavy  tramp  of  men  alone  was  heard. 
Soon  the  sound  of  artillery  in  front  announced  the  great 
drama  was  about  to  open.  Moving  on  to  within  a  mile  of 
the  river,  we  halted,  loaded,  and  stacked  arms  in  a  heavy 
pine  woods,  where  we  lay  for  the  day  and  night. 

The  roar  of  artillery,  by  this  time,  became  incessant  along 
the  river-front,  and  the  men,  collecting  on  the  hills,  had  a 
fine  view  of  the  bombardment,  which  now  commenced 
in  earnest.  The  engineers  had  attempted  to  lay  pontoon 
bridges  opposite  the  city,  but  the  tenacity  with  which  Freder- 
icksburg  was  held  by  the  sharp-shooters  compelled  Burnside 
to  dislodge  them  by  bombardment.  One  hundred  and  forty- 
three  guns  were  brought  to  bear  upon  the  city,  a  large  por- 
tion of  which  opened  fire.  The  sight  was  a  magnificent  one, 
and  towards  dark  it  became  grand.  The  city  was  on  fire  in 
several  places,  the  flames  and  smoke  ascending  high  into 
the  air,  while  shells  were  seen  bursting  in  every  quarter. 
Great  care  was  taken  by  the  cannoneers  to  avoid  injuring 
the  churches,  but  the  other  prominent  buildings  received  due 
attention.  An  officer  rode  up  to  a  battery,  and,  saluting  the 
Lieutenant,  said :  "  Lieutenant,  do  you  observe  that  high 
building  to  the  right  of  the  white  steeple  ?  That  is  the  Shakes- 
peare Hotel,  and  the  proprietor  and  his  ladies  are  particular 
friends  of  mine;  do  me  the  favor  of  sending  my  compli- 
ments to  them."  A  gun  was  trained  upon  the  building,  and 
soon  a  shell  went  crashing  through  the  walls.  "  Thank  you, 
Lieutenant,  for  your  kindness;  you  have  enabled  me  to  pay 
a  debt  of  gratitude  I  have  owed  them  since  May  last,"  and 
off  rode  the  facetious  officer.  The  enemy's  sharp-shooters 
kept  up  a  vigorous  fire  upon  the  cannoneers  and  officers 
who  lined  the  bank,  their  bullets  at  that  long  range  whizzing 
wickedly  by. 

The  pontoons  had  been  laid  half-way  over  during  the 
night,  but  at  daylight  the  workmen  were  driven  off.  Find- 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  205 

ing  it  impossible  to  dislodge  the  enemy  with  artillery,  the 
pontoon  boats  were  filled  with  troops  and  run  over,  and  the 
men,  landing,  drove  the  sharp-shoooters  from  the  streets 
and  houses,  killing  and  wounding  a  number,  and  taking 
thirty-five  prisoners.  Our  loss  in  the  whole  operation  was 
nearly  three  hundred  men.  Among  the  first  to  volunteer 
to  cross  was  the  Rev.  A.  B.  Fuller,  the  beloved  Chaplain  of 
the  Sixteenth  Massachusetts,  who  was  killed  by  a  musket 
ball.  The  city,  from  the  bombardment  and  subsequent 
firing  on  during  the  battle,  and  the  ransacking  by  the 
soldiers  of  both  armies  and  the  dishonest  of  its  population, 
was  reduced  to  a  state  of  great  dilapidation. 

At  midnight,  on  the  10th,  the  Third  Brigade,  with  Ran- 
som's and  Simpson's  batteries,  under  General  Jackson, 
marched  to  the  river,  which  they  reached  before  daylight, 
and  the  Bucktails  and  Tenth  were  deployed  as  skirmishers 
along  the  bank  of  the  stream.  The  enemy  were  driven 
from  the  opposite  shore  by  the  fire  of  the  guns  and  the  uner- 
ring aim  of  the  sharp-shooters,  and  the  bridges  successfully 
laid. 

Four  pontoon  bridges  were  laid  opposite  the  city,  and  two 
about  three  miles  below,  and  the  possession  of  both  banks 
secured. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  FREDERICKSBURG,  DECEMBER  13TH,  1862. 

Early  on  the  12th,  we  marched  to  the  river  bank.  Por- 
tions of  our  corps  had  commenced  crossing  the  pontoons, 
and,  about  eleven  o'clock,  the  Reserves  moved  over,  and 
halted  in  line  of  battle  on  the  bottom  land  on  the  south 
bank,  near  the  Burnett  home.  Here  we  ate  our  dinner, 
after  which  we  moved  up  on  the  plateau,  and  the  whole 
army  formed  in  line  of  battle,  presenting  one  of  the  grandest 
sights  we  ever  witnessed.  Some  slight  skirmishing  took 
place  on  our  front  and  right,  the  enemy  using  artillery. 
This  was  continued,  to  some  extent,  during  the  balance  of  the 
day,  but  the  night  passed  quietly,  we  sleeping  on  our  arms 
undisturbed. 


206  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

General  Lee's  array,  fully  80,000*  strong,  was  posted  on 
the  heavily  wooded  heights  south  of  the  Rappahannock, 
from  a  point  on  the  river  about  a  mile  above  Fredericks- 
burg,  near  Dr.  Taylor's  house,  opposite  the  head  of  Beck's 
Island,  to  Captain  Hamilton's,  some  four  or  five  miles  below, 
with  his  right  resting  on  the  bluffs  of  Massaponax  creek. 
The  right  wing  of  his  army  was  commanded  by  General 
Jackson;  and  the  left,  by  General  Longstreet. 

In  the  plain  between  the  bluffs  of  the  river  and  these  heights 
was  the  Union  army,  with  the  grand  division  of  Sumner  in 
and  before  Fredericksburg  on  the  right;  Hooker's  grand 
division  in  the  center,  and  Franklin's  on  the  left.  Our 
strength  was  about  100,000  men.  The  heights  receded 
gradually  from  the  river,  and  on  our  left  the  plateau  was 
two  miles  broad.  The  enemy's  three  hundred  guns  were 
all  advantageously  posted,  and  swept  the  whole  field,  while 
all  our  heavy  guns  were  on  the  bluff  north  of  the  river, 
where  they  could  not  render  effective  service. 

Our  corps,  the  First,  under  General  Reynolds,  held  the 
extreme  left  of  the  line;  and  the  Reserves,  the  left  of  the 
corps.  Early  on  the  13th,  the  enemy  threw  out  skirmishers 
on  our  left,  and  the  Bucktails  and  Second  were  sent  to  resist 
them.  The  division  moved  forward  across  the  Smithfield 
ravine,  and  advanced  down  the  river  a  half  mile,  when  it 
turned  sharp  to  the  right,  and,  crossing  the  Bowling  Green 
road,  moved  to  within  a  thousand  yards  of  the  base  of  the 
heights,  where  we  lay  down  on  the  crest  of  the  field,  behind 
our  batteries.  Our  division  formation  was  the  First  Brigade 
in  line  of  battle  facing  the  heights,  with  the  Sixth  Regiment 
deployed  as  skirmishers ;  the  Second  Brigade  in  rear  of  the 
First  three  hundred  paces;  the  Third  Brigade  by  the  flank, 
its  right  flank  being  a  few  yards  to  the  rear  of  the  First 
Brigade,  having  the  Ninth  Regiment  deployed  on  its  flank 
as  skirmishers  and  flankers.  Simpson's  battery  was  posted 
on  the  front  and  left  of  the  Third  Brigade,  and  Cooper's 

*  Greely's  American  Conflict,  II  Vol.,  page  344. 


THE   1HIRD  RESERVE.  207 

and  Ransom's  batteries  on  a  knoll  on  the  left  and  front  of 
the  First  Brigade. 

Hardly  had  we  got  into  position  before  Stuart's  horse  bat- 
teries, near  the  Bowling  Green  road,  opened  a  brisk  fire 
upon  our  left  and  rear.  The  Third  Brigade  was  faced  to 
the  left,  thus  forming,  with  the  First,  two  sides  of  a  square. 
Simpson's,  Cooper's,  and  Ransom's  batteries,  were  brought 
to  bear  upon  them,  and,  in  conjunction  with  some  of  Double- 
day's  batteries  in  our  rear,  in  twenty  minutes  silenced  and 
compelled  their  withdrawal.*  During  this  duel,  two  com- 
panies of  the  Third  Brigade  drove  back  a  party  of  the 
enemy's  sharp-shooters,  who  had  advanced  under  cover  of 
the  hedges  on  the  Bowling  Green  road. 

During  this  time,  the  heavy  fog  that  hung  over  the  field 
had  lifted,  and  revealed  to  the  enemy  our  whole  line  of 
battle,  while  theirs  was  concealed  from  our  view  by  the 
forest  and  nature  of  the  ground.  The  Reserves,  having 
been  selected  by  General  Reynolds,  commanding  the  First 
Corps,  to  storm  the  heights,  Amsden's  battery,  which  had 
just  rejoined  from  detached  duty,  was  posted  on  the  right 
of  Cooper's ;  and  Ransom's  battery  was  moved  to  the  right 
and  front  of  the  First  Brigade.  The  Third  Brigade  changed 
front,  and  formed  in  line  of  battle  on  the  left  of  the  First 
Brigade,  its  left  extending  so  as  to  be  nearly  opposite  to  the 
end  of  the  ridge  to  be  assaulted.  The  formation  was  barely 
executed  before  the  insurgent  Lieutenant-Colonel  Walker 
opened  fire  from  fourteen  pieces  of  artillery,  posted  on.  their 
extreme  right  front.  Our  three  batteries  of  twelve  guns 
immediately  turned  upon  them,  and,  after  half  an  hour's 
firing,  blew  up  two  of  their  limbers  or  caissons,  and  drove 
the  men  from  the  guns. 

*  Shortly  after  nine  A.M.,  the  partial  rising  of  the  mist  disclosed  a  large  force 
moving  in  line  of  battle  against  Jackson.  Dense  masses  appeared  in  front  of  A.  P. 
Hill,  stretching  far  up  the  river  in  the  direction  of  Fredericksburg.  As  they  advanced, 
Major  Pelham,  of  Stuart's  horse-artillery,  who  was  stationed  near  the  Port  Royal  road, 
with  one  section,  opened  a  rapid  and  well-directed  enfilading  fire,  which  arrested  their 
progress. — General  Lee's  official  report,  "  Battle-field  of  Fredericksburg"  (Insurgent),  p.  28. 


208  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Our  men  immediately  sprang  to  their  feet,  and,  as  they 
were  cheering,  Meade  dashed  up,  and  ordered  us  to  charge. 
The  First  Brigade  advanced  over  the  field,  driving  the 
enemy's  skirmishers  before  them  until  they  reached  the 
woods,  out  of  which  they  drove  them  to  the  railroad  and 
the  base  of  the  heights,  where  they  were  found  strongly 
posted  in  rifle-pits  and  behind  temporary  defences.  Right 
straight  over  these  we  went,  and  drove  the  enemy  out  of 
them  and  up  the  heights.  The  heaviest  firing  coming  from 
the  right,  we  obliqued  over  to  that  side,  flanking  Archer  on 
the  left  and  Lane  on  the  right,  and  breaking  up  and  scatter- 
ing their  brigades.*  Pressing  on,  we  drove  everything 
before  us,  until  our  flags  crowned  the  crest  of  the  hill,  when, 
crossing  the  road,  we  reached  the  open  ground,  across  which 
we  charged  with  wild  yells,  striking  Gregg's  Brigade,  scat- 
tering it  like  chaff,  and  killing  its  commander,  f  So  sudden 
and  impetuous  was  the  charge,  the  enemy  were  taken  by 
utter  surprise.^;  We  were  now  beyond  their  musket  stacks, 
which  they  had  not  time  to  seize,  and  nearly  up  to  their 
ambulances  and  hospital  tents.  On  we  dashed  upon  Thomas' 
Brigade,  and  drove  it  in  flight,  and  then  upon  the  divisions 

of  Early  §  and  Taliaferro,  ||  backed  as   they  were  by  other 

i 

*  Hill,  in  forming  his  division  to  receire  the  attack,  had  placed  the  brigades  of 
Archer,  Lane  and  Fender  from  right  to  left  in  advance,  with  Gregg  in  the  rear  of  the 
interval  between  Archer  and  Lane,  and  Thomas  in  the  rear  of  that,  between  Lane  and 
Pander.  While  Fields'  Brigade,  under  command  of  Colonel  Brockenbrough,  was 
ordered  to  support  the  fourteen  guns  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Walker  on  his  right, 
Meade,  continuing  to  push  forward  his  line,  drove  back  Lane's  right  and  Archer's  left, 
and,  wedging  his  way  through,  crossed  the  railroad,  and  reached  the  portion  of  the 
New  Military  road  held  by  Gregg's  men,  capturing,  as  he  did  so,  several  standards 
and  two  hundred  prisoners. — Battle-field  of  Fredericksburg  (Insurgent),  p.  61. 

t Brigadier-General  Maxcy  Gregg,  Governor-elect  of  South  Carolina.  "Tell  the 
Governor  of  South  Carolina  I  cheerfully  yield  my  life  for  the  independence  of  my 
State,"  were  the  dying  words  of  this  mistaken  but  gallant  soldier. 

JSo  sudden  and  unlocked  for  was  Meade's  success,  that  General  Gregg,  mistaking 
the  advancing  Federals  for  a  body  of  Confederates,  did  what  he  could  to  prevent  his 
men  from  firing,  and  fell  mortally  wounded  while  doing  so. — Battle-field  of  Fredericks- 
burg  (Insurgent),  p.  16. 

$  Jubal  A.  Early,  whom  Sheridan  rendered  famous  in  the  valley. 

At  this  moment  the  second  line,  composed  of  Early's  and  Taliaferro'a  divisions, 
moved  forward  at  a  double-quick  and  turned  the  tide.  Meade's  confused  line  was 
compelled  to  draw  back.  The  enemy  was  closing  in  on  either  flank,  and  the  alterna- 
tive of  a  rapid  retreat  only  was  left  him.— Battle-field  of  Fredericksburg  (Insurgent),  p.  17. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  209 

troops  of  Jackson.  They  met  us  with  a  counter-charge,  the 
first  shock  of  which  we  broke  and  hurled  back,  but  they 
instantly  rallied  and  poured  into  us  a  deadly  fire,  and,  their 
artillery,  galloping  up  and  wheeling  into  battery,  unlimbered 
and  enfiladed  us  from  the  right  flank.  The  division  of  D. 
H.  Hill  came  upon  our  left  on  the  double-quick,  and  opened 
upon  us  terrific  volleys  of  musketry,  and,  all  support  failing, 
we  were  forced  to  retreat,  but  not  until  a  desperate  hand-to- 
hand  struggle  had  taken  place,  and  the  crown  of  victory  was 
snatched  from  Burnside's  brow. 

The  Second  Brigade  advanced  in  rear  of  the  First,  and, 
upon  reaching  the  railroad,  received  so  severe  a  tire  on  their 
right  flank  that  the  Fourth  Regiment,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wool  worth,  halted  and  formed,  and  faced  to  the  right,  to 
repel  the  attack.  The  Third  and  Eighth  regiments  advanced 
up  the  heights;  and  Sickel,  having  the  left  and  receiving  a 
severe  fire  upon  that  flank,  inclined  in  that  direction. 
Onward  they  gallantly  advanced  until  the  crest  was  reached, 
when  they  encountered  a  heavy  force  of  the  enemy  masked 
behind  a  thick  under-growth  of  pine,  who  poured  into  them' 
a  heavy  volley.  Delivering  their  fire,  the  Third  charged, 
with  yells,  and  drove  them  from  their  cover. 

At  this  moment  the  First  Brigade  commenced  falling 
back,  followed  by  the  enemy  in  overwhelming  numbers,  line 
after  line  succeeding  each  other,  as  if  the  whole  strength  of 
Jackson's*  wing  was  concentrated  upon  this  point.  Sickel 
opened  upon  the  advancing  masses,  and  maintained  a  des- 
perate struggle  with  them  as  long  as  possible,  losing  in  that 
short  time  fearfully,  but  at  last,  overpowered,  they  were 
driven  down  the  heights  and  to  the  railroad,  they  being  the 
last  regiment  to  leave  the  crest.  Here  a  part  of  the  regi- 
ment was  halted  and  fronted;  and  General  Meade,  who  was 
attempting  to  form  a  second  line  in  the  rear,  rode  up.  A 

*  Lieutenant-General  (Stonewall)  Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson;  killed  at  Chancellors 
ville,  on  the  night  of  May  2d,  1863,  by  the  fire,  they  say,  of  his  own  men.  His  loss  was 
the  greatest  ever  sustained  by  either  party,  in  the  fall  of  a  single  man. 

14 


210  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

desperate  attempt  to  rally  was  made.  The  flags  were  waved 
to  the  front,  and  M'Caudless,  Sickels,  Talley  and  others, 
collected  some  men  and  made  a  stand.  Meade,  whom  it 
was  supposed  nothing  could  excite,  having  but  a  division  to 
command,  was  in  for  fight  in  hot  earnest,  and  broke  the 
point  of  his  sword  upon  a  retreating  lieutenant's  shoulder- 
blade.  But  all  was  useless.  The  Reserves  had  done  all  that 
mortal  men  could  do,  and  they  felt  if  they  stood  they  would 
be  simply  wiped-out  by  the  fire  of  an  overwhelming  foe, 
without  achieving  any  good.  A  heavy  infantry  fire  was 
concentrated  upon  them,  and  the  enemy's  lines  came  pour- 
ing down  the  heights.  Yet  the  insurgents  halted,  to  dress 
their  lines.  Volleys  were  poured  into  us,  and  every  musket 
was  vocal,  but  the  little  handful  was  swept  from  the  field, 
and  reaching  our  batteries,  we  lay  down  behind  them,  the 
enemy  not  following  beyond  the  base  of  the  heights.  Here 
we  found  Collis'  Zouaves  (One  Hundred  and  Fourteenth 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers),  of  Birney's  division. 

The  Third  Brigade,  which  held  the  extreme  left  of  our 
line,  had  not  advanced  over  one  hundred  yards  before  the 
batteries  on  the  heights  on  its  left  was  re-manned,  and 
poured  a  destructive  fire  into  its  ranks.  General  C.  F.  Jack- 
son attempted  to  out-flank  the  battery  on  the  right,  and  suc- 
ceeded so  far  that  some  of  the  regiments  advanced  across 
the  railroad,  and  ascended  the  heights  in  their  front;  but 
here  the  gallant  Jackson  fell,  and  so  severe  a  fire,  both  of 
artillery  and  infantry,  was  opened  upon  them,  that  they  were 
compelled  to  withdraw. 

When  General  Gibbons,  whose  division  lay  on  our  right, 
saw  us  advance,  he  sent  forward  his  First  Brigade.  Seeing 
they  faltered,  he  ordered  up  the  Second  Brigade,  but  such 
was  the  severity  of  the  fire  they  were  subject  to,  he  could 
not  get  them  to  charge.  He  then  formed  the  Third  Brigade 
in  column  on  the  right  of  his  line,  and  they  advanced  as  far 
as  the  railroad,  the  enemy's  outer  line,  at  the  base  of  the 
heights,  but  not  until  we  had  been  driven  back  there,  when 
we  all  retired  together. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  211 

General  Meade  stated,  prior  to  the  assault,  that  he  could 
take  the  heights,  but  could  not  hold  them  without  support. 
He  sent  three  different  times  to  General  Birney,  whose  divi- 
sion had  replaced  the  Reserves  at  the  battery  from  whence 
we  advanced,  twice  requesting  him,  and  the  third  time 
ordering  him,  to  advance  to  his  support.  To  the  requests 
he  answered,  he  was  under  the  command  of  General  Rey- 
nolds, and  could  not  move  without  his  orders.  When  he 
received  the  order,  he  sent  a  brigade,  under  General  Ward, 
who  arrived  just  as  we  had  retired  from  the  woods. 

Franklin's  left  grand  division  was  composed  of  Reynolds' 
and  W.  F.  Smith's  corps  and  Bayard's  cavalry,  and  num- 
bered 40,000  men  in  all.  With  these,  he  had  twenty-three 
field  batteries  of  one  hundred  and  sixteen  guns,  and  sixty- 
one  guns  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river.  On  the  night  of 
the  1 2th,  he  was  re-enforced  by  two  divisions  of  Hooker's 
center  grand  division,  Kearny's  and  Hooker's  own,  under 
General  Stoneman,  which  raised  his  force  to  55,000  men,  or 
over  one-half  our  entire  army.  At  seven  A.M.,  on  the  13th, 
he  received  his  order  for  the  attack,*  and  although  not  as 
clear,  precise  and  positive  as  language  will  allow,  was  cer- 
tainly clear  enough  for  him  to  have  supported  the  attack. 
With  all  the  force  at  his  disposal,  he  picked  out  the  weakest 
division  to  make  the  attack,  and  supported  it  with  only  5,000 
men,  who  rendered  very  indifferent  aid. 

*  "  General  Hardie  will  carry  this  dispatch  to  you  and  remain  with  you  during  the 
day.  The  General  commanding  directs  that  you  keep  your  whole  command  in  posi- 
tion for  a  rapid  movement  down  the  old  Richmond  road,  and  you  will  send  out  at  once 
a  division,  at  least,  to  pass  below  Smithfleld,  to  seize,  if  possible,  the  heights  near 
Captain  Hamilton's,  on  this  side  of  the  Massaponax,  taking  care  to  keep  it  well  sup- 
ported and  its  line  of  retreat  open.  He  has  ordered  another  column,  of  a  division  or 
more,  to  be  moved  from  General  Sumner's  command  up  the  plank  road  to  its  inter 
s  ection  of  the  telegraph  road,  where  they  will  divide,  with  a  view  of  seizing  the  heights 
on  both  of  these  roads.  Holding  these  heights,  with  the  heights  near  Captain  Ham- 
ilton's, will,  I  hope,  compel  the  enemy  to  evacuate  the  whole  ridge  between  these 
points.  He  makes  these  moves  by  columns,  distant  from  each  other,  with  a  view  of 
avoiding  the  possibility  of  a  collision  of  our  own  forces,  which  might  occur  in  a  gen- 
eral movement  during  the  fog.  Two  of  General  Hooker's  divisions  are  in  your  rear 
at  the  bridges,  and  will  remain  there  as  supports.  Copies  of  instructions  to  Generals 
Sumner  and  Hooker  will  be  forwarded  to  you  by  an  Orderly  very  soon.  You  will  keep 
your  whole  command  in  readiness  to  move  at  once,  as  soon  as  the  fog  lifts.  The 
watch-word,  which,  if  possible,  should  be  given  to  every  company,  will  be  'Scott.'" 


212  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

General  Franklin,  in  his  testimony  before  "the  Commit- 
tee on  the  Conduct  of  the  War,"  states:  "I  never  dreamed 
that  this  was  considered  as  a  strong  attack  at  all  until  since 
the  battle  took  place.  At  that  time  I  had  no  idea  that  it 
was  the  main  attack,  but  supposed  it  was  an  armed  observa- 
tion to  ascertain  where  the  enemy  was.  That  night,  Gen- 
eral Burnside  sent  for  me,  and  I  supposed  his  object  in  send- 
ing for  me  was  to  tell  me  what  kind  of  attack  was  to  come 
oft'  the  next  day."  What  General  Franklin's  idea  of  a  bat- 
tle was,  we  do  not  exactly  know,  but,  at  the  time,  it  struck 
us  very  forcibly  that  this  partook  somewhat  of  the  nature 
of  one. 

General  Meade,  in  his  official  report,  says:  "While  I 
deeply  regret  the  inability  of  the  division,  after  having  suc- 
cessfully penetrated  the  enemy's  line,  to  remain  and  hold 
what  had  been  secured,  at  the  same  time  I  deem  their  with- 
drawal a  matter  of  necessity.  With  one  brigade  commander 
killed,  another  wounded,  nearly  half  their  number  hors  du 
combat,  with  regiments  separated  from  brigades,  and  com- 
panies from  regiments,  and  all  the  confusion  and  disaster 
incidental  to  the  advance  of  an  extended  line  through  woods 
and  other  obstructions,  assailed  by  a  heavy  fire,  not  only  of 
infantry  but  of  artillery,  not  only  in  front  but  on  both  flanks, 
the  best  troops  would  be  justified  in  withdrawing  without 
loss  of  honor." 

In  his  testimony  before  "the  Committee  on  the  Conduct 
of  the  War,"  he  says:  "If  we  had  been  supported,  there  is 
every  reason  to  believe  we  would  have  held  the  ground. 
The  effect  of  this  would  have  been  to  have  produced  the 
evacuation  of  the  other  line  of  the  enemy's  works  in  rear  of 
Fredericksburg." 

General  Lee,  in  his  official  report,  says:  "About  one 
P.M.,  the  attack  on  the  right  began  by  a  furious  cannonade, 
under  cover  of  which  three  compact  lines  of  infantry 
advanced  against  Hill's  front.  They  were  received  as  before 
by  our  batteries,  by  whose  fire  they  were  momentarily 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  213 

checked,  but  soon  recovering,  they  pressed  forward  until, 
coming  within  range  of  oar  infantry,  the  contest  became 
tierce  and  bloody.  Archer  and  Lane  repulsed  those  por- 
tions of  the  line  immediately  in  their  front,  but  before  the 
interval  between  these  commands  could  be  closed,  the  enemy 
pressed  through  in  overwhelming  numbers  and  turned  the 
left  of  Archer  and  the  right  of  Lane.  Attacked  in  front 
and  flank,  two  regiments  of  the  former  and  the  brigade  of 
the  latter,  after  a  brave  and  obstinate  resistance,  gave  way. 
Archer  held  his  line  with  the  First  Tennessee  and  the  Fifth 
Alabama  Battalion,  assisted  by  the  Forty-second  Virginia 
Regiment  and  the  Twenty-second  Virginia  Battalion,  until 
the  arrival  of  re-enforcements.  Thomas  came  gallantly  to 
the  relief  of  Lane,  and,  joined  by  the  Seventh  and  part  of 
the  Eighteenth  North  Carolina  Regiments  of  that  brigade, 
repulsed  the  column  that  had  broken  Lane,  and  drove  it 
back  to  the  railroad.  In  the  meantime  a  large  force  had  pene- 
trated the  wood  as  far  as  Hill's  reserve,  and  encountered  Gregg's 
brigade.  The  attack  was  so  sudden  and  unexpected  that 
Orr's  rifles,  mistaking  the  enemy  for  our  own  troops  retiring, 
were  thrown  into  confusion." 

In  "Burnside,  and  the  Ninth  Army  Corps,"  page  220,  we 
find:  "By  twelve  o'clock,  most  of  the  dispositions  on  our 
side  were  made,  and  General  Meade  began  to  advance  with 
earnestness  and  vigor.  His  division  consisted  of  three  bri- 
gades, of  which  the  Third  was  on  the  left,  the  First  on  the 
right,  closely  followed  by  the  Second.  General  Gibbon's 
division  was  ordered  to  hold  itself  ready  as  a  support.  The 
troops  went  forward  with  great  spirit  and  resolution.  In 
handsome  style  they  charged  up  the  road,  regardless  of  a 
hot  fire  from  the  enemy,  crossed  the  railroad,  ascended  the 
heights  beyond,  broke  through  the  enemy's  first  line,  pene- 
trated very  nearly  the  enemy's  second  line,  under  General 
Taliaferro,  and  gained  a  position  near  Captain  Hamilton's 
house,  capturing  and  sending  back  three  hundred  prisoners 
and  more.  Nothing  could  be  better  than  this  gallant  charge. 


214  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

It  was  made  in  the  midst  of  a  destructive  fire  of  musketry 
in  front,  and  a  severe  enfilading  fire  of  artillery,  and  for  a 
time  carried  everything  before  it.  Finding  an  interval  in 
the  enemy's  line,  between  the  brigades  of  Archer  and  Lane, 
General  Meade  took  advantage  of  it,  and  wedgeci  his  advance 
in,  turning  the  flanks  of  both  brigades  and  throwing  them 
into  confusion.  He  next  struck  Gregg's  brigade  and  broke 
it  to  pieces,  with  the  loss  of  its  commanding  oflicer.  Gen- 
eral A.  P.  Hill's  line  was  then  pierced,  and  General  Meade's 
next  duty  was  to  break  the  line  of  General  Taliaferro.  But 
this  was  not  so  easy.  For  an  hour  and  a  half  had  the  gal- 
lant little  division  pushed  forward  in  its  successful  career. 
But  it  was  now  bearing  the  brunt  of  a  contest  with  the 
entire  corps  of  General  Jackson,  which  had  been  ordered  to 
meet  the  audacious  attack,  and  it  could  not  maintain  itself 
without  continued  support.  *  *  *  General  Meade  had 
come  within  a  hair's  breadth  of  achieving  a  great  success. 
His  attack  had  been  so  vigorous  as  to  be  almost  a  surprise. 
His  troops  had  come  upon  the  enemy,  in  some  cases,  before 
he  had  time  to  take  the  muskets  from  the  stacks." 

When  the  Second  Brigade  reached  the  railroad,  the  Fourth 
Regiment  faced  to  the  right,  the  Third  and  Eighth  pushed 
up  the  heights,  and  the  Seventh  Regiment  obliqued  to  the  left, 
within  a  hundred  yards  of  a  rifle-pit,  and  opened  fire.  The 
Second  Regiment,  in  charging,  struck  our  right  of  the  pit, 
and  a  portion  of  it  half  wheeling  to  the  left,  gained  the  rear, 
and  opened  a  deadly  fire  upon  its  occupants,  by  which  they 
were  slaughtered  like  sheep.  Many  attempted  to  escape  by 
running  the  gauntlet,  they  becoming  perfectly  wild  and 
blind  with  the  fire,  and  heeded  not  the  call  to  halt.  With 
their  arms  up  to  shield  their  heads,  they  staggered  to  and 
fro  up  the  hill  within  a  few  yards  of  our  line,  meeting  cer- 
tain death.  While  our  men  were  frightfully  slaughtering 
them,  the  largest  body  of  the  enemy  were  lying  in  the  pit 
making  no  reply,  but  we  were  receiving  the  heavy  fire  of  the 
Seventh  in  front  of  the  pit ;  and  our  men,  in  the  excitement 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  215 

of  the  battle,  could  not  see  the  position  of  affairs,  supposing 
the  fire  came  from  the  enemy.  It  was,  therefore,  almost 
impossible  to  stop  the  fire  of  our  men.  At  length  an  officer 
of  the  Second,  sheathing  his  sword,  with  cap  in  hand, 
advanced  between  the  two  lines,  and  asked  the  insurgents 
if  they  "  wished  to  fight  or  surrender."  "  We  will  sur- 
render if  you  will  allow  us,"  was  the  reply.  The  officer 
not  wishing  to  send  any  of  our  men  to  the  rear  with  them, 
and  to  prevent  treachery,  took  several  of  them  with  him, 
and,  advancing  in  front  of  the  pit,  succeeded  in  stopping 
the  fire  of  the  Seventh,  upon  which  he  got  out  the  rest, 
numbering  over  three  hundred,  and  sent  them  to  the 
Seventh.  No  sooner  had  he  got  clear  of  the  prisoners  than 
he  received  thirteen  bullet  holes  through  his  clothes,  from  a 
party  who  had  concealed  themselves,  two  of  whom  were 
captured  and  shot  down.  The  rifle-pit  was  choked  with  the 
dead  and  wounded,  and  the  rear  of  it  was  literally  covered 
with  them,  the  Second  killing,  wounding  and  capturing 
near  three  times  their  own  number.  They  were  the  Nine- 
teenth Georgia  Infantry.  The  Seventh  received  the  credit 
of  taking  the  rifle-pit  and  the  prisoners,  and  capturing  the 
standard,  although  it  was  wrenched  from  the  hands  of  its 
bearer  by  an  officer  of  the  Second.*  The  flag  was  given  to 
Charles  Upjohn,  who,  being  afterwards  wounded,  gave  it  to 
a  corporal  of  the  Seventh,  who  received  a  medal  from  the 
War  Department. 

The  conflict  with  the  Reserves  was  the  only  fighting  done 
by  Jackson's  troops  during  the  day,  except  the  brief  strug- 

*  General  Meade,  in  his  official  report,  gives  the  Seventh  the  credit  of  this  affair. 
He  based  his  report  upon  those  of  the  brigade  commanders,  who  were  dependent  on 
the  regimental  commanders,  who,  in  turn,  made  up  their  reports  from  those  of  the 
company  commanders.  The  General  could  not  intentionally  wrong  a  regiment  or 
man  of  his  command.  The  author,  that  justice  might  be  done  to  his  regiment,  in 
Prof.  Bates'  State  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
General  upon  the  subject.  He  replied  that  he  believed  the  statement,  substantially  the 
same  as  the  above,  to  be  correct,  and  expressed  his  sincere  regret  that  he  was  misin- 
formed at  the  time.  In  justice  to  the  Seventh,  it  should  be  stated  they  probably  were 
not  aware  the  Second  had  taken  the  pit  or  the  prisoners,  as  the  Second,  upon  the  sur- 
render, immediately  pushed  up  the  heights. 


216  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

gle  with  Gibbons,  whose  loss  was  heaviest  before  delivering 
fire.  Jackson  officially  gives  his  total  loss  at  3,415,  almost 
as  many  as  the  Reserves  took  into  the  action.  Our  loss  was 
1,842,  or  nearly  one-half  our  men. 

While  these  operations  were  transpiring  on  the  extreme 
left,  the  center  was  quiet,  and  the  right  hotly  engaged.  The 
enemy's  works  immediately  in  the  rear  of  Fredericksburg 
consisted  of  three  tiers,  the  first  an  embankment  four  feet 
high,  faced  with  stone,  against  which  our  artillery  made  no 
impression.  Braver  men  never  lived  than  those  who 
stormed  Marye's  Heights  that  day,  but  all  their  valor 
availed  naught.  With  the  lifting  fog  Couch's  division 
moved  from  the  city  and  pressed  up  the  heights,  pierced 
and  plowed  through  by  the  enemy's  batteries,  and  when 
they  reached  the  wall  the  insurgent  infantry  rose  and 
mowed  them  down  like  grass.  It  was  followed  by  French's 
and  Hancock's  *  corps,  who  dashed  themselves  against  those 
impregnable  heights ;  and  when  the  remnant  of  one  brigade 
or  division  fell  back,  it  was  succeeded  by  others,  each  in  its 
turn  to  be  exposed  to  the  useless  slaughter.  At  two  P.M., 
General  Hooker  was  ordered  to  the  assault,  and  after  trying 
to  dissuade  Burnside  from  making  it,  he  brought  all  his  bat- 
teries to  play  upon  one  point,  to  breach  the  wall.  He  con- 
tinued the  fire  until  sunset,  without  producing  any  apparent 
effect.  Humphrey's  f  division  was  now  formed  in  column 
of  assault,  and  with  empty  muskets  they  dashed  up  the 
heights.  The  head  of  the  column  arrived  within  fifteen  or 
twenty  yards  of  the  wall,  when  Barksdale's  Brigade  poured 
into  their  faces  the  deadliest  of  volleys,  and  they  were 
hurled  back  as  quickly  as  they  advanced,  leaving  1,760  out 
of  4,000  upon  the  hill-side,  now  slippery  with  gore.  The 
whole  movement  did  not  occupy  fifteen  minutes,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  they  killed  a  man. 

*In  this  charge  Colonel  Dennis  Heenan,  Lieutenant-Colonel  A.  St.  Glair  Mulhol 
land,  and  Major  George  H.  Bardwell,  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Pennsylvania  Vol- 
unteers, were  severely  wounded. 

t  Major-General  Andrew  A.  Humphrey,  Pa.    Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  217 

In  addition  to  the  musket  fire  the  men  were  exposed  to, 
the  crests  of  the  surrounding  hills  formed  almost  a  semi- 
circle, and  these  were  filled  with  artillery,  and  the  focus  was 
the  assaulting  column,  and  it  was  within  good  canister  range. 
Against  this  impregnable  point  Burnside  insisted  upon 
hurling  his  columns,  in  useless  slaughter,  all  day  long,  and 
at  the  sacrifice  of  10,000  brave  and  true  men.  As  if  by 
some  strange  infatuation,  his  whole  energy  and  aim  appeared 
to  be  centered  here,  when  victory  was  within  his  grasp  on 
the  left. 

Thus  terminated  the  fatal  day  of  Fredericksburg.  The 
loss  in  the  Third  was  heavy,*  and  among  the  killed  was 
Lieutenant  Jacob  V.  Shillings,  a  brave  and  promising 
officer;  and  among  the  wounded  was  Captain  William 
Brian,  a  most  valuable  officer,  whose  leg  was  amputated 
while  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy ;  and  Lieutenant  Michael 
Walters,  who  lost  a  foot.  Our  loss  that  day  was  1,152 
killed,  9,101  Bounded,  and  3,234  missing,  making  a  total  of 
13,487.  It  may  possibly  have  reached,  but  certainly  did 
not  exceed,  15,000.  To  show  the  reliance  that  can  be  placed 
in  the  insurgent  statements,  it  is  only  necessary  to  say  that 
Lee  reported  his  loss  at  the  preposterous  low  number  of 
1,800  killed  and  wounded.  His  actual  loss,  as  embodied  in 
the  detailed  reports  of  Jackson  and  Longstreet,  was  over 
5,000,f  and  probably  reached  7,OOO.J 

Our  division  remained  behind  the  batteries  until  near 
sunset,  when  we  marched  to  the  ground  occupied  the  night 
before,  where  we  slept  on  our  arms.  Late  in  the  afternoon, 

*8ee  Appendix  A. 

Killed.  Wounded.  Missing.  Total. 

t  Jackson's  right  wing 344  2,545  526  3,415 

Longstreet's  left  wing 251  1,510  127  1,894 

Total 595  4,061  653  5,309 

J  General  Lhe,  on  the  21st  of  December,  thus  congratulates  his  army:  "The 
immense  army  of  the  enemy  completed  its  preparations  for  the  attack  without  inter- 
ruption, and  gave  battle  in  its  own  time,  and  on  ground  of  its  own  selection.  It  was 
encountered  by  less  than  twenty  thousand  of  this  brave  army;  and  its  columns,  crushed 
and  broken,  hurled  back  at  every  point,  with  such  fearful  slaughter  that  escape  from 
entire  destruction  became  the  boast  of  those  who  had  advanced  in  full  confidence  of 
victory." 


218  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

the  enemy  showed  some  indications  of  attacking  us,  but 
they  were  soon  abandoned.* 

Early  in  this  battle  Colonel  Sinclair,  commanding  the 
First  Brigade,  was  severely  wounded,  and  the  command 
devolved  upon  Colonel  M'Candless.  Colonel  Sickel's  coat 
was  perforated  by  three  bullets,  and  his  field-glass  shattered. 
In  our  retreat  an  officer  saw  a  quail,  so  terrified  by  fright 
that  he  knocked  it  over  with  his  sword. 

Incredible  as  it  may  appear,  after  all  the  useless  and  hor- 
rible carnage,  the  next  morning  General  Burnside  formed  a 
column  of  attack,  to  again  make  the  insane  attempt  to  storm 
Marye's  Hill.  It  was  only  through  the  forcible  remonstrance 
of  Sumner  that  he  was  induced  to  abandon  the  idea,  and  he 
actually  felt  himself  bound  to  excuse  himself  before  the 
Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War,  for  not  making  it. 

During  the  day  there  was  considerable  artillery  and 
infantry  skirmishing,  and  we  were  several  times  called  into 
line  to  meet  the  enemy.  It  being  Sunday,  about  two  o'clock 
the  excellent  and  beloved  Chaplain  of  the  Third,  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Pomeroy,  determined  to  hold  religious  worship.  Sur- 
rounded by  a  few  friends,  with  uncovered  heads  they  raised 
their  voices  in  a  sweet  hymn  as  they  advanced  in  front  of 
the  line  to  a  clear  space.  Soon  around  them  was  collected 
a  large  concourse  of  attentive  listeners.  He  spoke  of  the 
justness  and  righteousness  of  the  cause  we  were  engaged  in, 


*. Jackson,  in  his  official  report,  with  great  candor  says  :  "Repulsed  on  the  right 
and  left,  the  enemy  soon  after  re-formed  his  lines,  and  gave  some  indications  of  a  pur- 
pose to  renew  the  attack.  I  waited  some  time  to  receive  it ;  but  he  making  no  forward 
movement,  I  determined  it  prudent  to  do  so  myself.  The  artillery  of  the  enemy  was  so 
judiciously  posted  as  to  make  an  advance  of  our  troops  across  the  plain  very  hazardous, 
yet  it  was  so  promising  of  good  results,  if  successfully  executed,  as  to  induce  me  to 
make  preparations  for  the  attempt.  In  order  to  guard  against  disaster,  the  infantry  was 
to  be  preceded  by  artillery,  and  the  movement  postponed  until  late  in  the  evening;  so 
that  if  compelled  to  retire,  it  would  be  under  the  cover  of  night.  Owing  to  unexpected 
delay,  the  movement  could  not  be  got  ready  till  late  in  the  evening.  The  first  gun  had 
hardly  moved  forward  from  the  woods  a  hundred  yards,  when  the  enemy's  artillery 
re-opened,  and  so  completely  swept  our  front  as  to  satisfy  me  that  the  proposed  move- 
ment should  be  abandoned."  From  this,  probably,  arose  Pollard's  ridiculous  story 
of  Jackson's  advising  a  night  attack  with  his  men  stripped  naked  and  armed  with 
bowie-knives.  Where  would  they  have  got  the  knives  from  ? 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  219 

of  the  duty  of  all  citizens  to  defend  their  country,  as  the 
child  defends  its  mother,  of  courage  in  battle,  of  mercy  to 
the  wounded,  of  fortitude  in  suffering,  of  love  and  kindness 
to  comrades.  But  he  exhorted  them,  above  all  precious 
gifts  and  treasures,  to  seek  the  blood  of  Jesus  for  salvation. 
When  he  spoke  of  our  fallen  comrades,  of  the  gloom  it 
would  cast  over  the  cottage  homes  of  Pennsylvania,  he 
moved  all  hearts  to  sadness,  and  when  he  raised  his  eyes  to 
heaven  in  humble  prayer,  heeding  not  the  exploding  shells 
of  the  foe,  we  thought  what  entire  confidence  that  pure  man 
placed  in  the  protection  of  our  God.  While  thus  engaged 
in  worship,  the  call  to  arms  was  sounded.  The  men  took 
their  place,  and  the  beloved  Chaplain  walked  down  the  line 
with  cheerful  words  and  looks  for  all,  appearing  like  a 
pleasant  gentleman  with  his  friends. 

Sunday,  with  its  alarms,  wore  away,  and  Monday  morn- 
ing came,  the  two  armies  confronting  each  other.  During 
the  day  a  flag  of  truce  was  agreed  upon,  to  bring  off  the 
wounded  and  bury  the  dead.  A  detail  of  twenty-five  men 
was  made  from  each  regiment  for  the  purpose.  We  found 
our  dead  stripped,  and  even  the  wounded  were  robbed  of 
their  clothes.  What  the  poor  fellows'  sufferings  were,  dur- 
ing those  December  nights,  God  only  knows !  But  few  were 
left  alive.  The  insurgents,  ashamed  of  their  cruelty,  sought 
to  excuse  themselves  by  stating  it  was  the  reiterated  order 
of  their  officers.  The  lines  were  established  near  the  base 
of  the  heights,  and  the  enemy  brought  our  men  to  us.  The 
wounded  were  sent  to  the  rear,  and  the  dead  properly  buried. 
Among  the  latter  was  young  Lieutenant  Dehou,  an  Aid-de- 
Camp  to  General  Meade,  who  fell  while  carrying  an  order 
to  General  Jackson.  As  he  lay  upon  the  ground,  his  marble- 
like  form  looked  like  a  fine  piece  of  sculpture,  and  the  rich, 
golden  curls  clustered  around  his  forehead  and  partly  con- 
cealed his  handsome  features.  He  was  a  brave  and  gallant 
youth,  and  noted  for  his  manly  virtues. 


220  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

That  night,  the  15th,  we  got  under  arms  soon  after  dark, 
and  leaving  our  carnp-fires  brightly  burning,  moved  slowly 
and  noiselessly  towards  the  river,  which  we  crossed  on  muf- 
fled pontoons,  and  moved  back  about  a  mile.  The  crossing 
on  the  right  was  soon  after  commenced,  and  by  morning  the 
whole  army  was  over,  without  the  loss  of  a  man  or  gun. 

After  this  disaster,  it  was  useless  to  continue  General 
Burnside  in  command  of  the  army.  But,  though  he  sadly 
erred  in  judgment,  his  subsequent  conduct  and  bearing 
showed  him  possessed  of  noble  qualities.  Although  he  felt 
that  Franklin  had  not  done  his  duty,  he  excused  others  and 
took  the  blame  on  himself.  Thus  he  wrote  to  General  Hal- 
leek:  "The  fact  that  I  decided  to  move  from  Warrenton 
on  to  this  line  rather  against  the  opinion  of  the  President, 
Secretary  of  War,  and  yourself,  and  that  you  have  left  the 
whole  movement  in  my  hands,  without  giving  me  orders, 
makes  me  the  more  responsible."*  The  chief  cause  of  the 
failure  was  the  delay  of  over  three  weeks  in  the  arrival  of 
the  pontoons  after  Sumuer  reached  Falmouth,  enabling  the 
enemy  to  concentrate  his  forces  there,  and  resist  our  seizure 
of  the  heights. 

*  Official  Report,  December  19th. 


THE  THIRD   RESERVE.  221 


CHAPTER  XV. 

MARCH  TO  WHITE  OAK  CHURCH  —  WINTER  QUARTERS  —  GENERAL  MEADE 
PROMOTED  —  SICKEL  SUCCEEDS  HIM  —  BURNSIDE'S  MUD  EXPEDITION 
—  HOOKER  SUPERSEDES  BURNSIDE  —  BELL  PLAIN  —  ALEXANDRIA  — 
SICKEL  IN  COMMAND  OP  THE  DEFENCES  —  THE  FIRST  AND  THIRD  BRI- 
GADES TO  GETTYSBURG  —  DETAILS  —  CAPTAIN  FISHER'S  ESCAPE  FROM 
LIBBY — TWENTY  ONE  PATRIOTS  —  NEW  FLAGS  —  KESIGNATIONS  AND 
PROMOTIONS. 

WE  REMAINED  in  our  position  until  the  18th,  when  we 
marched  about  five  miles,  and  bivouacked  in  an  open 
field.  The  next  morning  we  moved  a  mile,  and  formed  an 
encampment  in  a  thick  pine  forest  on  a  hill-side,  near  White 
Oak  Church.  That  night  the  Third  went  on  picket;  and 
the  thermometer  indicating  seven  above  zero,  they  suffered 
much.  Here  we  made  preparations  to  go  into  winter  quar- 
ters. Some  of  the  men  dug  pits,  about  two  feet  deep,  which 
they  logged  up  above  ground,  and  stretched  their  shelter 
tents  over.  Comfortable  fire-places  and  chimneys  were 
built,  and,  with  abundance  of  dry  leaves  to  sleep  upon,  they 
got  along  quite  comfortably.  Two  or  four  generally  bunked 
together;  and  by  splicing  blankets,  and  lying  spoon-fashion, 
slept  quite  warm. 

General  Meade  having  been  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  Fifth  Army  Corps,  he  issued  the  following  farewell  to 
our  division : 

"  HEADQUARTERS  THIRD  DIVISION,  1 

December  25th,  1862.    / 
"  General  Order  No.  101. 

"  In  announcing  the  above  order,  which  separates  the 
commanding  general  from  the  division,  he  takes  occasion  to 
express  to  the  officers  and  men  that,  notwithstanding  his 
just  pride  at  being  promoted  to  a  higher  command,  he 
experiences  a  deep  feeling  of  regret  at  parting  from  them 


222  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

with  whom  he  has  so  long  associated,  and  to  whose  services 
he  here  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  for  whatever  of 
reputation  he  may  have  acquired. 

"  The  commanding  general  will  never  cease  to  remember 
that  he  belonged  to  the  Reserve  Corps ;  he  will  watch  with 
eagerness  for  the  deeds  of  fame  which  he  feels  sure  they 
will  enact  under  the  command  of  his  successors,  and  though 
sadly  reduced  in  numbers  from  the  casualties  of  battle,  yet 
he  knows  the  Reserves  will  always  be  ready  and  prompt  to 
uphold  the  honor  and  glory  of  their  State. 

"  By  command  of  MAJOR-GENERAL  MEADE. 

"  (Signed)  EDWARD  C.  BAIRD,  A.  A.  G." 

The  command  of  the  Reserves  devolved  upon  Colonel 
Sickel,  in  whom  General  Meade  had  always  shown  great  con- 
fidence. The  Colonel  retained  Captain  Baird  as  Assistant 
Adjutant-General,  and  appointed  Adjutant  Harry  S.  Jones, 
Aid-de-Camp.  Captain  Jacob  Lenhart  assumed  command 
of  the  regiment,  and  Lieutenant  George  M.  Rohne  was 
appointed  Acting  Adjutant.  While  we  lay  here,  we  expe- 
rienced constant  heavy  rain  and  snow  storms,  that  turned 
our  encampment  into  a  vast  mud-puddle,  and  rendered  the 
roads  almost  impassable.  Almost  daily,  details  were  made 
from  the  regiments  to  corduroy  the  roads ;  and  we  passed 
our  time  about  as  disagreeably  as  possible. 

General  Burnside  was  not  disposed  to  give  up  the  cam- 
paign yet,  and,  on  the  26th,  ordered  three  days'  cooked 
rations  and  sixty  rounds  of  cartridges  to  be  issued  to  each 
man,  and  the  army  held  in  readiness  to  move  at  a  moment's 
notice.  The  intention  was  to  make  a  feint  above  Fredericks- 
burg,  and  cross  some  six  miles  below;  while  General  Pleas- 
anton,  with  2,500  cavalry  and  a  battery  of  horse  artillery, 
was  to  cross  at  Kelly's  Ford,  and  to  raid  across  the  Virginia 
Central,  the  Lynchburg  and  Weldon  railroads,  blow  up  the 
locks  of  the  James  River  canal,  and  to  report  to  General 
Peck,  at  Suffolk,  from  whence  they  were  to  be  transferred 
back  to  Acquia  Creek  by  steamboats.  Several  other  minor 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  223 

expeditions  were  to  be  sent  out,  to  distract  the  enemy's 
attention.  On  the  30th,  orders  were  issued  for  the  army  to 
move,  but  the  President  arrested  it  by  telegram,  as  clandes- 
tine representations  had  been  made  to  him  by  officers,  that, 
in  the  existing  temper  of  the  army,  it  would  inevitably  end 
in  disaster. 

Orders  to  hold  ourselves  in  readiness  to  move  were,  how- 
ever, repeatedly  renewed  up  to  January  20th,  1863,  when,  at 
noon,  we  broke  camp,  and  marched  up  the  river  ten  miles, 
where  we  halted  at  dark,  and  bivouacked  in  a  thick  scrub- 
oak  woods.  About  four  o'clock  it  commenced  raining,  and 
continued  without  intermission  all  night,  and  by  the  next 
morning  the  roads  and  fields  were  impassable.  It  was  the 
most  severe  and  trying  storm  ever  experienced  in  that  region 
by  us.  About  daylight,  however,  we  got  under  way,  and 
marched  about  three  miles,  to  Banks'  Ford,  where  we  halted. 
Here  the  army  was  brought  to  a  stand,  and  literally  stuck 
in  the  mud.  The  snow,  the  driving  sleet,  the  pouring  rain, 
and  a  general  breaking  up  of  the  roads,  hitherto  hardly 
frozen,  rendered  locomotion  impossible.  The  pontoon  trains 
could  not  move.  The  supply  trains  were  in  the  rear,  unable 
to  come  up,  and  twenty-eight  horses  stalled  with  a  gun.  It 
was  next  to  impossible  to  get  our  camp-fires  lighted,  and  the 
cold  rain  descended  in  torrents  all  day.  The  enemy,  who 
had  been  informed  of  our  intended  movement,  and  had  seen 
Sumner's  trains  moving  on  the  crest  of  the  hills,  were  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  ready  to  receive  us,  and 
offered  to  send  over  a  brigade  to  help  lay  our  pontoons. 

We  remained  here  hopelessly  floundering  in  the  mud  until 
the  morning  of  the  23d,  when,  seeing  the  utter  impossibility  of 
our  undertaking,  we  were  ordered  to  retrace  our  steps  back 
to  our  old  camp,  which  we  reached  late  in  the  afternoon. 
Sickel  sent  out  all  the  ambulances,  and  brought  in  twenty 
loads  of  prostrated  men.  During  this  movement,  not  a  par- 
ticle of  forage  was  furnished  for  the  field  and  staff  horses. 


224  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

General  Burnside  having  discovered,  as  he  believed,  the 
officers  who  had  interfered  with  his  plans  by  disheartening 
communications  to  Washington,  prepared  a  general  order 
dismissing  Major-General  Hooker  and  Brigadier-Generals 
W.  T.  H.  Brooks  and  John  Newton,  and  relieving  from  duty, 
with  his  command,  Major-Generals  W.  B.  Franklin  and  W. 
F.  Smith,  and  Brigadier-Generals  John  Cochrane*  and 
Edward  Ferrero,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  H.  Taylor.  He, 
however,  on  the  advice  of  a  friend,  submitted  the  order  to 
the  President,  who  decided,  instead  of  approving  the  order, 
to  relieve  General  Burnside.  On  the  28th  of  January,  1863, 
General  Joseph  Hooker  assumed  command  of  the  army. 
General  Sumner,f  at  his  own  request,  was  also  relieved  of  his 
command. 

The  Reserves,  by  this  time,  had  become  so  much  reduced 
by  hard  fighting,  that  earnest  efforts  were  made  by  Gov- 
ernor Curtin,  Generals  Meade,  Reynolds,  and  others,  to 
secure  their  return  to  Pennsylvania,  in  a  body,  with  a  view 
to  recruiting  their  ranks.  This  purpose  was  not  effected; 
but,  about  dark  on  the  5th  of  February,  Colonel  Sickel 
received  a  telegram  from  General  Doubleday,  who,  for  a 
short  time,  commanded  the  division,  stating  that  in  consider- 
ation of  the  arduous  and  gallant  services  of  the  Reserves, 
they  were  to  be  withdrawn  to  Washington,  to  rest  and 
recruit.  The  news  was  sent  to  each  regiment,  and  created 
the  liveliest  joy.  In  despite  of  the  cold  rain  the  camp-fires 
were  soon  brightly  burning,  around  which  the  boys  gathered 
and  talked  of  the  good  times  coming  until  late  at  night. 
The  next  morning,  before  reveille  beat,  all  were  up,  and 
soon  after  breakfast  everything  was  packed  ready  to  move. 
About  three  that  afternoon  the  order  to  march  came.  Fall- 
ing in,  and  bidding  farewell  to  our  old  camp,  and  the  gal- 
lant One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first  and  One  Hundred  and 


*  Brigadier-General  John  Cochrane.    Resigned  February  25th,  1863. 
t  Brevet  Major-General  Edwin  V.  Sumner,  U.  S.  A.  (Bull  Sumner).    Died  at  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.,  March  21st,  1863. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  225 

Forty-second  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  who  had  been  tem- 
porarily attached  to  our  division  before  the  last  battle,  we 
took  up  our  march  for  Bell  Plain.  Although  the  distance 
was  not  four  miles,  on  account  of  the  bad  roads  we  did  not 
reach  there  until  after  dark,  but  the  boys  plunged  through 
the  mud  with  light  hearts,  for  in  every  breast  was  the  secret 
hope  of  seeing  home  for  a  little  while.  The  First  Brigade, 
Colonel  M'Candless,  embarked  on  transports  during  the 
night;  the  Second,  Colonel  Bolinger,  and  the  Third,  Colonel 
Fisher,  embarked  the  next  morning,  and  all  arrived  at  Alex- 
andria the  same  day,  where  Colonel  Sickel  received  orders 
to  encamp  the  division  at  Upton's  Hill.  The  Reserves  were 
now  in  the  defences  of  Washington,  and  attached  to  the 
Twenty-second  Army  Corps.  The  presence  of  Moseby's 
guerillas  on  the  line  of  the  railroad,  and  in  front  of  Alex- 
andria, caused  the  First  Brigade,  under  Colonel  M'Candless, 
to  be  sent  to  the  neighborhood  of  Fairfax  Court  House  on 
the  12th;  and  soon  after,  the  Second  Brigade  was  moved  to 
Alexandria,  and  Colonel  Sickel  placed  in  command  of  the 
defences  of  the  city.  The  Twenty-third  Maine,  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fifty-third  New  York,  and  the  First  District 
Columbia  Volunteers,  were  added  to  his  command.  Adju- 
tant Harry  S.  Jones  was  appointed  Acting  Assistant  Adju- 
tant-General, until  the  return  of  Captain  Baird,  when  he 
was  appointed  Aid-de-Camp.  Lieutenant  Eberhart,  of  the 
Eighth  Reserves,  was  appointed  Acting  Assistant  Commis- 
sary of  Subsistence,  and  Private  Isaac  G.  Buck,  Company 
K,  was  detailed  as  Orderly.  Captain  Robert  Johnston  was 
detailed  to  the  Provost  Marshal's  office.  Lieutenants  Edwin 
A.  Glenn,  George  M.  Rohne  and  Albert  P.  Moulton  served 
as  Acting  Adjutants  of  the  Third,  at  different  times,  until 
the  return  of  Adjutant  Jones  to  the  regiment.  Lieutenant 
F.  G.  Nicholson  was  detailed  an  Aid-de-Camp  to  General 
Slough,  Military  Governor  of  Alexandria;  and  Private 
Joseph  F.  Hoover,  Company  B,  as  Orderly. 
15 


226  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

The  duties  of  the  men  while  here  were  not  of  the  exciting 
and  stirring  nature  of  the  field,  but  much  more  arduous. 
The  Third  was  daily  required  to  furnish  a  picket,  grand, 
reservoir,  headquarters  and  camp  guard,  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  men,  besides  officers;  and,  every  other  day,  two 
companies  to  lie  behind  the  batteries. 

Soon  after  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  took  place,  and 
Lee  showed  signs  of  moving  into  Pennsylvania,  fears  were 
entertained  of  an  insurgent  raid  on  Alexandria;  and  a  new 
line  of  earthworks,  closely  skirting  the  city,  was  thrown  up, 
double  rows  of  stockades  erected,  and  the  camp  of  the 
Third  moved  to  within  a  mile  of  it.  Colonel  Sickel  estab- 
lished his  headquarters  at  the  Colross  House.  The  signal 
of  alarm  by  the  pickets  was  four  muskets  fired  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, to  be  repeated  by  the  interior  guards,  upon  which 
all  the  roads  were  to  be  obstructed  with  wagons,  etc.  The 
troops  were  under  arms  a  number  of  times,  but  no  enemy 
appeared.  The  Third  was  detailed,  upon  several  occasions, 
as  a  guard  to  the  railroad  trains  carrying  forage  to  Hooker's 
army,  they  going  as  far  as  Warrenton  Junction. 

When  it  was  ascertained  the  enemy  were  moving  north, 
strenuous  efforts  were  made  to  have  the  Reserves  attached 
to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  petitions  to  that  effect  being 
sent  to  the  authorities  at  Washington  and  Harrisburg,  and 
a  number  of  officers  detailed  to  urge  the  matter.  Repre- 
sentation was  made  of  the  ardent  anxiety  of  the  officers  and 
men  to  march  to  the  defence  of  the  state  that  sent  them 
forth,  and  was  the  home  of  all  they  loved  and  held  dear; 
but  the  authorities  at  Washington  were  loath  to  spare  them 
from  the  defence  of  the  Capital.  In  the  meantime,  Gen- 
erals Meade  and  Reynolds  both  had  applied  to  the  War 
Department  to  have  us  attached  to  their  corps.  Reynolds 
was  offered,  in  lieu,  a  full  division,  which  he  declined. 
General  Meade,  however,  succeeded  in  having  the  First  Bri- 
gade, Colonel  M'Candless,  and  the  Third,  Colonel  Fisher, 
assigned  to  him,  under  the  command  of  General  S.  W. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  227 

Crawford,  but,  the  day  they  arrived,  he  assumed  the  com- 
mand of  the  army,  he  being  its  last  and  successful  com- 
mander. 

This  was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  Second  Brigade, 
who,  on  the  25th  of  June,  with  envious  hearts,  bid  farewell 
to  the  gallant  Third,  as  it  marched  to  the  post  of  honor. 

Soon  after,  Captain  Washington  Richards,  F;  Lieuten- 
ants Albert  Briner,  D,  and  William  M'Carty,  H;  Sergeants 
Lewis  Griffith,  A;  Henry  C.  Tripp,  B;  and  Charles  W. 
Stout,  E;  Corporals  S.  C.  Moorhead,  I,  and  James  Brooke, 
K;  and  Private  Charles  Y.  Clark,  C,  were  detailed  to  pro- 
ceed to  Philadelphia  after  recruits.  Soon  after  their  return, 
Captain  Richards,  one  of  the  most  loved  and  respected  offi- 
cers of  the  regiment,  was  transferred  to  the  Veteran  Reserve 
Corps,  his  failing  health  not  permitting  him  to  continue 
longer  in  the  field.  About  the  same  time,  Captains  William 
Brian  and  George  C.  Davenport,  and  Lieutenant  Michael 
Walters,  all  brave  and  efficient  officers,  were  transferred  to 
the  same  corps,  they  being  incapacitated  from  serving  in  the 
field  from  wounds  received  in  battle. 

Captain  Benjamin  F.  Fisher,  Company  H,  who  was 
detailed  on  Signal  duty  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  left 
the  headquarters  of  the  same,  then  near  Fairfax  Court 
House,  on  the  17th  of  June,  to  report  to  General  Pleasan- 
ton,  commanding  the  cavalry  near  Aldie.  The  General  was 
directed  to  furnish  him  with  an  escort,  to  make  a  reconnais- 
sance to  the  Blue  Ridge,  to  ascertain  the  location  of  Lee's 
forces,  but  while  en-route  for  Aldie  he  was  captured  by  a 
band  of  Moseby's  men,  and  sent  to  Libby  Prison.  After 
being  in  this  loathsome  den  for  several  months,  Colonel 
Ross,  of  Pennsylvania,  also  a  prisoner,  organized  a  working 
party  to  dig  themselves  out.  After  many  days  of  anxious 
labor,  they  completed  a  tunnel,  some  fifty  feet  long,  from 
the  cellar  of  the  prison,  under  an  open  lot  to  the  yard  of  an 
adjoining  building.  The  work  was  completed  on  the  9th 
of  February,  and  the  prisoners  emerged  from  the  yard  in 


228  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

squads  of  two  and  three,  and  thence  made  their  escape  from 
the  insurgent  Capital.  The  exodus  was  commenced  about 
nine  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and  continued  until  three  o'clock 
the  next  morning. 

Captain  Fisher  and  a  companion  came  out  about  ten 
o'clock,  and  proceeding  northward,  crossed  the  Chicka- 
hominy  at  Meadow  Bridge,  above  Mechanicsville,  and  got 
several  miles  beyond  the  river  before  daylight.  Through 
the  day  they  concealed  themselves  in  a  heavy  thicket,  and 
at  dark  resumed  their  journey,  and  traveled  all  night,  avoid- 
ing the  roads,  and  again  concealing  themselves  in  the  woods 
and  thickets  during  the  day.  When  near  White  House,  a 
violent  snow-storm  set  in,  and  compelled  them  to  lie  for  two 
days  and  a  night  in  a  laurel  thicket.  Being  surrounded  now 
by  insurgent  scouts,  who  were  searching  every  woods  and 
swamp  for  them,  their  progress  was  slow  and  very  cautious, 
lest  they  should  be  tracked;  and,  on  the  night  of  the  18th, 
they  encountered  a  party  of  the  enemy,  who  pursued  and 
fired  upon  them.  The  captain's  companion  was  captured, 
but  he  succeeded  in  making  his  escape;  and,  after  twelve 
days  and  nights  of  exposure  and  privation,  reached,  in  safety, 
Williamsburg,  where  he  and  others  were  rescued  by  the 
cavalry  sent  out  by  General  Butler.  The  captain  resumed 
his  place  on  the  staff  of  the  army  under  General  Meade,  and 
was  subsequently  promoted  Colonel,  and  Chief  Signal 
Officer,  U.  S.  A. 

While  the  Third  lay  here,  twenty-one  patriotic  young 
men  of  Bucks  county  arrived  in  camp,  to  enlist  in  the  regi- 
ment, they  having  paid  their  own  expenses  from  home,  and 
brought  with  them,  as  a  present  to  the  boys,  a  large  supply 
of  delicacies,  sent  by  their  good  neighbors. 

On  the  16th  of  December,  Governor  Curtin  sent  Colonel 
R.  B.  Roberts,  of  his  staff,  to  present  to  each  of  the  regi- 
ments of  the  brigade  a  new  flag,  the  old  ones  being  so  torn 
and  damaged  by  the  enemy's  balls  that  it  was  necessary  to 
carry  them  with  the  covers  ou,  except  in  battle.  The  pre- 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  229 

sentation  took  place  in  the  afternoon,  with  appropriate  cere- 
monies. The  following  resignations  and  promotions  took 
place  in  the  regiment  while  we  lay  here : 

Lieutenant  Strickland  Yardley,  Regimental  Quarter- 
master, resigned,  he  having  been  promoted  Captain  and 
Assistant  Quartermaster,  United  States  Volunteers. 

Quartermaster-Sergeant  Levi  S.  Boyer  was  promoted 
Lieutenant  and  Quartermaster. 

Assistant  Surgeons  Samuel  L.  Orr  and  George  J.  Rice, 
resigned. 

Doctors  Stanton  A.  Welch,  of  Wayne  county,  and  John 
P.  Birchfield,  of  Centre  county,  were  appointed  Assistant 
Surgeons. 

Captain  Hugh  Harkins,  Company  G,  and  Lieutenant 
George  M.  Rohne,  Company  B,  resigned. 

Second  Lieutenant  Amos  W.  Seitzinger,  Company  A,  pro- 
moted First  Lieutenant. 

First  Sergeant  Daniel  Setley,  Company  A,  promoted 
Second  Lieutenant. 

First  Sergeant  Warren  G.  Moore,  Company  B,  promoted 
Captain. 

Second  Lieutenant  Henry  W.  Sutton,  Company  C,  pro- 
moted Captain. 

Sergeant  Zeaman  Jones,  Company  C,  promoted  Second 
Lieutenant. 

Second  Lieutenant  Albert  Briner,  Company  D,  promoted 
First  Lieutenant. 

Sergeant  George  B.  Davis,  Company  D,  promoted  Second 
Lieutenant. 

First  Lieutenant  Albert  P.  Moulton,  Company  F,  pro- 
moted Captain. 

Second  Lieutenant  Henry  S.  Moulton,  Company  F,  pro- 
moted First  Lieutenant. 

Sergeant  Benjamin  D.  Hemming,  Company  F,  promoted 
Second  Lieutenant. 


230  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

First  Lieutenant  John  Stanton,  Company  G,  promoted 
Captain. 

Second  Lieutenant  Francis  E.  Harrison,  Company  G,  pro- 
moted First  Lieutenant. 

First  Lieutenant  David  Wonderly,  Company  K,  promoted 
Captain. 

Second  Lieutenant  Thomas  C.  Spackman,  Company  K, 
promoted  First  Lieutenant. 

Sergeant  John  M.  James,  Company  K,  promoted  Second 
Lieutenant. 

Lieutenant  David  W.  Donaghy,  Company  K,  was  forced 
to  resign  on  account  of  his  declining  health. 

Sergeant  Aaron  W.  Buckman,  Company  C,  discharged  to 
receive  promotion  in  the  United  States  colored  troops. 

Private  Morgan  Kupp,  Company  D,  was  discharged  to 
receive  the  appointment  of  Lieutenant  and  Quartermaster 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-seventh  Pennsylvania  Vol- 
unteers. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  231 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

1863-64  —  MOVE  TO  MARTINSBURG  —  NEW  CREEK  —  AFTER  ROSSER  — 
BACK  TO  MARTINSBURG  —  AFTER  GILMORE —  To  VANCLEVESVILLE  — 
HARPERS  FERRY  —  To  GRAFTON —  WEBSTER  —  FENCE  RAILS — ACCI- 
DENT TO  MAJOR  BRINER  —  ARRIVAL  OF  SICKEL  —  To  PARKERSBURG — 

DOWN  THE  OHIO  AND  UP  THE  KANAWHA BfiOWNSTOWN. 

THE  Second  Brigade  remained  here  in  discharge  of  the 
various  duties  pertaining  to  the  department,  without 
anything  of  importance  occuring  until  January,  1864.  On 
the  4th  of  that  month,  Colonel  Sickel  received  orders  to 
detach  the  Third,  Major  Briner,  and  the  Fourth,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel T.  F.  B.  Tapper,  the  whole  under  command  of 
Colonel  Woolworth,  of  the  Fourth,  to  West  Virginia.  Soon 
after  midnight  of  the  next  day  they  left  camp,  marched  into 
Washington,  were  loaded  into  box-cars,  and  proceeded  by 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  to  Martinsburg,  where 
they  arrived  on  the  morning  of  the  7th.  On  their  route  the 
cars  were  pushed  forward  at  their  utmost  speed.  The  6th 
and  7th  being  the  coldest  days  of  the  winter,  the  men  suf- 
fered terribly  from  the  sharp  winter  blasts  as  they  were 
hauled  through  the  gaps  and  ravines  of  this  mountainous 
district. 

At  Martinsburg  they  found  General  AverilPs  cavalry. 
His  command  had  just  returned  from  a  raid  upon  Salem,  an 
important  point  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  railroad, 
where  they  destroyed  a  great  quantity  of  commissary  stores 
which  the  enemy  had  collected.  On  their  return  they  were 
pursued  by  a  heavy  force  of  insurgents.  It  was  thought 
that  the  enemy  designed  pushing  forward  to  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad,  and  hence  the  speedy  forwarding  of  the 
Reserve  regiments  to  the  rescue.  Such  not  proving  to  be 
the  case,  there  was  no  active  work  for  them,  and,  until  the 


232  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

28th  of  January,  they  were  engaged  in  picketing  the  roads 
in  the  vicinity. 

On  that  day  the  detachment  took  transportation  on  cars 
westward,  and,  after  narrowly  escaping  being  precipitated 
down  a  precipice  by  the  cars  running  off  the  track,  they 
halted  at  New  Creek,  a  station  in  a  wild,  mountainous  dis- 
trict, about  one  hundred  miles  west  from  Martinsburg. 
Here  they  reported  to  Colonel  Mulligan,*  the  commander 
of  the  post.  They  encamped  on  a  flat  on  the  north  branch 
of  the  Potomac.  Soon  after  dark  on  the  31st,  in  the  midst 
of  a  violent  storm,  they  were  ordered  to  report  at  the  com- 
mander's headquarters,  with  two  days'  cooked  rations. 
News  had  been  received  that  the  enemy,  under  General 
Rosser,  who  was  sent  over  into  West  Virginia  from  the  val- 
ley, by  General  Early,  had  captured  a  train  of  wagons  mov- 
ing from  New  Creek  to  Petersburg,  in  Hardy  county,  a  point 
some  forty  miles  south,  an  extreme  out-post,  garrisoned  by 
a  small  Union  force.  Under  the  command  of  Colonel  Mul- 
ligan, the  Third  and  Fourth,  accompanied  by  several  small 
squads  of  cavalry  and  infantry,  commenced  the  night  pur- 
suit. They  were  marched  and  counter-marched  for  six  suc- 
cessive days  and  nights  without  shelter,  over  muddy  and 
rocky  roads,  compelled  to  ford  swollen  mountain  streams, 
scour  the  sides  of  mountains,  penetrate  gaps  on  either  side 
of  the  narrow  valley  through  which  they  marched,  for  the 
double  purpose  of  finding  the  enemy  and  guarding  against 
surprise. 

Within  five  miles  of  Moorefield,  they  formed  a  junction 
with  Averill's  cavalry,  which  had  marched  from  Martins- 
burg,  through  Winchester  and  Romney.  The  enemy  moved 
with  rapidity,  and  succeeded  in  escaping  with  270  prisoners, 
93  six-mule  wagons,  heavily  laden,f  and  1,200  cattle  and  500 

*  Colonel  James  A.  Mulligan,  who  defended  Lexington,  Mo.,  in  1861.   Subsequently 
promoted  a  Brigadier-General,  and  killed  near  Martinsburg,  Va.,  July  24th,  1804. 
fGreeley's  American  Conflict,  II  Vol.,  p.  509. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  233 

sheep,  stolen  from  the  people  of  Hardy  and  Hampshire 
counties.  Completely  exhausted  from  constant  marching, 
want  of  sleep  and  exposure,  the  command  returned  on  the 
evening  of  Februrary  26th  to  their  tents,  left  standing  on  the 
banks  of  the  upper  Potomac. 

On  the  10th  of  February,  the  Third  Reserve  was  sent 
east  by  railroad  to  Martinsburg,  and  the  Fourth  followed 
two  or  three  days  later.  On  the  night  of  February  llth,  a 
force  of  insurgent  brigands,  under  the  command  of  the 
"  chivalrous "  Harry  Gilmore,  of  Baltimore,  threw  a  pas- 
senger train  off  the  track  eight  miles  east  of  Martinsburg, 
and  robbed  the  male  passengers  of  their  watches,  pocket- 
books  and  overcoats,  and  the  ladies  of  their  ear-rings,  furs 
and  shawls,  etc. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  12th,  Colonel  R.  S.  Rogers, 
who  had  command  of  the  post,  put  the  Third  Reserve, 
Eighteenth  Connecticut,  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-third 
Ohio  and  two  batteries  in  motion  towards  Winchester. 
Several  regiments  of  cavalry  preceded  the  infantry  and 
artillery.  Winchester  was  reached  in  the  afternoon,  but 
the  brigands  had  fled,  after  presenting  to  their  lady  friends 
a  rich  supply  of  ladies'  outer  clothing.  On  the  following 
day  Colonel  Rogers  returned  to  Martinsburg  with  his  com- 
mand. 

On  the  24th  of  February,  the  Third  marched  from  Mar- 
tinsburg to  Vanclevesville,  five  miles  east  of  Martinsburg, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad;  and  the  Fourth  to 
Kearueysville,  nine  miles  east,  on  the  same  road.  From 
these  two  points  the  regiments  performed  picket  duty  on 
the  railroad,  and  one  company  of  the  Third  garrisoned  the 
Block  House  near  the  bridge,  relieving  a  detachment  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Ohio  Volunteers.  On  the  7th 
of  March,  Colonel  Rogers  was  relieved  of  the  command  of 
the  Third  Brigade  by  Colonel  Woolworth.  It  consisted  at 
this  time  of  the  Third  and  Fourth  Reserves,  Eighteenth 


234  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

Connecticut,  Thirty-fourth  Massachusetts,  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-third  and  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Ohio, 
and  Battery  B,  Fifth  United  States  Artillery.  Lieutenant 
George  B.  Davis,  Company  D,  was  appointed  Assistant  Aid- 
de-Camp  to  the  Colonel.  Privates  Adam  Schanck,  Company 
G,  and  Roland  G.  Scarlet,  Company  D,  were  detailed  as 
clerks;  and  Charles  Boyer,  Company  D,  as  Orderly  at  Bri- 
gade Headquarters.  Private  John  R.  Yeich,  Company  A, 
was  detailed  as  Clerk  at  Brigade  Provost  Marshal. 

On  the  29th  of  March,  the  Third  was  moved  by  rail  to 
Harpers  Ferry,  whither  the  Fourth  had  preceded  it  two  days. 
The  detachment  performed  picket  duty  while  here,  from 
the  Potomac  to  the  Shenandoah  rivers,  the  line  forming  one 
side  of  a  triangle.  All  baggage  that  could  possibly  be  dis- 
pensed with  was  here  stored.  Each  man  was  ordered  to 
have  a  blanket,  an  overcoat  and  an  extra  pair  of  shoes,  two 
hundred  rounds  of  ammunition,  and  five  days'  short  rations 
in  his  haversack.  Thus  deprived  of  many  camp  comforts, 
and  having  received  additional  burdens,  the  Reserves  were, 
on  the  3d  of  April,  again  sent  westward,  across  the  Alle- 
ghenies  to  Grafton,  two  hundred  miles  from  Harpers  Ferry ; 
and  thence,  five  miles  on  the  South  Branch  road  leading  to 
Parkersburg,  to  "Webster.  Several  loyal  Virginia  regiments 
had  preceded  the  Reserves  to  this  point,  and  two  batteries 
followed.  AverilPs  cavalry  went  into  camp  several  miles 
further  north.  Wagons,  ambulances  and  pontoon  bridges 
were  collected  at  Webster.  The  design  of  the  expedition, 
which  was  to  start  from  this  point,  was  to  advance  upon  the 
Virginia  and  Tennessee  railroad,  by  marching  through  Bar- 
hour  and  Randolph  counties,  and  thence  directly  south 
through  the  mountainous  district,  striking  it  near  the  line 
of  Botetourt  and  Roanoke  counties.  The  continuous  rains, 
however,  made  the  roads  impassable ;  in  addition  to  this,  the 
enemy,  having  some  knowledge  of  the  design  and  route, 
had  dug  down  the  mountain  road  in  several  narrow  passes, 


THE  THIRD   RESERVE.  235 

and  felled  trees  over  other  portions.     It  was  therefore  con- 
cluded to  abandon  the  enterprise. 

While  here  an  order  was  issued  by  General  E.  O.  C.  Ord  * 
("Old  Alphabet"),  forbidding  the  burning  of  fence-rails. 
The  boys,  who  declared  they  had  lived  upon  fence-rails  for 
two  years,  and  that  the  integrity  of  the  Constitution  and 
the  perpetuation  of  the  Union  depended  upon  fence-rails, 
looked  upon  this  order  as  striking  an  insidious  blow  at  the 
cause  they  fought  for.  However,  as  there  was  plenty  of  fine 
standing  timber  near  by,  and  many  of  them  were  expert 
axmen,  they  strove  to  avert  the  impending  calamity  by  get- 
ting up  chopping  matches;  at  which  the  monarchs  of  the 
forests  were  hewed  down  in  an  incredible  short  time.  These 
trunks,  split  up,  made  excellent  fire-wood,  but  soon  an  order 
was  issued  forbidding  the  cutting  of  more  trees  until  the 
tops  were  burnt  up.  The  boys,  misunderstanding  the  spirit 
of  this  order,  as  they  sometimes  were  apt  to,  immediately 
set  fire  to  the  tops,  and  they  were  soon  burnt  up.  Then 
another  order  came,  threatening  to  cut  off  the  supply  of  fire- 
wood entirely.  This  put  a  grave  aspect  upon  the  matter, 
and  seemed  to  confirm  their  fearful  suspicion.  A  commit- 
tee was  at  once  appointed,  composed  of  an  equal  number  of 

*  General  Ord  was  a  native  of  Cumberland,  Md.,  where  ho  was  born  in  1818,  and 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839.  He  served  in  the  Seminole  War  in  1839-42  and  was 
in  the  coast  survey  in  1845-46.  Previous  to  the  outbrealc  of  the  Rebellion  he  was  en- 
gaged for  several  years  in  service  in  California  and  the  Territories.  On  September 
14th,  1861,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  commanded  a  brigade  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Reserves  under  General  M'Call.  He  was  promoted  to  a  major-gen 
eralship  in  May,  1862,  and  was  placed  in  command  of  Corinth,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Second  Division  of  the  District  of  Western  Tennesee.  At  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  h  e 
commanded  the  Thirteenth  Corps,  and  in  the  operations  before  Richmond,  from  July 
21st  to  September  30th,  1864,  the  Eighteenth  Corps.  From  January  to  June  he  was  in 
command  of  the  Department  of  Virginia,  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Petersburg 
and  the  capture  of  Lee.  General  Ord  was  twice  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Hatchie,  Oc- 
tober 5th,  1862,  and  in  the  capture  of  Port  Harrison.  Since  the  close  of  the  war  General 
Ord  has  commanded  the  Departments  of  California,  the  Platte  and  Texas,  and  in  1866 
was  made  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army.  In  January,  1881,  he  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list,  and  since  then  has  lived  most  of  the  time  with  his  son-in-law,  General 
Trevino,  formerly  the  Mexican  minister  of  war.  While  on  his  way  home  from  Vera 
Cruz  he  was  taken  with  yellow  fever,  and  upon  arriving  at  Havana,  was  removed  to 
the  shore,  where  he  died,  July  22d,  1883. 


236  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

acting  assistant  corporals  and  brevet  cooks,  to  investigate 
the  loyalty  or  sanity  of  the  General,  but,  before  submitting 
their  elaborate  report,  a  ration  of  whiskey  was  issued  to  the 
men,  which  seemed  to  throw  new  light  upon  the  subject, 
and  the  General  was  at  once  pronounced  "sane,"  and  all 
difficulties  were  amicably  settled. 

While  here,  the  headquarters  tent  took  fire,  and  Major 
William  Briner  so  severely  injured  his  right  hand  in  extin- 
guishing it,  that  he  was  sent  to  the  hospital  in  Grafton.  He 
parted  from  the  regiment  with  much  regret,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  command  by  Captain  Jacob  Lenhart. 

General  Grant's  comprehensive  plan  of  campaign  against 
Richmond  embraced  a  cooperative  movement  up  the  Shen- 
andoah,  under  General  Sigel,  aiming  at  the  insurgent 
resources  in  the  vicinity  of  Staunton  and  Lynchburg;  and, 
up  the  Kanawha,  by  General  George  Crook,  aiming  at  Dub- 
lin and  the  lead  mines  near  Wytheville,  on  the  Virginia  and 
Tennessee  railroad,  cutting  the  main  artery  which  furnished 
supplies  to  Lee's  army.  Colonel  Sickel,  who  had  remained 
in  command  of  the  defences  of  Alexandria,  was  ordered,  on 
the  8th  of  April,  by  General  Grant,  to  forward  the  Seventh 
and  the  Eighth  Reserves  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  for 
service  with  the  balance  of  the  division  under  General 
Crawford,  and  to  report  in  person  for  duty  to  General  Crook. 
The  force  that  had  been  collected  about  Webster  was 
divided,  and  sent  east  and  west.  Several  Virginia  regiments 
were  transported  to  Martinsburg,  to  join  the  command  of 
General  Sigel. 

On  the  morning  of  the  22d  of  April,  Colonel  Sickel  and 
staff'  arrived  in  camp,  he  receiving  a  hearty  welcome  from 
the  officers  and  men.  The  next  day  he  moved,  with  his 
command,  by  rail,  westward  to  Parkersburg,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Ohio  and  Little  Kanawha  rivers.  Here  they 
were  transferred  to  steamboats,  and  went  down  the  Ohio  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha,  thence  up  that  river  to 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  237 

Brownstown,  ten  miles  above  Charlestowu.*  This  was  the 
only  instance  during  their  term  of  service  that  the  regi- 
ments of  the  Reserve  Corps  were  permanently  separated. 
Heretofore,  through  all  their  campaigns  and  battles,  they 
had  marched  and  fought  side  by  side,  and  although  Sickel 
was  given  an  important  command,  it  was  with  regret  he 
separated  from  the  grand  old  division. 

*  General  Wise,  in  1861,  raised  at  this  place,  by  conscription,  a  brigade  of  2,500 
infantry,  700  cavalry,  and  three  batteries  of  artillery.— The  Lost  Cause,  page  169. 

Early  in  February,  General  E.  P.  Scammon,  commanding  at  Charlestown,  was  sur- 
prised and  captured,  with  the  steamboat  "  Levi,"  on  the  Kanawha,  by  Lieutenant  Ver- 
digan,  of  Colonel  Ferguson's  insurgent  guerrillas.  Verdigan,  with  ten  men,  captured 
the  General,  four  other  officers,  and  twenty-five  privates,  besides  the  steamboat  and 
her  crew;  throwing  overboard  the  captured  arms  as  fast  as  he  could  seize  them,  so  as 
to  preclude  the  danger  of  a  rescue.  Scammon  and  his  two  aids  were  sent  prisoners 
to  Richmond ;  the  residue  paroled. 


238  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

1864  —  GENERAL  CROOK'S  EXPEDITION  —  ITS  STRENGTH  —  SICKEL  COM- 
MANDS THE  THIRD  BRIGADE —  His  STAFF  —  THE  MARCH  —  EX-PRES- 
IDENT HAYES  —  GREAT  FALLS  —  COTTON  MOUNTAIN — FAYETTE  COURT 
HOUSE  —  AVERILL  DETACHED  —  WILD  AND  RUGGED  COUNTRY  —  THE 
MOUNTAINEERS  —  RALEIGH  COURT  HOUSE  —  ROSECRANS'TRAIN — THE 
MOUNTAINS  FIRED  —  SKIRMISH  AT  PRINCETON  COURT  HOUSE  —  INSUR- 
GENTS' WORKS  —  SKIRMISH  —  WOOLF  CREEK  —  SKIRMISH  —  CAPTAIN 
HARMER  KILLED  —  VERY  THOUGHTFUL  —  SHANNON'S  BRIDGE  —  BAT- 
TLE OF  CLOYD  MOUNTAIN  —  POSTING  THE  TROOPS — POSITION  OF  THE 
ENEMY  —  CLIMBING  THE  MOUNTAIN  —  WOOLWORTH  KILLED  AND  LEN- 
HART  WOUNDED  —  SICKEL  LAYS  Low  AND  FLANKS — SWINGING  FROM 
BUSH  TO  BUSH — STORMING  THE  WORKS  —  VICTORY — ON  TO  DUBLIN 

—  THE  WOUNDED  AND  TROPHIES — THE  LOSSES— TELEGRAPHING  TO 
THE  INSURGENTS  —  BRECKENRIDGE  DECEIVED  —  DESTRUCTION  OF  DE- 
POTS— TEARING  UP  THE  RAILROAD  —  BATTLE  OF  NEW  RIVER  BRIDGE 

—  DEFEAT  OF  M'CAUSLAND  —  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  BRIDGE. 

/GENERAL  CROOK  had  command  of  the  troops  concen- 
^JT  tratingin  the  Kanawha  Valley.  The  expedition,  includ- 
ing those  joining  at  Fayette  Court  House,  consisted  of  twelve 
regiments  of  infantry,  three  batteries,  two  thousand  cavalry 
under  General  Averill,  a  train  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
wagons,  and  fifty  ambulances.  He  spent  but  four  days  in 
organizing  his  fragmentary  commands,  reducing  baggage, 
sending  off  the  sick,  and  getting  in  order  his  supply  and 
ammunition  train.  Immediately  after  landing  at  Browns- 
town,  on  the  26th  of  April,  General  Crook  placed  Colonel 
Sickel  in  command  of  the  Third  Brigade,  composed  of  the 
Third  Reserves,  Captain  Jacob  Lenhart;  the  Fourth  Re- 
serves, Colonel  R.  H.  Woolworth;  the  Eleventh  "West  Vir- 
ginia, Colonel  Daniel  Frost;  and  the  Fifteenth  West  Vir- 
ginia, Colonel  M.  M'Caslin.  On  assuming  command,  the 
Colonel  announced  the  following  named  officers  as  compos- 
ing his  staff: 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  239 

First  Lieutenant  Harry  S.  Jones,  Third  Reserves,  Assist- 
ant Adjutant-General. 

First  Lieutenant  C.  W.  Kirby,  Eleventh  West  Virginia, 
Inspector-General. 

First  Lieutenant  Theodore  P.  Mills,  Fourth  Reserves, 
Ordnance  Officer. 

First  Lieutenant  E.  F.  Brothers,  Fourth  Reserves,  Assist- 
ant Quartermaster. 

First  Lieutenant  L.  S.  Boyer,  Third  Reserves,  Commis- 
sary of  Subsistence. 

First  Lieutenant  J.  H.  M'Laughlin,  Eleventh  West  Vir- 
ginia, Aid-de-Camp. 

Surgeon  William  H.  Davis,  Fourth  Reserves,  Medical 
Director. 

At  the  same  time,  Privates  William  Clark,  Thomas  Syn- 
namon  and  Isaac  G.  Buck  were  detailed  as  orderlies  at  head- 
quarters, and  Samuel  L.  Harrison,  Clark  Bishop  and  Henry 
Barr  were  detailed  to  the  brigade  commissary. 

On  Saturday  morning,  April  30th,  at  five  o'clock,  Crook's 
command*  started  from  Camp  Piatt,f  opposite  Brownstown, 
and  marched  up  the  narrow  Kanawha  Valley.  Fording  Cat- 
cham,  Cabin,  and  other  swollen  tributaries  of  the  Kanawha, 
after  a  fatiguing  march  of  fourteen  miles  they  bivouacked  on 
the  banks  of  Paint  creek.  The  nextmorning  they  started  early, 
moving  up  the  road  to  the  Great  Falls,  near  the  confluence 
of  Gauley  and  New  rivers  (forming  the  Kanawha),  where 
they  arrived  about  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  On  the 

*  Ex-President  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  a  lawyer  of  Cincinnati,  entered  the  army  as 
Major  of  the  Twenty-Third  Ohio  Volunteers,  which  regiment  was  commanded  by  Col- 
onel W.  S.  Rosecrans,  subsequently  a  distinguished  general  of  the  war.  The  regiment 
entered  West  Virginia  in  July,  1861,  participated  in  the  many  campaigns  and  expeditions 
in  that  rugged  country,  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain  and  Antietam,  and  returned  to 
West  Virginia  in  October,  1862.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Hayes,  who  was  severly  wounded 
at  South  Mountain,  and  had  refused  the  commission  of  Colonel  of  the  Seventy-ninth 
Ohio  Volunteers,  was  promoted  Colonel  of  his  own  regiment,  the  Twenty-third  Ohio, 
and  detached  to  command  the  brigade.  His  command  formed  part  of  this  expedition. 
Subsequently,  with  Crook's  division,  he  joined  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley, 
and  was  promoted  a  brigadier-general  and  brevet  major-general,  for  his  conduct  in 
the  brilliant  victories  that  attended  that  remarkable  campaign. 

t  Named  in  honor  of  Brigadier-General  Abraham  S.  Piatt. 


240  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

morning  of  the  2d  of  May,  they  faced  to  the  south  and 
crossed  the  Cotton  Mountain.  The  morning  was  bright, 
beautiful  and  quite  warm,  and  many  of  the  men,  as  they 
toiled  up  the  steep,  rough  way,  became  exhausted,  and 
threw  away  their  overcoats  and  blankets.  At  noon  dark 
clouds  arose,  succeeded  by  a  cold,  chilly  rain,  and  by  the 
time  they  reached  the  folorn  village  of  Fayette  Court  House 
they  were  greeted  with  a  driving  snow-storm.  The  men, 
divested  of  overcoats  and  blankets,  wet  to  the  skin,  and 
shivering  with  the  cold,  presented  a  pitiable  sight.  Fayette 
Court  House  was  the  extreme  out-post  held  by  the  Union 
forces.  The  brigade  of  infantry  and  battery  on  duty  here 
were  added  to  General  Crook's  command.  Here  General 
Crook  detached  General  Averill,  with  his  2,000  cavalry,  from 
the  main  column,  and  sent  him  by  way  of  Logan  Court  House 
to  strike  the  salt  works  at  Saltville,  to  which  point  there  was 
a  branch  railroad  from  the  Virginia  and  Tennesse  road. 
To  deceive  the  enemy  as  to  the  route  intended  to  be  taken, 
the  Fifth  West  Virginia,  under  command  of  Colonel  A.  A. 
Tomlinson,  with  Lieutenant  Blazer's  scouts,  were  sent  on  the 
Lewisburg  road.  This  feint  succeeded  admirably  in  draw- 
ing off  General  M'Causland's  Brigade  in  that  direction. 

On  the  3d,  the  infantry,  artillery,  wagon-train  and  ambu- 
lances moved  from  Fayette  Court  House,  and  marched 
seventeen  miles,  bivouacking  on  Keeton's  farm.  On  account 
of  the  proximity  of  the  enemy,  no  calls  were  sounded.  The 
country  through  which  they  passed  was  sparsely  inhabited 
by  a  hardy  set  of  tall,  raw-boned,  Union-loving  mountain- 
eers, who  depended  mainly  on  hunting  for  a  living.  Their 
log  cabins,  plastered  with  mud,  were  surrounded  by  a  few 
panels  of  worm-fence,  and  a  horse,  a  cow  or  two,  several 
hogs  and  a  few  chickens  constituted  their  worldly  wealth. 
It  would  have  been  supposed  they  and  their  rugged  moun- 
tains would  have  been  spared  the  hardships  of  war,  but  the 
Confederacy  never  acknowledged  the  independence  of  West 
Virginia,  and  claimed  them  as  her  own.  Wherever  found 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  241 

they  were  conscripted  into  the  service.  Of  those  who  went 
voluntarily,  nine-tenths  followed  the  old  flag.  "Montain 
semper  liberi"  "  Mountaineers  always  free,"  is  the  fitly-chosen 
motto  of  their  State.  The  next  day  the  Third  Regiment 
took  the  advance,  throwing  out  Companies  A  and  B  as  skir- 
mishers. About  eleven  o'clock  they  passed  through  Raleigh 
Court  House,  and,  near  four  in  the  afternoon,  bivouacked  on 
Peak  Hill.  The  march  was  through  a  continuous  woods, 
and  over  White  Stake  and  Piney  creeks,  two  large  and  deep 
streams.  The  next  morning  at  five  o'clock  they  were  again 
in  line,  and,  crossing  a  deep  creek,  they  commenced  the 
ascent  of  Great  Flat-Top  Mountain.  These  wild  and  rug- 
ged mountains  were  continually  intersected  by  deep  and 
dark  ravines  and  gorges,  winding  in  irregular  directions  far 
oft"  on  either  side  of  the  rough  road  the  army  followed. 
They  were,  in  fact,  a  succession  of  high  mountains  and  deep 
ravines,  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  scrub-oak  and  pine 
trees,  completely  shutting  out  the  view  at  a  short  distance. 
An  enemy  acquainted  with  the  country  had  all  the  advan- 
tages of  attack  and  defence,  and  it  afforded  every  induce- 
ment for  an  enterprising  foe  to  annoy  an  army  on  its  march. 

Some  two  years  previous,  a  brigade  of  General  Rosecrans' 
army  was  conducting  a  large  wagon-train  over  this  same 
road,  and,  upon  arriving  at  one  of  the  approaches,  an  insur- 
gent cavalry  force  suddenly  emerged  therefrom,  and  turned 
the  whole  train  off  the  road  up  the  ravine,  and  with  their 
small  force  held  in  check  those  sent  to  recapture  it.  Push- 
ing the  enemy  slowly  back,  the  pursuers  suddenly  came 
upon  an  insurgent  battery,  which  the  train  had  passed, 
posted  in  a  narrow  gorge,  and,  before  artillery  could  be 
brought  up  to  dislodge  it,  the  battery,  train  and  all  had  dis- 
appeared in  the,  to  them,  well-known  windings  of  the 
mountains. 

General  Crook,  to  guard  against  such  enterprises  by  the 
enemy,  who  were  known  to  be  lurking  in  the  mountains, 
deployed  videttes  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  advance 
16 


242  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

guard,  with  orders  to  fire  the  distant  heights.  The  scrub- 
oak  has  a  large,  thick  leaf,  that  does  not  fall  until  late  in 
the  spring,  when  the  new  leaf  starts.  Thus  the  fire  spread 
with  great  rapidity,  and  sometimes  the  heights  for  miles 
would  be  wrapped  in  the  rolling  flames  and  smoke,  present- 
ing a  grand  and  sublime  sight.  The  General  had,  also, 
another  object  in  firing  the  woods.  When  his  column 
moved  over  the  tops  of  lofty  mountains,  they  could  be  seen 
for  many  miles,  and  he  wished  to  conceal  from  the  enemy 
his  real  strength  and  line  of  march,  which  the  smoke  effec- 
tually did.  Large  fires  in  these  mountains  were  not  so 
uncommon  as  to  awaken  any  suspicion  as  to  the  origin. 

The  Third,  having  led  the  advance  the  preceding  day,  drop- 
ped to  the  rear,  to  work  its  way  up  to  the  head  of  the  col- 
umn day  by  day.  It,  therefore,  was  acting  as  wagon-guard, 
and,  by  the  time  the  long  line  of  many  miles  had  passed  the 
firing  point,  the  fire  had  swept  across  the  line  of  march. 
The  road  was  lined  with  the  trunks  of  dead  chestnut  trees, 
which  burned  with  great  fury.  Occasionally  a  flaming  limb 
or  top  of  a  tree  would  fall  across  the  road,  terrifying  the 
horses.  It  was  by  no  means  a  pleasant  duty  to  guard 
wagons  loaded  with  ammunition  while  passing  through  such 
an  ordeal  as  this.  The  men  were  all  aware  that  there  was 
great  danger  of  an  explosion  taking  place  at  any  moment, 
from  the  sparks  that  might  find  their  way  among  the  ammu- 
nition-boxes. Soldiers,  although  they  may  be  perfectly  wil- 
ling to  face  death  upon  the  field,  have  no  liking  whatever  to 
being  killed,  except  "  according  to  army  regulations,"  when 
they  know  that  it  is  all  right.  Many  trees  were  found  felled 
across  the  road,  that  indicated  the  presence  of  the  enemy 
and  delayed  the  advance  of  the  head  of  the  column.  The 
day  was  excessively  warm,  and  the  march  slow  and  tire- 
some, and  sometimes  almost  suffocating.  Wearied  and 
exhausted  with  struggling  for  nineteen  hours  through  the 
smoke  and  heat,  over  the  steep  mountain-sides,  marching 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  243 

twenty-two  miles,  the  men  stretched  their  wearied  limbs 
upon  the  ground  to  sleep. 

At  four  A.M.,  on  the  6th,  they  were  again  under  way, 
fording  the  Blue  Stone  river,  and  passing  through  a  rough, 
mountainous  country.  The  advance  had  a  lively  skirmish 
with  the  Sixtieth  Virginia,  at  Princeton  Court  House,  in 
Mercer  county.  Such  was  the  celerity  of  our  movement 
that  they  were  taken  almost  by  surprise.  They  left  their 
tents  standing,  and  dropped  their  tools  in  the  trench  of  the 
formidable  fort  they  were  erecting,  and  traveled  with  celerity 
southward.  This  little  affair  gave  new  life  to  the  men,  and 
the  sight  of  their  works  called  forth  prolonged  cheers.  The 
army  encamped,  that  night,  around  the  town.  The  next 
morning  they  left  Princeton,  at  half-past  four,  Companies  A 
and  B,  of  the  Third,  being  deployed  in  the  advance  as  skir- 
mishers. Firing  continued,  more  or  less,  all  day,  the  enemy 
being  driven  from  one  ravine  to  another,  but  they  fell  back 
too  fast  to  make  it  particularly  interesting.  Firing  at  long 
range  is  very  uncertain  and  unsatisfactory  in  its  results,  and 
although  the  "  Johnies"  doubtlessly  thought  they  were  dis- 
puting the  ground  with  us  inch  by  inch,  the  boys  got  tired 
of  the  sport,  and  contented  themselves  with  driving  them, 
at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  about  a  mile  off.  This  silence, 
however,  was  productive  of  happy  results,  as  they  got  a  few 
capital  shots,  and  sent  the  recipients  of  their  favors  to  the 
"happy  hunting-ground." 

It  was  supposed  the  enemy  would  make  a  stand  at  Rocky 
Gap,  and  Colonel  Sickel  sent  the  Fourth  Reserves  to  flank 
it,  while  the  Third  ate  dinner.  When  they  advanced,  how- 
ever, no  resistance  was  received,  and  the  army  passed 
through  unmolested.  The  march,  though  exciting,  was  very 
severe,  the  day  being  warm,  and  they  crossing  Black  Oak 
and  East  River  Mountains,  and  fording  Brush  and  Woolf 
creeks.  The  men  and  officers  displayed  great  courage  in 
crossing  the  last  named  stream,  the  water  being  deep  and 
turbulent,  it  occupying  five  hours  for  the  regiment  to  get 


244  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

over.  That  night  they  bivouacked  on  its  banks.  The  next 
day  the  Third  and  Fourth  were  detailed  as  wagon  guard. 
A  brigade,  with  a  battery  of  artillery,  marched  through 
Parisburg,  the  county  seat  of  Giles  county,  to  Snidow's  Falls, 
and  then  turning  to  the  right,  moved  southward;  while  the 
main  column,  passing  near  the  town,  moved  directly  south. 
While  ascending  Brushy  Mountain,  the  train  was  fired  upon 
by  a  band  of  guerrillas.  A  portion  of  the  Third  immedi- 
ately charged  up  the  mountains,  and  a  smart  skirmish 
ensued,  in  which  a  number  of  insurgents  were  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  prisoners.  Among  the  killed  was  Cap- 
tain William  W.  Harmer,  a  notorious  bush-whacker.  One 
of  the  prisoners  informed  Colonel  Sickel  he  had  "drawn  a 
bead"  on  him,  when  he  passed  by  his  place  of  concealment, 
and  would  "liked  to  have  brought  him,"  but  was  afraid  of 
alarming  those  in  the  rear.  The  Colonel  was  much  pleased 
with  the  frankness  of  the  fellow,  but  much  more  so  with  his 
thoughtfulness  about  creating  an  alarm.  They  passed 
through  Poplar  Hill,  and  bivouacked  about  nine  o'clock  near 
Shannon's  bridge,  after  a  fatiguing  march  of  thirty  miles. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  CLOYD  MOUNTAIN,  MAY  QTH,  1864. 

On  the  morning  of  the  9th,  the  command  marched  through 
the  gap  at  Shannon's  bridge  that  opens  up  to  the  northwest 
slope  of  Walker's,  or  Cloyd  Mountain.  The  First  Brigade 
was  deployed  to  the  right  of  the  road  that  led  directly  over 
the  mountain,  and  advanced  up  its  side.  The  Second  Bri- 
gade, Colonel  Carr  B.  White,  of  the  Twelfth  Ohio,  was  sent 
to  the  extreme  left.  The  Third  Reserves  and  Eleventh  West 
Virginia,  under  Colonel  Daniel  Frost,  filed  off  the  mountain 
road  to  the  left,  marched  down  a  densely  wooded  ravine  for 
a  half  a  mile,  and  connecting  with  the  Second  Brigade, 
climbed  directly  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain.  General 
Crook  dismounted,  and  climbed  the  heights  with  them. 
When  the  summit  was  gained,  the  enemy  was  discovered 
posted  in  apparently  an  unapproachable  position,  on  a  bold 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  245 

ridge  running  along  the  foot  of  a  higher  mountain.  His 
artillery  was  posted  so  as  to  command  the  mountain  road, 
rake  the  narrow  openings  on  either  side,  and  the  bridge  that 
spanned  the  Little  Walker,  a  deep  stream  that  flowed  at  the 
mountain's  base.  The  insurgent  infantry  extended  on  either 
side  of  the  batteries,  across  the  open  space,  until  their  right 
and  left  were  lost  in  the  woods  on  either  side  of  the  road. 
In  this  open  space  the  enemy  were  strongly  posted,  behind 
a  long  breast-work  of  heavy  logs,  with  an  abatis  in  front. 

While  this  was  transpiring,  Colonel  Sickel,  with  the  Fourth 
Reserves  and  Fifteenth  West  Virginia,  was  moving  directly 
up  the  mountain  road,  within  range  of  the  enemy's  fire. 
General  Crook,  from  his  commanding  outlook,  formed  his 
plan  of  battle,  and  issued  orders  for  the  advance.  White's 
Brigade  crept  secretly  along  the  east  side  of  the  mountain, 
to  operate  upon  the  enemy's  right.  The  First  Brigade 
moved  steadily  forward.  The  Third  Reserves  and  Eleventh 
West  Virginia  rejoined  the  Third  Brigade;  and  Sickel 
moved  down  the  (first)  mountain,  and  formed  in  the  edge  of 
the  woods,  immediately  in  the  enemy's  front,  under  a  con- 
stant fire  from  their  artillery.  As  soon  as  the  Second  Bri- 
gade had  fairly  engaged  the  enemy,  the  First  and  Third 
Brigades  were  ordered  to  charge.  Steadily  the  men  com- 
menced climbing  the  heights,  grasping  brush  after  brush 
until  the  summit  was  reached,  which  occupied  a  half  hour, 
during  which  they  were  exposed  to  the  deliberate  fire  of  the 
enemy,  which  they  did  not  return. 

Here  the  Third  Reserve,  which  was  on  the  left  of  the 
Fourth,  emerged  from  the  woods  to  the  open  ground,  when 
they  encountered  a  terrible  fire  of  grape  and  canister,  sweep- 
ing through  their  ranks,  instantly  killing  Colonel  Wool- 
worth,  and  severely  wounding  Captain  Lenhart,  the  com- 
manders of  the  two  regiments.  But  onward  the  gallant 
men  pressed,  and  five  times  their  color-bearers  were  shot 
down.  They  were  not  yet  within  musket  range  of  the 
enemy;  and  Colonel  Sickel,  seeing  the  deadly  fire  they  were 


246  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

exposed  to,  laid  down  the  Virginia  regiments  and  advanced 
them  on  their  bellies,  and  obliqued  the  Reserves  to  the  left, 
gaining  the  protection  of  a  hill  on  the  right  of  the  enemy's 
artillery.  Plunging  through  the  deep  stream  of  the  ravine, 
they  commenced  the  ascent  of  the  steep  heights.  No  braver 
men  ever  smiled  at  death  than  those  resolute  Reserves  that 
climbed  up  Cloyd's  Mountain  that  noon,  swinging  them- 
selves by  the  bushes  from  rock  to  rock,  under  a  withering 
fire  of  musketry.  Many  a  strong  man  was  forced  to  relax 
his  grasp,  to  be  precipitated  upon  the  rocks  beneath ;  but, 
with  iron  sinews,  heeding  not  the  hail  that  was  poured  upon 
them,  they  steadily  arose,  higher  and  higher,  until  the  sum- 
mit was  reached,  when,  with  a  wild  cheer,  they  rushed  right 
over  the  breast-works.  The  First  Brigade  was  also  gal- 
lantly engaged,  further  to  the  right;  and  the  Second,  after 
suffering  heavy  loss,  broke  in  upon  the  enemy's  right.  The 
rout  of  the  foe,  both  in  front  and  on  his  right,  was  simul- 
taneous and  complete. 

The  enfilading  fire  that  was  poured  into  the  insurgents  on 
the  right,  and  the  fire  from  the  front,  as  they  fled,  panic- 
stricken  and  in  disorder,  told  with  effect.  Immediately 
upon  taking  the  works,  the  regiments  were  re-formed ;  and 
after  detailing  a  guard  over  the  prisoners,  they  pushed  on 
with  vigor  after  the  flying  foe;  and  Colonel  Oley,  at  the 
head  of  four  hundred  cavalry,  that  moved  up  the  mountain 
road,  annoyed  their  rear.  Near  Dublin,  they  encountered 
six  hundred  cavalry,  whom  General  Morgan  *  had  dispatched 
from  Wytheville  to  the  support  of  the  enemy.  A  sharp 
engagement  immediately  followed,  in  which  our  advance 
drove  them  from  their  position,  and  pushed  them  through 
Dublin,  which  town,  with  its  depot  and  immense  stores,  fell 
into  our  hands,  the  enemy  retreating  westward  on  Wythe- 
ville. 


*  Brigadier-General  John  Morgan,  of  guerrilla  notoriety,  who  made  the  celebrated 
raid  into  Indiana  and  Ohio.  Was  surprised  and  killed  at  Greenville,  East  Tennessee, 
by  General  Gillen,  September  3d,  1864. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  247 

The  battle  took  place  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Dub- 
lin, towards  which  place  the  Third,  now  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Robert  Johnson,*  advanced  about  half  way, 
when  they  were  ordered  back  by  General  Crook,  to  take 
charge  of  the  battle-field.  Here  the  regiment  was  divided 
into  squads,  under  the  command  of  officers,  to  collect  the 
wounded  and  the  arms,  and  bury  the  dead.  Two  hundred 
and  twenty-six  of  the  enemy  were  buried  upon  the  field. 
Two  hundred  and  seventy-eight  of  their  wounded  were  found 
upon  the  field,  and  two  hundred  and  thirty  prisoners  were 
taken.  Among  the  wounded  was  the  insurgent  commander, 
General  Jenkins,f  who  died  a  few  days  after  the  battle. 
Among  the  spoils  collected  by  the  Third  was  two  twelve- 
pounder  brass  Napoleon  guns,  three  hundred  and  fifty-four 
stand  of  small  arms — all  of  which  were  sent  to  the  division 
— and  five  caissons  and  over  four  hundred  muskets,  which 
were  burnt  for  want  of  transportation.  The  total  loss  of  the 
enemy  was  two  hundred  and  twenty-six  killed,  five  hundred 
and  eighty-five  wounded,J  and  three  hundred  and  seventeen 
prisoners.  One  hundred  and  seven  of  our  men  were  buried 
upon  the  field,  and  our  missing  and  wounded  amounted  to 
five  hundred  and  twenty.  In  the  Third,  Captain  Jacob 
Lenhart,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  J.  B.  Bartholomew,  Second 
Lieutenants  George  B.  Davis  and  Benjamin  D.  Hemmig, 
were  among  the  wounded.§  Chaplain  Pomeroy  buried  the 
remains  of  Colonel  Woolworth,  who  fell,  mortally  wounded, 
at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  together  with  six  soldiers  of  the 

*  A  native  of  Holmesburg,  Pa.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  carried  on  the 
gas-fitting  business,  and  was  connected  with  a  military  company  in  Petersburg,  Va. 
When  the  state  seceded,  his  company  was  ordered  out  for  service  in  the  army  of  the 
Confederacy.  Sacrificing  the  fruits  of  years  of  labor,  at  great  peril  of  life,  he  escaped 
North,  and,  returning  to  his  native  village,  was  chosen  First  Lieutenant  of  the  "De 
Silver  Grays,"  Company  E. 

t  During  Lee's  invasion  of  Pennsylvania,  Brigadier-General  Jenkins,  with  a  bri- 
gade of  cavalry,  marched  unopposed  in  Chambersburg,  on  the  17th  of  June,  1863.  He 
took  all  the  horses,  cattle  and  stores  he  could  find,  destroyed  the  railroad,  and  carried 
off  into  slavery  some  fifty  negroes.  He  was  wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

t  Greeley's  American  Conflict,  II  Vol.,  page  600. 

$  For  the  loss  of  Third,  see  Appendix  A. 


248  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

Third  and  Fourth,  underneath  a  locust  tree,  near  by  the 
stream  over  which  the  regiments  charged.*  Owing  to  the 
lack  of  transportation,  about  two  hundred  of  the  most  seri- 
ously wounded  were  left  in  the  large  brick  mansion  of  James 
Cloyd,  on  the  battle-field.  Supplies  were  left  with  them, 
and  medical  attendance  provided  for.  Such  of  these  as 
belonged  to  us  were  subsequently  made  prisoners  and  paroled 
by  the  enemy.  At  dark,  the  ambulances  were  loaded 
with  the  wounded;  and,  with  the  Third,  and  a  detachment 
of  the  Fourth,  moved  towards  Dublin.  They  reached  the 
bivouac  of  the  Fourth,  now  under  the  command  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Thomas  F.  B.  Tapper,  about  midnight,  where 
they  lay  until  morning. 

As  before  stated,  Crook's  expedition  was  intended  to 
cooperate  with  Sigel's,  which  moved  up  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  on  the  1st  of  May,  ten  thousand  strong.  When 
Crook's  troops  entered  Dublin,  they  found  the  telegraph 
operator  had  decamped,  leaving  his  instruments  intact. 
Men  were  immediately  found  who  could  operate  them,  and 
Crook  put  himself  into  communication  with  the  insurgents 
at  Lynchburg.  Telegraphing,  in  the  name  of  General  Jen- 
kins, a  glorious  victory  over  the  Yankees,  and  the  death  of 
Crook,  the  insurgents  were  completely  deceived,  and,  in  the 
excitement  over  the  good  news,  their  operator  did  not 
notice  a  strange  hand  that  was  working  the  instrument  at 
Dublin,  and  from  them  Crook  learned  of  the  capture,  in  the 
valley,  of  his  supply  train  that  was  to  meet  him  eight  miles 
north  of  Lynchburg,  and  such  other  information  as  to  leave 
no  doubt  in  his  mind  that  General  Sigel  would  certainly  be 
defeated.*  Before  breaking  off  communication  with  them, 
he  telegraphed  that  the  Yankees  had  turned  and  defeated 
them,  and  were  marching  on  Dublin  with  an  overwhelming 
force,  and  that  Averill  had  defeated  Jones  at  Wytheville. 


*  Colonel  Woolworth's  remains  were  subsequently  brought  to  Philadelphia. 
•General  Sigel  was  defeated  and  routed  near  New  Market,  on  the  15th,  by  a  superior 
force  of  the  enemy  under  General  Breckinridge. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  249 

This  was  done  to  relieve  Sigel.  Breckinridge,  completely 
deceived  by  the  skillful  wording  of  the  message,  immediately 
detached  all  the  troops  he  could  spare,  and  dispatched  them 
to  repel  the  expected  advance  of  General  Crook.  He,  con- 
sequently, was  not  able  to  follow  up  the  subsequent  defeat 
of  Sigel. 

General  Crook  at  once  saw  the  projected  cooperation 
with  Sigel  was  at  an  end,  and  had  no  other  course  left  to 
pursue  but  to  march  on  his  base.  At  Dublin  there  was 
found  stored  immense  quantities  of  bacon,  corn,  and  shoes 
with  wooden  soles.  The  negroes,  who  everywhere  proved 
our  friends,  and  who  were  the  great  source  of  our  inform- 
ation throughout  the  South,  were  allowed  to  take  what 
they  wanted  of  these  articles,  and,  after  loading  our  wagons, 
the  rest,  with  a  great  amount  of  military  equipments  of 
different  kinds,  new  army  wagons  and  artillery  carriages, 
with  the  warehouses  and  depots,  were  totally  destroyed. 

The  next  morning,  the  10th,  General  Crook  was  taken  sick, 
and  turned  over  the  command  of  the  army  to  Colonel  Sickel. 
The  destruction  of  the  railroad  was  commenced;  the  boys 
piling  up  the  ties,  and  placing  the  rails  across,  set  fire  to 
them.  This  warped  and  twisted  the  rails,  and  rendered 
them  unfit  for  use  until  re-rolled.  The  work  commenced 
at  a  point  one  mile  west  of  Dublin,  and  was  continued  east- 
ward to  New  river  bridge,  a  distance  of  over  six  miles  being 
destroyed.  When  within  a  short  distance  of  the  river,  the 
command  moved  on  a  cross-road  through  the  woods,  and 
along  a  lane  towards  the  railroad  bridge,  when  the  enemy's 
skirmishers  were  met.  Colonel  Sickel  immediately  deployed 
our  lines,  and  a  sharp  engagement  ensued.  Our  artillery, 
which  was  not  used  in  the  battle  of  Cloyd  Mountain,  was 
now  brought  into  play,  and  silenced  the  enemy's  guns.  The 
insurgents,  who  were  under  the  command  of  General 
M'Causland,*  were  finally  driven  from  their  position  and 

*  The  same  who  captured  defenseless  Chanabersburg,  June  30th,  1864,  and  burnt 
two-thirds  of  it,  because  the  citizens  could  not  instantly  pay  a  ransom  of  $500,000. 


250  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

across  the  New  river  bridge.  The  Third  Reserve  and  the 
Fifteenth  West  Virginia  were  now  ordered  forward,  to  drive 
the  enemy's  sharp-shooters  from  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
and  to  fire  the  bridge.  This  immense  structure  was  a  cov- 
ered trestle-work,  fully  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and  burnt 
for  a  long  while  before  it  was  totally  destroyed.  Colonel 
Sickel  received  a  painful  wound  in  the  left  leg.  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  E.  Harrison  was  also  wounded.*  After  the  des- 
truction of  the  bridge,  the  command  was  marched  to  Pep- 
per's Ferry,  some  three  miles  above,  and  the  infantry  was 
crossed  in  flat-boats.  The  artillery  and  wagons,  and  the 
ambulances  loaded  with  the  wounded,  were  driven  across 
the  deep  and  rapid  stream  at  a  ford  about  a  mile  above. 
Several  men  and  teams  were  lost  in  this  perilous  crossing. 
The  army  bivouacked  here  for  the  night,  during  which  it 
rained  hard,  making  the  roads  very  heavy. 

*For  the  loss  in  the  Third  see  Appendix  A. 


THE  THIRD  RESERVE.  251 


CHAPTER  XVTIL 

AVBRILL'S  FIGHT  AT  WYTHEVILLE  —  ATTACKING  THE  BEAR  GUARD  —  THE 
RETURN  MARCH  —  BLACKSBURG  —  LA  RUE'S  SKIRMISH  —  NINETEENTH 
VIRGINIA  CAVALRY  —  UNION  COURT  HOUSE  —  CROSSING  THE  GREEN- 
BRIER  —  HARD  MARCHES  —  POOR  FORAGING  —  MEADOW  BLUFF  —  SUF- 
FERING OF  THE  WOUNDED  —  LEWISBURG  —  THE  RESERVES'  THREE 
YEARS  EXPIRE  —  THE  BATTALION  —  ITS  OFFICERS  —  FAREWELL  TO 
COMRADES  —  FACES  HOMEWARD  —  CROSS  THE  SEWELL  —  REACH  CAMP 
PIATT  —  BY  STEAMER  TO  PITTSBURG  —  BY  RAIL  TO  PHILADELPHIA  — 
THE  BAND  —  THE  WELCOME. 


same  day  of  the  fight  at  New  river  bridge,  General 
J-  Averill  struck  Wytheville,  a  town  of  some  eighteen  hun- 
dred inhabitants,  where  he  was  met  by  a  formidable  cavalry 
force,  under  General  Morgan,  who  had  been  dispatched  by 
General  Jones,*  from  Saltville.  A  stubborn  fight  ensued, 
in  which  Averill  held  his  own;  but  was  unable  to  accomplish 
the  object  for  which  he  was  sent  —  the  destruction  of  the 
salt-works  near  there.  General  Crook,  the  same  day, 
received  information  of  the  fight,  but  General  Averill  had 
no  knowledge  of  Crook's  whereabouts. 

The  next  morning,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  well  clear 
of  the  enemy,  a  portion  of  the  command  was  sent  in  pur- 
suit of  them,  which  overtook  and  attacked  their  rear  guard 
about  ten  o'clock,  and  drove  them  for  some  distance.  The 
main  body  was  put  in  motion  early,  and  marched  in  rain 
during  the  entire  day,  reaching  Blacksburg  in  the  afternoon. 
Companies  C,  H  and  I,  of  the  Third,  were  sent  on  picket. 
Captain  La  Rue,  commanding  I,  learning  that  some  guer- 
rillas were  in  close  proximity  to  his  post,  deployed  his  com- 
pany as  skirmishers,  and  advanced  up  the  mountains  to  drive 
them  off.  A  smart  little  skirmish  ensued,  during  which 

*  General  W.  E.  Jones  was  shot  through  the  head,  at  Piedmont,  near  Staunton  , 
June  5th,  1864,  in  an  engagement  with  the  troops  under  General  Hunter. 


252  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

two  of  his  men  were  captured.  It  was  instantly  determined 
to  recover  them,  and,  pushing  onward  with  renewed  energy 
and  spirit,  it  was  at  last  accomplished.  Two  of  his  men 
were  slightly  wounded.  They  killed  two,  and  wounded 
several,  and  captured  nine  good  horses,  which  were  turned 
over  to  the  quartermaster's  department.  At  Blacksburg, 
comfortable  quarters  were  found  for  the  wounded  in  the 
large  brick  academy  building. 

During  the  12th,  it  rained  hard  all  day,  but  they  con- 
tinued their  march,  moving  through  Newport,  over  Walker 
Mountain,  and  across  Sinking  creek,  through  a  wild  and 
rugged  country,  to  the  summit  of  Salt  Pond  Mountain, 
where  they  bivouacked.  The  enemy  opposed  their  advance 
at  several  points.  About  noon  they  came  suddenly  upon 
the  encampment  of  the  Nineteenth  Virginia  Cavalry ;  but 
they  left  in  such  a  hurry  they  forgot  to  take  their  baggage 
with  them,  which,  with  their  camp  equipage,  was  destroyed. 
The  march  was  very  hard  and  the  men  much  fatigued. 
Owing  to  the  impassable  nature  of  the  roads,  and  the  worn- 
out  and  almost  starved  condition  of  the  animals,  it  was 
found  necessary  to  destroy  part  of  the  loads,  and,  in  some 
instances,  the  wagons.  The  next  day  they  took  up  their 
line  of  march  again,  the  enemy  still  showing  themselves  in 
the  front.  About  noon  a  smart  engagement  took  place,  in 
which  we  captured  a  train  of  fifteen  wagons  and  a  piece  of 
artillery.  This  day  and  the  preceding,  they  had  been  ford- 
ing streams  that  flowed  into  the  Ohio,  the  Potomac  and  the 
James  rivers. 

On  the  14th,  the  Third  acted  as  wagon  guard,  and  com- 
menced moving  at  noon,  crossing  Big  Stony  creek,  Peter's 
and  Wiseman's  mountains,  and  bivouacked  about  dark.  The 
next  day  the  Fourth  was  added  to  the  wagon  guard,  and 
marching  early,  they  passed  through  Salt  Sulphur  and  near 
Sweet  Sulphur  Springs,  and  reached  Union,  the  county  seat 
of  Monroe  county,  about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and 
bivouacked  beyond  the  town.  On  the  16th,  they  left  camp  at 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  253 

seven  o'clock,  and  marching  thirteen  miles,  bivouacked  near 
Anderson's  Ferry,  on  the  Greenbrier  river,  where  they  lay 
until  the  morning  of  the  18th.  The  stream  was  very  tur- 
bulent and  much  swollen.  The  ambulances,  wagons  and 
artillery  were  taken  across  in  a  single  flat-boat,  and  the 
infantry  forded  breast  deep.  The  march  was  only  four  miles. 
The  reason  for  these  alternate  long  and  short  marches  was, 
that  the  expedition,  was  entirely  destitute  of  provisions,  and 
forced  to  forage  on  the  barren  and  poverty-stricken  country 
for  subsistence  for  both  man  and  beast.  For  this  purpose 
they  were  forced  to  halt,  to  collect  corn,  and  grind  it  at  the 
mills  they  passed,  a  great  part  of  which  work  was  done  at 
night.  The  poor  young  cattle  collected  in  the  mountains 
furnished  their  rations  of  meat,  which  was  eaten  without 
salt.  This  day  General  Averill,  with  his  cavalry,  joined  the 
main  column. 

On  the  19th  the  command  marched  at  five  o'clock,  crossed 
the  Little  Sewell  Mountain,  and  passed  through  the  Blue 
Sulphur  Springs,  and,  making  fifteen  miles,  halted  at  Meadow 
Bluff,*  in  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Fayette  county, 
after  twenty  days'  continuous  marching.  The  distance 
marched  during  this  time  was  two  hundred  and  fifty-five 
miles.  Half  of  this  time  some  portion  of  the  army  was 
skirmishing  with  the  enemy.  Every  night  great  precaution 
had  to  be  taken  to  avoid  surprise.  From  the  long  marches 
over  the  flinty  mountains,  all  their  shoes  were  worn  out,  and 
at  least  one-third  of  them  were  entirely  destitute  of  soles. 

*  After  being  discomforted  by  General  Rosecrans  at  Carnifax  Ferry,  in  September, 
1861,  Brigadier-General  John  B.  Floyd,  ex-Governor  of  Virginia,  and  ex-Secretary  of 
War  under  Buchanan;  and  Brigadier-General  Henry  A.  Wise,  ex-Governor  of  Virginia 
and  victor  of  John  Brown,  hastily  retreated,  with  loss  of  much  of  their  equipage  and 
baggage,  to  Sewell's  Mountain.  The  two  Ex's  being  more  of  politicians  than  soldiers, 
had  at  heart  the  good  of  themselves  more  than  the  Confederacy,  and  became  envious 
of  each  others  bright  fame.  Neither  would  acknowledge  the  other  as  his  superior  in 
command,  and  both  reported  direct  to  Richmond.  Floyd  encamped  at  Meadow  Bluff 
on  one  side  of  the  mountain,  and  Wise  on  the  other  side,  calling  his  camp  "  Defiance." 
Soon  after  General  R.  E.  Lee,  who  had  been  appointed  to  succeed  General  Garnett, 
who  had  been  defeated  and  killed  at  Carrick's  Ford,  and  had  himself  been  repulsed  by 
General  Reynolds  at  Cheat  Mountain,  arrived  and  took  the  chief  command. 


254  THE  THIRD  RESERVE. 

There  they  received  their  mail,  the  first  since  they  had  left 
Brownstown. 

The  sufferings  of  the  wounded — riding  for  ten  consecutive 
days  over  horrible  roads,  fording  deep  streams  that  frequently 
entered  the  ambulance  beds,  and  over  rugged  mountains — 
cannot  be  described.  From  Meadow  Bluff,  the  wounded 
were  sent  to  the  Kanawha  river,  loaded  on  boats,  and  from 
thence  taken  to  Gallipolis,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

On  the  22d,  the  Third  marched  with  Colonel  Sickel's 
Brigade  to  Millville,  near  Lewisburg,  in  Greenbrier  county. 
This  place  was  settled  by  old  Virginia  families,  and  was 
strongly  secession  in  its  proclivities.  While  here,  the  Third's 
and  Fourth's  term  of  service  expired,  and  they  received 
orders  to  return  to  Pennsylvania,  to  be  mustered  out. 
The  recruits  that  had  been  received  into  the  regiments 
since  their  organization,  whose  term  of  service  had  not  yet 
expired,  and  the  men  who  had  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  were 
formed  into  a  battalion  of  five  companies.  Colonel  Sickel 
detailed  from  the  Third,  Captain  Albert  P.  Moulton,  First 
Lieutenants  John  H.  Crothers  and  Amos  W.  Seitzinger, 
Second  Lieutenants  George  B.  Davis  and  William  M'Carty; 
and  from  the  Fourth,  Captain  Abel  T.  Sweet,  First  Lieuten- 
ant James  W.  Blundin,  and  Second  Lieutenant  W.  H.  Der- 
rickson,  to  officer  them.  Captains  Sweet,  Moulton,  Seit- 
zinger, Blundin  and  Davis  commanded  the  companies. 
The  battalion  was  commanded  by  Captain  Sweet,  and  Cap- 
tain Blundin  acted  as  Adjutant  and  Captain  Davis  as  Quar- 
termaster. It  participated  in  all  the  engagements  from 
Meadow  Bluff  to  Staunton,  and  thence  to  Lynchburg,  being 
principally  employed  as  skirmishers.  They  were  the  first 
to  break  the  lines  of  the  enemy  at  Lynchburg,  and  were 
upon  the  point  of  entering  the  town  when  they  were  ordered 
to  retire.  It  was,  on  the  4th  of  July  following,  consolidated 
with  the  Fifty-fourth  Pennsylvania,  Colonel  Jacob  M.  Camp- 
bell. Captain  Moulton,  who  remained  with  it,  was  subse- 
quently promoted  to  the  colonelcy. 


THE   THIRD  RESERVE.  255 

Bidding  farewell  to  their  comrades  and  the  gallant  Elev- 
enth and  Fifteenth  West  Virginia,  on  the  30th  of  May,  the 
two  regiments  faced  homeward.*  Marching  from  Millville 
to  Meadow  Bluff,  thence  across  the  Big  Sewell  Mountains, 
eastward  of  New  river,  to  Gauley's  bridge  and  down  the 
north  bank  of  the  Kanawha,  they  reached  Camp  Piatt, 
from  which  the  expedition  started  on  the  30th  of  April.  On 
the  4th  of  June  they  embarked  upon  the  steamer  Jonas 
Powell  and  proceeded  down  the  Kanawha  to  the  Ohio,  and 
thence  to  Pittsburg.  At  all  the  towns  they  passed,  at  Pitts- 
burg  and  thence  through  the  length  of  old  Pennsylvania, 
they  received  a  welcome  and  hearty  greeting  from  the 
patriotic  people.  The  brass  band  of  the  Reserve  returned 
the  greeting  in  the  same  soul-stirring  strains  as  reverberated 
amid  the  hills  and  mountains  of  West  Virginia. 

This  band  has  a  peculiar  and  honorable  history.  Captain 
W.  A.  Pennypacker,  of  the  Fourth,  originated  it  while  the 
detachment  was  on  duty  at  Alexandria.  The  members 
were  officers  and  privates  of  the  two  regiments.  After 
leaving  Washington,  in  all  their  wanderings,  and  buffetings, 
this  musical  organization  was  still  preserved.  Bands  and 


*  After  General  Crook  arrived  at  Meadow  Bluff,  he  sent  his  wagons,  under  an  escort 
of  Averill's  cavalry,  to  Gauley's  bridge — his  base— for  supplies,  and  forwarded  to 
Washington  his  official  report  of  the  expedition,  and  nearly  five  hundred  prisoners. 
He  then  pushed  over  the  mountains,  with  the  whole  of  his  command,  into  the  Shenan- 
doah  Valley,  and  joined  General  Hunter,  whom  Grant  had  sent  to  relieve  General  Bigel 
at  Staunton,  June  8th.  Hunter,  being  forced  to  retreat  from  Lynchburg,  marched  west 
on  the  railroad  to  Salem,  and  thence,  via  New  Castle  Court  House,  to  Meadow  Bluff, 
where  he  arrived  June  25th.  Thence,  the  whole  command  was  moved  by  Kan- 
awha, Ohio,  Parkersburg  and  Grafton,  to  Harpers  Ferry.  Crook,  left  in  command, 
pushed  out  to  Winchester,  and  was  overwhelmed  by  General  Early,  fighting  there 
July  23d  and  at  Martinsburg  on  the  25th.  General  Sheridan  soon  after  assumed  com- 
mand in  the  valley.  At  the  battle  of  Opequan  Creek,  September  19th,  Crook  gained 
enviable  distinction  for  his  skill  and  bravery.  He  also  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar 
Creek,  October  18th  and  19th.  He  and  General  Kelly  were  taken  prisoners  at  Cumber- 
land, Md.,  February  21st,  1865.  Being  soon  after  exchanged,  he  commanded  with 
distinction  a  division  of  cavalry,  under  Sheridan,  at  the  capture  of  Lee's  army.  The 
General  at  this  time  was  about  forty  years  of  age,  medium  height,  light  complex- 
ion and  hair,  and  keen  brown  eyes.  His  countenance  was  of  a  thoughtful  cast,  and 
his  manners  reserved,  but  he  was  a  sincere  and  warm-hearted  gentleman.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  West  Point  Military  Academy,  and  an  officer  of  the  regular  army.  Since 
the  war  he  has  gained  a  high  reputation  as  an  Indian  fighter. 


256  THE   THIRD  RESERVE. 

drum  corps  are  usually  in  the  rear  when  there  is  danger,  or 
fighting  to  be  done.  In  this  case  instruments  were  simply 
sent  to  the  rear,  and  Captain  Pennypacker  and  his  fellow 
musicians  were  always  found  in  their  places  when  the  enemy 
was  to  be  met.  Helping  to  overcome  the  foe,  they  were  the 
men  to  sound  forth  the  paeans  of  victory  when  the  field  was 
won. 

On  Wednesday  evening,  June  8th,  the  detachment  arrived 
at  the  West  Philadelphia  depot,  where  they  were  met  by  a 
large  concourse  of  citizens.  The  procession  being  formed, 
they  were  escorted  through  the  principal  streets  of  the  city 
to  the  American  Mechanics  Hall,  where  a  sumptuous  colla- 
tion was  spread  for  the  veterans  and  their  friends.  After 
partaking  of  the  good  things  before  them,  and  the  inter- 
change of  friendly  greetings  with  the  delegations  of  citizens 
General  Sickel  ordered  the  baggage  and  government  prop- 
erty placed  under  an  officer  and  guard  within  the  Hall,  and 
furloughed  the  boys  until  ten  o'clock  the  next  day,  when 
they  dispersed  to  their  happy  homes.  Reassembling,  they 
marched  to  Camp  Cadwallader,  near  Ridge  avenue  and 
beyond  Girard  College,  where  they  remained  until  the  17th, 
when  the  Third  was  mustered  out  of  service. 

And  thus  closed  the  glorious  career  of  the  Third  Reserve, 
and  now,  one  by  one,  they  are  being  laid  beneath  the  sod, 
and  soon  the  bodies  of  all  will  form  part  and  parcel  of  the ' 
land  they  loved  so  well. 


SPPENDIX  R. 


KILLED,  WOUNDED  AND  MISSING. 


BANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

Sergeant- 
Private... 
(i 

M 
U 

1st  Serg't. 
Sergeant- 
Corporal.. 

Private  ... 
a 

u 
« 
u 

« 
« 
a 
« 
» 
« 

1st  Serg't. 
Sergeant- 
Corporal.. 

M 

(« 
II 

Private... 

u 

Mechanicsville. 
Wounded. 
Samuel  Flemming  
Henry  Otten  

E. 
A. 
H. 

E. 
G. 

C. 
A. 
C. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
K. 

D. 
A. 
A. 
D. 
F. 
I. 
A. 
A. 

Private... 

u 

u 
« 
II 

t( 
II 
u 
u 
(1 
(1 
u 
« 
(( 
u 
11 
11 
« 

M 

II 
II 

U 
(( 
M 
M 
tt 
« 
(( 
« 
(( 

Corporal- 
Private... 
u 

Wounded. 
Peter  F.  Holland  

A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
K. 
K. 

B. 
B. 
B, 

Wm.  M'Donough  

Daniel  Wissinger  

Missing. 
Harry  K  Hoff 

Frederick  Saylor  

Daniel  Shafer  

Henry  A.  Harner  

Games'  Mill. 
Killed. 
Thomas  P  Goheen  

James  Ryan  

Henry  Barr  

Peter  Cunningham  
Jere.  C.  Hunsberger.... 
Geo.  A.  Rawdenbush... 
John  Schiefley  

Charles  Fredericks  

Edward  L.  Lennon  
Gabriel  S  Brown 

Geo  P  Eushiro 

James  L.  Hobson  

John  Lynn  

Jacob  Mellen  

William  J.  Nield  

John  Seidere  

Frederick  B.  Scott  

John  H    Killion 

Henry  Harsta 

Allen  Christinan  

Adam  Keiser 

Joseph  Conner  

Jacob  L  Stoufler 

Daniel  Filbert  

C,  Miltenbprger..,  

Edward  Killpatrick  
Andrew  J  Adrian  

Henry  E.  Phillips  
Wounded. 
Jacob  V.  Shilling  
Michael  Walters  

Geo.  W.  Reiter  

William  G.  Knight  

*Henry  E.  Phillips  

Wounded  and  Missing. 

William  K.  Leaman.... 

Irvine  C.  Wright  

Levi  Richards  

William  J.  Hand  

Francis  Kocker.... 

Joshua  R.  Thomas... 

*  Mortally. 


APPENDIX  A. 


RANK. 

NAME. 

00. 

BANK. 

NAME. 

00. 

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u 

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u 
u 

u 
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1st  Lieut.. 
H 

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II 

11 

tl 

1st  Serg't. 

Sergeant.. 

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Corporal.. 

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Private... 
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(( 

Wounded  and  Missing. 
James  Fleming  

C. 
C. 
D. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
K. 
K. 

B. 

C. 
C. 

c. 

E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
K. 

I. 

A. 
D. 
E. 
H. 
A. 
B. 
C. 
C. 
D. 
D. 
D. 

Private  ... 

u 

Captain... 
u 

it 

2d  Lieut.. 
1st  Serg't. 

Sergeant.. 
u 

tt 
Corporal.. 

u 
II 
M 

Private... 

1C 
(( 

U 

«{ 
II 

(( 
it 
« 
u 
(I 
(( 
(( 
K 
It 
U 
U 

u 
tt 

It 
It 
It 

K 
|| 

(( 
(( 
tt 

1st  Lieut. 
2d  Lieut.. 

Killed. 
Thomas  Fennemore  
James  Reading  

I. 
I. 

H. 
I. 

K. 
C. 
G. 
C. 
G. 
H. 
A. 
C. 
C. 
K. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
C. 

c. 
c. 
c. 

D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
I. 
I. 
K. 

A. 
G. 

Matthew  Mills    

Henry  A.  Lorah  

Wounded. 

Geo.  W.  Crapp  

James  Duddy  

HPlcnr    Tiaatttr 

Michael  Hickey  

William  Brian  

Mark  M'Grath  
*John  K.  Smith  

Joseph  B.  Roberts  

Theo.  C.  Peters  

Wayne  F  Weider  

George  Rahn  

Nathan  Harkness  

*Isaac  E.  Lewis  

John  F.  Bender  
\Vesley  Schroyer  '     ... 

Amos  W.  Seitzinger  
Daniel  P.  Burkit  

Missing. 
Geo.  C.  Davenport  

T.  Watson  Bewly..;  

John  C.  Bland  

Robert  Kelly  

William  Stiffenburg  

James  M'Carn  

John  W.  Fletcher  

Charles  W.  Stout  

John  Andy  

Joseph  Bellas  

Edward  Clater  

William  J.  Fennell  

Cyrus  Eeed  

Hugh  Sweeny  

Adam  Weber  

James  Leeson  

David  C.  Epphimer  

Milton  Reed  

John  Trumbower  

Edward  C.  Jacoby  

S   S  Shaner 

Samuel  M.  Adair  

Qlendale. 
Killed. 
Joel  Chester  

William  Abrams  

Elisha  A.  Can*  

Charles  M'Devitt  

Francis  D.  Nagle  
John  A.  Price  

Frederick  H.  Wurst.... 
B.  Longenbucher  

B.  0.  Ruter  

Joseph  Bradon  

Oliver  L.  Bath  

Edward  Hellings  

Joseph  Hammer  

AVilliom    TTillKrton 

Thomas  E.  Swan  

David  Bechtel  

Wounded  and  Missing. 
Jacob  Lehman  .......... 

Joseph  Rorke  

Cvrus  Schwartz.... 

Francis  E.  Harrison..., 

Mortally. 


APPENDIX  A. 


RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

Private... 

M 

U 
1 

i 
< 
1 
1 

( 

1st  Lieut.. 
Sergeant- 
Private... 
u 
« 
u 
u 
u 
u 
«( 

M 

« 
(( 
(( 
(I 
(( 
H 
« 
(1 
« 

u 
u 
(( 
(1 
II 
II 
11 

Captain... 
Corporal- 
Private... 
ii 

K 

« 

Wounded  and  Missing. 
Levi  B    Uhoads  

A. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
F. 
I. 

C. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
I. 
I. 
I. 
K. 
K. 
K. 

I. 
G. 
D. 
E. 
F. 
H. 

Private... 

H 

Sergeant.. 

« 

« 

Corporal- 
Private... 
u 

u 

n 
u 

Corporal.. 

U 

Private... 

(i 

u 

Sergeant.. 

« 

Corporal.. 

Private... 

« 

<( 
K 

u 

« 
II 

(I 
U 
11 
« 
II 
u 

Killed. 
A.  J.  Roberts  

H. 
I. 

C. 
D. 
H. 
B. 
A. 
A. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
I. 
I. 

I. 
I. 
A. 
C. 

E. 

G. 
K. 
G. 
A. 

A. 
A. 
C. 
E. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
I. 
K. 
K. 
K. 

Hugh  M'Gettigan  

William  Smith  

Charles  Weber  

Wounded. 
William  F.  Roberts  
William  H.  Parker  
*  Isaac  E  Lewis 

Benjamin  Bennet  

*  William  Cogswell  
Sydney  Cornell  

*Thomas  Firth  

Uriah  Nunemacher  
Christian  Stumsfelts.  .  .  . 
Missing. 
David  W.  Donaghy  
John  H.  Crothers  

William  Stiffenburg  
Abraham  Perry  

William  Lamb  

Samuel  M'Chalicker.... 
Samuel  Yonker...  ........ 

Samuel  Derr  

John  Murphy  

William  Degroat  

John  A.  Pearley  

James  A.  Fix  

Dennis  Sullivan  

Henry  C.  Keehn  

Alfred  W.  Hong  

Patrick  Murphy.  

Augustus  Neiffer  

C.  W.  Hubbard  

Joseph  Kerns  

I.  Kennedy  

Charles  Carlin  

Eugene  B.  Mitchell  
Richard  Bambrick  

Charles  M  Ryon  

Frank  R.  Wofter  

David  R.  Bennet,  

Wounded  and  Missing. 
Charles  Grovat  

Robert  Chambers  

Charles  H.  Rich  

George  S.  Silbert  

William  W.  Solly  
Richard  Wright  

Albert  Flanagan  

Peter  Rusk.  
Willinrn  Wftltfrs......... 

Missing. 
George  Rahn  

Edward  Young  

Richard  Wilson...  

Daniel  Greaflf.  

John  B.  Beaumont  
Wesley  Schroyer  

Samuel  B.  Frey  

William  P.  Holland  

Second  Bull  Bun. 
Killed. 
H.  Clay  Beatty...,  

William  Ashton  

John  M'Millen  

Charles  Carley  

William  Dougherty  
Mahlon  Geathers  

John  Babb  

Frederick  Switzer  

Henry  Burkhart  

Thomas  Williams  

Andrew  Huff.... 

Thomas  White.... 

*  Mortally. 


APPENDIX  A. 


RANK.                             NAME. 

oo. 

RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

Captain... 
1st  Serg't. 
Sergeant.. 

Corporal.. 
« 

« 
u 

Private... 

H 

II 
<( 
« 
<( 
«( 
U 
U 
«( 

Captain... 

1st  Lieut.. 

Corporal., 
u 

i< 
u 

Private... 

K 
K 
II 
II 
II 
II 
{( 
II 
II 

M 

i< 
u 
it 
it 
it 
u 
u 
u 

K 

Antietam. 
KUled. 
Florentine  H.  Staub.... 
John  Bliiker 

D. 
E. 
B. 
B. 
G. 
K. 
A. 
D. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
K. 

B. 
B. 
C. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 

Private  ... 
it 

it 
u 
u 

1st  Lieut.. 

1st  Serg't. 
u 

Corporal.. 
u 

(i 

ii 

Private... 
< 

i 
i 

t 
t 
it 
K 

K 
II 
II 
It 
II 
II 
« 
M 
« 
II 
II 

1st  Lieut.. 
1st  Serg't. 

Sergeant.. 
u 

Corporal., 
ii 

u 
(i 
u 
K 

Wounded. 
John  K.  Yeakel  

H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
I. 

D. 
D. 
H. 
D. 
D. 
F. 
I. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
G. 
H. 
I. 
I. 
I. 
K. 

A. 
I. 
F. 
G. 
A. 
F. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
H. 

John  Trumbower...  

George  W.  Ritter  

J.  Newholt  

John  Schaeffer  

Fredericksburg. 
Killed. 
Jacob  V.  Shilling  

Frederick  Hendley  
Luther  Kreuson  

James  Schrader  

James  Leese  

Ephraim  Case  

Henry  Jones  

John  G.  Bland  

Peter  Husk  •  

Henry  Setler  

James  Bingham  

Lewis  D.  M'Farland  
Wm.  W.  Smith  

Peter  Dunbar  

Lewis  Brown  

David  English  

Jacob  B.  Crater  

Andrew  Jackson  

Joseph  Rudolph  

Alex.  H.  Stewart  

Wounded, 
Geo.  C.  Davenport  
Fred.  G.  Nicholson  

Arichibald  S.  Little  
Robert  Dillon  

Thomas  Dillon  

George  W.  Wiggins  

Benj.  F.  Crosedale  

Edward  Toon  

Pliarloc    IT      WYirrVit 

Nathan  Hauch  

Israel  Long  :  

James  D.  Ash  

John  Rork  

Joseph  Bachon  

Daniel  Garman  . 

Jacob  Johnson  

Totin  T    Sr»r»H 

John  Marsh  

Henry  S.  Potter  

H«nrv  T    Shnr>t 

*  Alfred  Williams  

Obediah  Achey  

Wounded. 
Michael  Watlers..  

Josiah  Coller  

Peter  B.  Keehn  

James  Boulton  

Jackson  Hutchinson... 
Daniel  l^urphy 

D.  M.  Wilson  

William  Jones  

John  Smith  

Levan  Lehr  

Flarian  Harbacb 

John  Silbeman  

William  Henry  

George  W.  Crapp  
James  Murray  

Richard  Evans  

Levi  Frey  

Thomas  Haran  

Israel  Long  

Emanuel  English  

Augustus  Neiffer  

Mortally. 


APPENDIX  A. 


RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

RANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

Corporal.. 

Private... 
u 
u 
It 

U 
(( 
II 
(( 
(( 
U 

u 

K 
U 
U 
U 

II 

ii 
M 
II 

It 

(1 

(1 

(( 
1C 
u 
« 

H 

(1 
M 
(( 
M 

(( 
« 
(( 
u 
U 

Captain... 
Sergeant.. 

Corporal.. 

it 

a 

Private.... 
« 

u 
u 

Wounded. 

I. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 

K. 
C. 
D. 
G. 
K. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 

Private  ... 
ii 

u 
ii 

u 

It 

K 
II 

(( 

Musician. 

Private  .... 

u 

M 

II 

ii 
u 
u 
u 

K 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
K 

Corporal- 
Private.... 

u 

K 

Musician. 

Corporal- 
Private.... 

u 

Captain... 
1st  Lieut.. 
2d  Lieut.. 

Wounded  and  Missing. 
Daniel  Garman  

B. 
B. 
C. 

C. 

c. 

D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
F, 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
I. 
K. 
K. 
K. 
K. 
K. 
K. 

F. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 

H. 
A. 

E. 

A. 
H. 
T). 

John  Brodhurst  

Richard  Dickens  .      .. 

Adam  Graham  ........... 

Jacob  S.  Kunsman  

Abraham  Lewis  

Francis  Kocher  

Bartlett  Smith  

Peter  M'Quaid  ,. 

John  Scheifley 

William  Peters  

Heber  M'Cord  

Levi  B.  Rhoades  

John  M'Bride  

David  Scott  

John  Campbell  

John  P.  Douth  

Henry  Ecknold  

William  J.  Fennell  
Charles  Hitchcock  

Levi  Schneer...  

Thomas  Kochel  

•Tohn  RUbpman  

Samuel  Walton  

John  Wentzel  

William  Carlin  

Samuel  Cowell  

William  Ellis  

Barnard  Crilley  .        .  . 

Emanuel  Good  

Alfred  Bishop    .  .     •• 

Thomas  Mitchell  

Andrew  M.  Shepherd.. 

Stewart  M'Donald  

Alexander  Park     

Nelson  Shemaley  

David  Piffer  

Wm.  H.  Walters  

Theo.  Killpatrick  

Allen  L   Garwood  

Samuel  M  Adair 

Henry  Pager  

Wm  M'Donald  

Christian  B.  Guiger  
E  J.  B.  Mitchell  

Geo.  W.  Morgan  

Valentine  W.  Spink.... 
David  Stackhouse 

John  S.  Small  

Joseph  Watson  

Milton  Scheetz  

Missing. 
Harrison  Lutz  

Abram  Ladshaw  

Daniel  Mlilloy 

John  W.  Fletcher  

Michael  Uile....  

Lynford  Williams  
Allen  Walters  

Calvin  Reedy  

Wounded  and  Missing. 
William  Brian  

Oloyd's  Mountain. 

Killed. 

Daniel  P.  Burkit  

Abraham  B.  Yocum.... 
Richard  Evans  

James  B.  Old  

Jason  B.  Pidcock  
Wounded. 
Jacob  Lenhart,  Jr  
J.  B.  Bartholomew  
Georce  B.  Davis... 

Wm.  P.  Holland  

Henry  S,  Smith  

Enoch  Shade... 

APPENDIX  A. 


RANK. 

NAME. 

oo. 

BANK. 

NAME. 

CO. 

2d  Lieut- 
Sergeant.. 
it 

Corporal.. 

« 

« 

Private.... 
u 

<( 
(i 
u 
u 
« 
«( 
M 
I 
t 
1 
1 
I 

Wounded. 

F. 

C. 
H. 
B. 
D. 
D. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
C. 

c. 

D. 
F. 
F. 
H. 
H. 
I. 
T. 

Private.... 

« 

Sergeant.. 

Private.... 
« 
u 
« 
u 

Private.... 

Colonel.... 
1st  Lieut.. 

Private.... 

« 

Wounded. 
*  James  Thomas  

I. 
K. 

H. 
A. 
A, 
D. 
G. 
I. 

G. 

G. 
K. 
K. 

T.  Watson  Bewly  

John  Collins  

Wounded  and  Prisoners. 
George  W.  Vaux  

\Villiam  Carlin 

John  H.  Babb  

John  O'Niel  

Albert  S.  Henershotz.... 
Henry  G  Milan? 

Jere.  C.  Hunsberger.... 
R.  J.  B.  Mitchell  

fWilliam  H.  Nelson  

New  River  Bridge. 

Killed. 
Robert  Caldwell 

Charles  Schaneberger... 

Daniel  Stevenson  

Charles  H.  Barber  

Wounded. 
Horatio  G.  Sickel  

Uriah  Nunemacker  
Washington  Long 

Milton  Reed  

Frank  E.  Harrison  

George  F.  Reinboth  
Samuel  H.  Simm... 

S.  V.  Richardson.... 

*  Died  at  Washington,  June  3d,  1864. 

t  Died  in  Andersonville  Prison,  September  21st,  1864;  grave  9,434. 


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Promoted  to  Quartermaster  Sergeai 
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June  17,  1864. 
Appointed  Surgeon,  June  21,  1861 
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April  14,  1864. 
Appointed  Assistant  Surgeon,  June 
Promoted  Surgeon  U.  S.  Vols. 
1861. 

Promoted  to  Surgeon  81st  Regiment, 
Aug.  19,  1862. 
Resigned,  March  13,  1863. 
Resigned,  Jan.  17,  1863. 
Mustered  out  with  regiment,  June  1 
Left,  at  muster  out,  in  charge  of 
from  3d  and  4th  Regiments  Res 
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Aug.  1,  1861.  Resigned,  Feb 
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r  BUCKS  COUNTY. 

REMARKS. 

Rank  from  April  26,  1861.  Discharged  on  Surgeon's 
certificate,  Oct.  12,  1862. 
.  Promoted  to  Corporal,  Aug.  21,  1861  ;  to  2d  Lieuten- 
ant, Oct.  1,  1862;  to  Captain,  May  1,  1863. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Rank  from  April  26,  1861.  Appointed  Regimental 
Quartermaster,  June  21,  1861.  Promoted  to 
Captain  and  Assistant-Quartermaster,  U.  S.  Vols., 
Aug.  10,  1863. 
Promoted  from  1st  Sergeant  to  1st  Lieutenant,  Oct. 
1,  1862.  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17, 
1864. 

Rank  from  April  26,  1861.  Discharged,  Sept.  23, 
1862,  for  wounds  received  at  Charles  City  Cross 
Roads,  Va.,  June  30,  1862. 
.  Promoted  from  Corporal  to  Sergeant,  date  un- 
known ;  to  2d  Lieutenant,  May  1,  1863.  Mus- 
tered out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Promoted  from  Corporal  to  Sergeant.  Mustered 
out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Promoted  from  Corporal  to  Sergeant,  Sept.  1,  1863. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Promoted  from  Corporal  to  Sergeant,  Sept.  1,  1863. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Promoted  from  Corporal  to  Sergeant,  Oct.  1,  1863. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  Discharged,  to  receive  a  commission  in  the  U.  S. 
colored  troops,  Aug  19,  1863. 
.  Discharged,  Nov.  22,  1862,  for  wounds  at  Bull  Run. 

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....  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
..  Killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862. 
....  Killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862. 
.  .  ..  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

Veteran. 
....  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
.  .  .  Discharged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  Dec.  23,  1862. 
.  .  ..  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 

.  ..  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
.  .  ..  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

Veteran. 
.  .  .  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
....  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
....  Discharged,  March  17,  1863,  for  wounds  received  at 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  Va. 
....  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
....  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
....  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
....  Discharged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  July  25,  1863. 
....  Transferred  to  Battery  C,  5th  U.  S.  Artillery,  Oct.  19, 
1862. 

....Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

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ntinued. 

REMARKS. 

Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Wounded  and  missing  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13, 
1862. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
Prisoner  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862.  Mustered 
out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
Wounded  at  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  1862.  Discharged 
on  Surgeon's  Certificate,  Dec.  1,  1863. 
Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
Wounded  at  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  1862.  Discharged 
on  Surgeon's  certificate,  Oct.  1,  1862. 

F  BERKS  COUNTY. 

Rank  from  May  15,  1861.  Transferred  to  Veteran 
Reserve  Corps,  July  1,  1863.  Resigned,  Sept.  5, 

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a.  REMARKS. 

illed  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862. 
ounded  at  Gaines'  Mill,  June  27,  1862.  Trans- 
ferred to  Veteran  Reserve  Corps,  July  1,  1863. 
scharged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  Sept.  1,  1862. 
scharged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  Feb.  6,  1863. 
ischarged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  May  13,  1863. 
•ansferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran, 
•ansferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran, 
•ansferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 

•ansferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran, 
•ansferred  to  Company  K,  Oct.  2,  1861. 
ed  at  Mill  Creek,  Va.,  Sept,  19,  1862. 

....  Killed  on  picket,  July  10,  1862. 
....  Taken  prisoner  at  Gaines'  Mill.  Desprted,  Oct.  12,1862. 
....  Wounded  at  Games'  Mill,  Juno  27,  1862.  Mustered 

out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 
....  Wounded  at  Games'  Mill,  June  27,  1862.  Trans- 
ferred to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
....Deserted,  July  23,  1861. 
....  Discharged  by  order  of  War  Dep't,  Aug.  6,  1862. 
....  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 
..  ..  Wounded  at  Glines'  Mill,  June  27,  1862.  Discharged, 
June  20,  1862. 

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Veteran. 

...Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

Veteran. 
...  Deserted,  Dec.  12,  1862. 
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...  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 
Veteran. 

.  .  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

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...  Discharged  on  Surgeon's  certificate,  Dec.  1,  1862. 
...  Transferred  to  54th  Regiment,  Pa.  Vols.,  July  4,  1864. 

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v  eieran. 
...  Killed  atGaines'  Mill,  June  27,  1862. 
...  Deserted,  July,  1861. 
...  Deserted,  Oct.  12,  1862. 
...  Prisoner  at  Gaines'  Mill.  Deserted,  Dec.  12,  1862. 

...  Deserted,  Dec.  12,  1862. 
...  Mustered  out  with  company,  June  17,  1864. 

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M'Farland,  L.  D  
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INDEX, 


A. 

Anderson,  G.  B.,  General,  91,  92. 

Anderson,  Eobert,  Lieutenant-Col- 
onel, 160,  184. 

Alexander,  Samuel,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, 51. 

Amsden's  Battery,  207. 

Applebach,  Nelson,  Lieutenant, 
26,  57. 

Applebachville  Guards,  26. 

Archer,  General,  208,  213,  214. 

Averill,  William  Woods,  General, 
64,  136,  139,  231,  232,  238,  240, 
248,  251,  253. 

Ayres,  Ira,  Jr.,  Colonel,  96*. 

Alabama  lOlh  Regiment,  107. 

Alabama  14th  Regiment,  112. 

B. 

Baird,  Edward  C.,  Captain  and  As- 
sistant Adjutant-General,  41, 
222,  225. 

Baker,  Edward  D.,  General,  48. 

Bamford,  Thomas  H.,  Lieutenant, 
134. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  P.,  General,  72, 
80,  142,  143, 146, 147, 167, 180. 

Bardwell,  George  H.,  Major,  216*. 

Barksdale,  William,  General,  203, 
216. 

Barlow,  Francis  C.,  General,  187. 

Barnard,  John  G.,  General,  77*. 

Barr,  Henry,  239. 

Barr,  Joseph  R.,  52. 

Barnes,  General,  192. 


Barry,  W.  F.,  General,  77*. 
Earth,  Frederick  R.,  Sergeant,  136. 
Bartholomew,  J.  B.,  Lieutenant, 

57,  134,  247. 
Bates,  Samuel  P.,  Professor,   36, 

103,  104,  107,  108. 
Battery  A,  33,  42. 
"       B,  33,  42,  46. 
"       C,  33. 
"       D,  33. 
"       E,  33. 
"       F,  33. 
"       G,  33,  42. 
"       H,  33. 
Battle  of  Allen's  Farm,  97. 

"        Antietam,  180. 

"        Bull  Run,  First,  28. 

"        Bull  Run,  Second,  147. 

"        Chantilly,  165. 

"        Cloyd  Mountain,  244. 

"        Drainesville,  53. 

"        Fair  Oaks,  77,  80. 

' '        Fredericksburg,  203, 205. 

"       Games'  Mill,  87. 

"       Glendale,  101. 

"       Malvern  Hill,  119. 

"        Mechanics ville,  80. 

"        New  River  Bridge,  249. 

"        Princeton,  243. 

"        Savage  Station,  98. 

"       South  Mountain,  173. 

"       Yorktown,  76. 
Bayard,  George   D.,  General,  42, 

47,  51,  60,  70,  72,  211. 
Beauregard,  P.  T.  G.,  General,  19, 

28,  46,  63. 


2 


INDEX, 


Beatty,  Eatruries,  Captain,  42,  60, 
71,  110,  116. 

Beatty,  H.  Clay,  Captain,  27,  111. 
163,  194. 

Beatty,  Samuel,  Lieutenant,  25, 
27,  194. 

Bender,  John  F.,  Sergeant,  136. 

Biddle,  Chapman,  Colonel,  196. 

Biddle,  Charles  J.,  Colonel,  41,  42. 
47, 199. 

Biddle,  Henry  J.,  Captain  and  As- 
sistant Adjutant-General,  20, 
105,  110. 

Bickley,  Franklin  S.,  Quarter- 
master, 26,  27,  49. 

Birchfield,  John  P.,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, 229. 

Birney,  David  Bell,  General,  166. 
210,211. 

Bishop,  Clark,  239. 

Blazer,  Lieutenant,  240. 

Blenker,  Louis,  General,  50. 

Blundin,  James  N.,  Captain,  254. 

Boger,  Henry  D.,  67. 

Bolinger,  H.  C.,  General,  177,  225. 

Bonham,  General,  51. 

Boyer,  Charles,  234. 

Boyer,  Levi  S.,  Quartermaster,  229, 
239. 

Branch,  L.  O'B.,  General,  81,  188. 

Breckinridge,  John  C.,  General, 
249. 

Brian,  William,  Captain,  27,  111, 
132,  217,  227. 

Briner,  Albert,  Quartermaster-Ser- 
geant, 194,  227,  229. 

Briner,  William,  Major,  23,  26,  42, 
134,  144,  231,  236. 

Brooke,  James,  Sergeant,  227. 

Brooks,  W.  T.  H.,  General,  224. 

Brothers,  E.  F,  239. 

Brown,  John,  54*  253*. 

Buch,  Isaac  G.,  225. 

Buchanan,  R.  C.,  162. 


Buchanan,  Frank,  Commodore, 
141. 

Buck,  Isaac  G.  239. 

Buckman,  Aaron  N.,  Sergeant,  230. 

Buckingham,  J.  M.,  Lieutenant, 
26,  49. 

Bucktails,  33,  41,  45,  47,  53,  54,  55, 
71,72,81,82,85,103,156,176, 
181,  189,  197,  205,  206. 

Buffington,  Adjutant,  60. 

Buford,  John,  General,  146. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.,  General, 
139,  143,  175,  180,  188,  198, 
199,  204,  209,  212,  213,  216, 
217,218,220,222,224. 

Butler,  Benjamin  F.,  General.  36, 
228. 

Butterfield,  Daniel,  General,  169. 

C. 

Carper,  Philip,  51. 
Cadwallader,  Jacob  A.,  137. 
Caldwell,  General,  187. 
Cameron,  Simon,  Hon.,  36,  50. 
Camp  Washington,  Pa.,  21. 
Camp  Curtin,  Pa.,  29. 
Camp  Piatt,  239. 
Camp  Pierpont,  Va.,  45,  50,  64. 
Camp  Cadwallader,  256. 
Camp  Hawkhurst,  Va.,  65. 
Camp  Tenally,  34,  42. 
Campbell,  Charles  T.,  Colonel,  42, 

47,  60. 
Campbell,  Jacob  Miller,  Colonel, 

254. 

Carondelet,  Gun-boat,  62. 
Carrier,  James  W.,  67. 
Charley  Reb.,  201. 
Childs,    James    H.,    Colonel,    82, 

102. 
Christein,  John  H.  F.  A.,  Sergeant, 

136. 

Cincinnati  Society,  36,  38. 
Clark,  C.  Y.,  Corporal,  227. 


INDEX. 


Clark,  John,   Lieutenant-Colonel, 

26,  52,  133,  164,  177,  181,  184, 

201. 

Clark,  Eobert,  Corporal,  136. 
Clark,  William,  239. 
Clouse,  Jeremiah  A.,  Lieutenant, 

26,  62. 

Clow,  James  B.,  Captain,  41,  42. 
Cobb,  Howell,  General,  124f. 
Cobb,  T.  R.  R.,  General,  92. 
Cochrane,  John,  General,  224. 
Coleman,  Thomas,  51. 
Collis  Zouaves,  210. 
Collins,  James,  Surgeon,  27,  122, 

128,  132,  194. 
Colquitt,  General,  182. 
Colston,  Henry  S.,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, 133. 

Confederate  Eagle,  68. 
Connally,  John,  Lieutenant,  26, 52. 
Connecticut  18th  Regiment,  233, 

234. 

Conrad,  Captain,  109. 
Comte  de  Paris,  46,  91. 
Cook,  Captain,  175. 
Cook,  P.  St.  George,  General,  88, 90. 
Cooper's  Battery,  35,  82,  85,  102, 

106,  181,  207. 
Cooper,  James  H.,  Captain,  42,  46, 

109,  160. 

Coppee,  Henry,  Professor,  42. 
Cothrans,  Captain,  185. 
Couch,  Darius  W.,  General,  120, 

121,  181,  192,  197,  216. 
Cox,  Daniel  D.,  General,  174,  175. 
Crawford,  Samuel  Wylie,  General, 

142,  184,  185,  227,  236. 
Crook,  George,  General,  236,  238, 

239,  240,  241,  244,  245,  247, 

248,  249,  251. 

Cross,  Augustus,  Adjutant,  173. 
Crothers,    John    H.,   Lieutenant, 

194,  254. 
Cummings,  Robert  P.,  Colonel,  196. 


Curtin,  Andrew  Gregg,  War  Gov- 
ernor, 20,  27,  32,  36,  55,  172, 
195,224,228. 

Curtis,  William  D.,  Captain,  23, 26, 
42,  43,  133. 

Cuthbertson,  Captain,  108f. 

Coleman,  Charles,  51. 

Cutts,  Captain,  54. 

D. 

Dana,  Napoleon  J.  T.,  General,  186. 
Davenport,  George  C.,  Captain,  26, 

59,  93,  134,  189,  227. 
Davis  George  B.,  Lieutenant,  92, 

190,  196,  229,  234,  247,  254. 
Davis,  Jefferson,  Hon.,  18, 28f,  103, 

119. 

Davis,  William  H.,  Surgeon,  239. 
Day,  Dr.,  51. 
DeBow's  Review,  28. 
DeCaradence,  T.,  Lieutenant,  52. 
Dehart,  Captain,  82. 
Dehon,  Lieutenant,  219. 
DeKorponay,  Gabriel,  Colonel,  20, 

25. 

Derrickson,  W.  H.,  254. 
DeSilver  Greys,  26. 
Dietrich,  Captain,  102. 
District  Columbia  1st  Volunteers, 

225. 

Dix,  John  A.,  General,  30. 
Donaghy,  David  W.,  Lieutenant, 

27,  52,  230. 
Donnelly,  Edward,  Surgeon,   122, 

128. 

Doran,  Duvall,  Commissary  Ser- 
geant, 42. 
Doubleday,  Abner,  General,  148, 

153, 181, 182, 183, 184, 207, 224. 
Due  de  Chartres,  46,  91. 
Duckworth,  Samuel,  67. 
Dunn,  Captain,  198. 
Dunn,  Simon,  Sergeant,  110. 
Duryea,  Abram,  General,  177. 


INDEX. 


E. 

Early,  Jubal  A.,  General,  208,  232. 
Eastern,  Hezekiah,  Captain,  42,  82, 

83. 

Eberhart,  Lieutenant,  225. 
Eckle,  Sebastian,  Lieutenant,  62, 

133. 

Edwards,  Captain,  84. 
Ellwood,  J.,  Lieutenant,  31. 
Ent,  Wellington  H.,  Colonel,  53. 
Ewell,  K.  S.,  General,  88,  94,  121, 

142,  147,  148,  165,  182. 

P. 

Farley,  W.,  Captain,  51. 
Farnsworth,  E.  J.,  General,  81. 
Feaster,    David   D.,   Captain,   26, 

42,  70,  71,  193. 
Ferguson,  Colonel,  237*. 
Ferrero,  Edward,  General,  224. 
Finnie,  J.  0.,  Captain,  21,  23. 
Fisher,  Benjamin  F.,  Captain,  26, 

35,134,225,226,227,228. 
Floyd,  John  B.,  General,  253*. 
Forney,  John  H.,  General,  54,  55. 
Franklin,  William  Buell,  General, 

50,  78,  100,  102, 117,  120,  123, 

146,   165,   168,  179,  180,  181, 

188,  197,  199,  206,  211,  212, 

220,  224. 
Frear,  George  H.,  Chaplain,   62, 

133,  194. 

Fredericks,  James  P.,  Captain,  41. 
Fremantle,  Colonel,  77f. 
Fremont,  John  C.,  General,  142. 
French,  William  H.,  General,  90, 

98,  187,  216. 

Frost,  Daniel,  Colonel,  238,  244. 
Fuller,  A.  B.,  Rev.,  205. 

a. 

Gallagher,  Thomas  F.,  Colonel,  41, 

82,  177. 
Garland,  General,  54,  182. 


Garnett,  General,  253*. 
Geary,  John  White,  General,  143. 
Georgia  19th  Regiment,  215. 
Georgia,  44th  Regiment,  85. 
Germantown  Guards,  26. 
Gibbons,  John,  General,  148,  210, 

213,216. 

Gillem,  Alvan  C.,  General. 
Gilmore,  Harry,  Major,  233. 
Glenn,  Edwin  A.,  Lieutenant,  134, 

225. 

Gordon,  George  H.,  General,  186. 
Gorman,  Willis  A.,  General,  186. 
Greeley,  Horace,  Hon.,  93. 
Green,  George  S.,  General,  184, 185. 
Gregg,  Maxey,  General,  112,  208, 

213,  214. 
Griffin,  Charles,  General,  84,  85, 

165,  167,  192. 

Griffith,  Lewis,  Sergeant,  227. 
Grover,  Cuvier,  General,  153. 
Guernsey,  A.  H.,  Doctor,  146, 151, 

167. 

Gilbert,  Albert,  62. 
Georgia  2d  Infantry,  188. 
"      20th  "     188. 

Grant,  U.  S.,  General,  236. 

H. 

Hooker,  Joseph,  General,  80,  102, 
106,  114,  125*,  135,  136,  147, 
148,  165,  171,  175,  176,  177, 
181,  182,  183,  184,  186,  199, 
206,  211,  216,  224,  226. 

Hall,  Chandler,  Captain,  41,  42. 

Halleck,  Henry  W.,  General,  138, 
139,  218. 

Hamilton,  Captain,  206,  213. 

Hamlin,  Lyman  W.,  Lieutenant, 
49. 

Hampton,  Captain,  185. 

Hampton,  Wade,  General,  203. 

Hancock,  Winfield  Scott,  General, 
216. 


INDEX. 


Hardie,  General,  211*. 

Harkins,  Hugh,  Captain,  27,  229. 

Harkness,  N.  S.,  136. 

Harmer,  William  N.,  Captain,  244. 

Harrison,  Francis  C.,  Lieutenant, 

52,  111,  230,  250. 
Harrison,  Samuel  L.,  239. 
Hart,  James,  Major,  73. 
Hatch,  John  P.,  General,  153,  154, 

159. 

Hartranft  John  F.,  General,  188. 
Hartsuff,     George     L.,     General, 

183. 
Harvey,  Elisha  B.,  Colonel,  41,  82, 

83,  103,  109. 
Hayes,    Eutherford    B.,  General, 

169,  239*. 
Hayes,  George  S.,  Colonel,  41,  82, 

105. 

Heenan,  Dennis,  Colonel,  216*. 
Henning,  Benjamin  D.,  Lieuten- 
ant, 136,  229,  247. 
Henderson,    K.    M.,    Lieutenant 

Colonel,  156*. 
Henry,  Patrick,  63*. 
Higgins,  Jacob,   Lieutenant  Col- 
onel, 53. 
Hill,  A.  P.,  General,  83,  88,  97, 

103,   109,  112,  120,  146,  188, 

190,  192,  212,  214. 
Hill,  D.  H.,  General,  83,  88,  121, 

171,  174,  190,  203,  209. 
Holmes,  General,  117. 
Hood,    John     B.,    General,    154, 

182. 

Hooker,  Joseph,  General. 
Hoover,  Joseph  F.,  225. 
Howard,  Oliver,  0.,  General,  185. 
Howard,  Dr.,  136. 
Huger,  General,  80,  89,  97,  98, 103, 

120,  121. 

Hughling,  Joseph,  51. 
Humphrey,    Andrew     Atkinson, 

General,  216. 

E 


Hurlbert,  William  Henry,  78*. 
Hunt,  Henry  J.,  General,  95,  97. 
Hunter,  M.,  28f. 
Hunter,  David,  General,  255*. 
Hutchinson,  Edward,  137. 
Hutchinson,  Jackson,  Lieutenant, 

194. 
Heintzleman,  S.  P.   General,  50, 

64,  80,  97,  lllf,  114,  120,  123, 

139,  147,  150,  151,   153,  156, 

158,  159,  161. 
Haupe,  General,  201. 

I. 

Illinois  Eighth  Cavalry,  81. 
Irvin,  Edwin  A.,  Captain,  81. 

J. 

Jackson,  Conrad  Faeger,  General, 
41,  53,  55,  82,  102,  106,  144, 
154,  199,  205,  210,  219. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan,  Gen- 
eral, 72,  80,  84,  88,  97,  102, 
120,  121,  139,  143,  146,  147, 
148,  149,  150,  151,  153,  159, 
165,  166,  168,  172,  180,  182, 
190,  206,  209,  214,  215,  216, 
217,  218. 

James,  John  M.,  Lieutenant,  196, 
230. 

Jamieson,  Albert  H.,  Adjutant, 
26,  27,  56,  194. 

Jenkins,  General,  180,  247,  248. 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  General,  28, 
63,  80. 

Johnson,  Eobert,  Captain,  26,  134, 
225,  247. 

Jones,  D.  K.,  General,  182,  183, 
188. 

Jones,  Harry  S.,  Adjutant,  194, 
222.  225,  239. 

Jones,  Owen,  Major,  52. 

Jones,  W.  E.,  General,  182,  251. 

Jones,  Zeaman,  Lieutenant,  229. 


INDEX. 


Judson,  J.  A.,  Captain,  154. 

K. 

Kane,  Thomas  Leiper,  General,  53, 

54,  72. 
Kearney,  Philip,  General,  102, 110, 

114,  124,  148,  153,  166,211. 
Kelley,  Benj.  F.,  General,  255*. 
Kelley,  William  D.,  Hon.,  36. 
Kennerheim,  Captain,  102. 
Kern,  Mark,  Captain,  42,  52,  82, 

82,  102,  106. 

Kentucky  1st  Rifles,  54,  55. 
Keyes,  Erasmus  D.,  General,  64, 

78*,  95,  120,  123,  126. 
Kimball,  Captain,  23. 
King,  James  B.,  Surgeon,  41. 
King,  Corporal,  110. 
King,  John  H..  General,  72,  142, 

143,  148,  151,  153,  156,  158, 

168. 

Kingsberry,  Chas.,  Captain,  41, 91. 
Kirby,  C.  W.,  Lieutenant,  239. 
Kirk,  James  Thompson,  Colonel, 

82,  102. 

Knapp,  Captain,  185. 
Kuhn,  J.  Hamilton,  Captain,  41. 
Kupp,  Morgan,  230. 

L. 

Lamborne,  Charles  B.,  Lieutenant, 
41. 

Lane,  General,  208,  213,  214. 

La  Rue,  Samuel  J.,  Lieutenant,  27, 
136,  194,  251. 

Lawton,  General,  182,  190. 

Leak,  William  H.,  Chaplain,  27, 
33,  62. 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  General,  80,  83, 84, 
94,  97,  103,  112,  113,  114,  115, 
121,  124,  127,  142,  144,  146, 
157,  163J,  165,  167,  168,  171, 
172,  180,  181,  190,  191,  193, 
203,206,212,217,226,236. 


Lehman,  Jacob,  Lieutenant,  26, 45, 

111,  132,  133. 
Lenhart,  Jacob,  Jr.,  Captain,  23, 

26,  222,  236,  238,  245,  247. 
Lennon,  Edward  L.,  Sergeant,  79. 
Leonard,  Thomas,  67. 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  President,  '7, 

18,  19,  30,  50,   63,  132,   193, 

195,  223. 
Lindsey,   George  H.,  Lieutenant, 

26,  133. 
Longstreet,  James,    General,   83, 

88,  97,  103,  109,  112,  114,  115, 

120,   146,  148,   149,   150,  151, 

152,  153,   154,  159,  167,   168, 

169,  174,  175,   178,   180,  190, 

206,  217. 

Loper,  Charles  H.,  Corporal,  136. 
Lowman,  W.  G.,  Surgeon,  41. 

M. 
Maconkey,  Eldridge,  Lieutenant, 

42. 

Magilton,  Colonel,  82,  172. 
Magruder,  J.  B.,  76f,  80,  89,  94*, 

97,98,  112,  114,  120,  121,  127. 
Maine  23d  Regiment,  225. 
Mann,  William  B.,  Colonel,  20,  21, 

24,  41. 

Mansfield,  Joseph  K.  F.,  General, 

36,  181,  184,  185. 
March,  Robert  G.,  Colonel,  20,  22, 

25,  41. 

Marsh,  Surgeon,  114. 

Martin,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  55. 

Martz,  Adam,  52. 

Massachusetts  1st  Regiment,  177. 

Massachusetts     16th     Regiment, 

106,  205. 

Massachusetts  34th  Regiment,  234. 
Masters,  James  E.,  Corporal,  79, 
Maxwell,  H.  D.,  Paymaster,  27. 
Maxwell,  Judge,  36. 
Mayo,  Colonel,  110. 


INDEX. 


Meade,  George  Gordon,  General, 
41,47,49,52,55,74,82.85,88, 
89,98,  102,  107,  109,  111,  115, 
130,  144,  147,  157,  161,  162. 
163,  172,  177,  181,  182,  183, 
184,  186,  188,  189,  196,  208, 
209,  210,  211,  212,  213,  214, 
215*,  219,  221,  222,  224,  226, 
228. 

Meade's  Colored  Man,  86. 
Mealey,  Timothy,  Captain,  23. 
Meagher,  Thomas  F.,  General,  90, 

91,  120,  122,  187. 
Mechanic  Infantry,  26. 
Michigan  4th  Regiment,  84,  89. 
Michigan  17th  Regiment,  175. 
Miles,  Dixon  S.,  Colonel,  179. 
Mills,    Theodore  P.,   Lieutenant, 

239. 

Minnigerode,  Reverend  Mr.,  78*. 
Montgomery  Guards,  27. 
Moore,    Warren    G.,   Lieutenant, 

229. 

Moore's  Rebellion  Record,  108. 
Moorehead,  S.  C.,  Corporal,  227. 
Morgan,  John,  General,  246,  251. 
Morrell,  George  W.,  General,  87, 

99,  169. 

Morris,  George  W.,  62. 
Moseby,  Colonel,  225,  227, 
Moulton,  Albert  P.,  Captain,  26, 

225,  229,  254. 
Moulton,  Henry  S.,   Lieutenant, 

134,  194,  229. 

Mulholland,  A.  St.  Clair,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel, 216*. 
Mull,  Edward  K.,  Lieutenant,  133. 
Mulligan,  James  A.,  General,  232. 
M'Call,  George    Archibald,   Gen- 
eral, 24,  25,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36, 
37,  40,  42,  47,  48,  49,  52,  53, 
55,  71,  73,  83,  84,  85,  95,  98, 
99,  100,  102  103,  107,108, 110, 
111,  114,  115,  116,  123,  137. 


M'Calmont,  John  S.,  Colonel,  41, 

49,  53,  55. 

M'Candless,  William,  General,  81, 
82,  104,  154, 159,  210  218, 225, 
226. 
M'Carty,  William,  Lieutenant,  134, 

227,  254. 

M'Caslin,  M.,  Colonel,  238. 
M'Causland,  General,  240,  249. 
M'Clellan,  George  B.,  General,  33, 
35,  36,  46,  48,  50,  53,  63,  64, 
75,  76,  79,  80,  89,  94,  96,  111, 
113,  114,   115,  121,  123.  127, 
130    132,  138,  139,   140,  142, 
144,  168,  171,  172,  177,  179, 
189,  191,  193,  196,  198. 
M'Donough,  Captain,  221. 
M'Dowell,  Irwin,  General,  28,  50, 
64,  67,  68,  72,  78,  80,  142,  144, 
146,  147,  148,  150,  151,  152, 
153,  156,  157,  158,   159,  160, 
169,  171. 
M'Intire,  Henry    M.,  Lieutenant 

Colonel,  79,  110. 
M'Laughlin,    J.   H.,   Lieutenant, 

239. 

M'Law,  General,  174,  179. 
M' Master,  James  E.,  135 
M'Murtrie,    Theodore,   Adjutant, 

104. 

M'Neal,  Hugh  W.,  Colonel,  189. 
M'Pherson,  Edward  H.,  Captain, 

42. 

M'Lean,  160. 

M'Kean,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  82. 
M'Rae,  Colonel,  182. 

N. 
New  Jersey  4th  Regiment,  89,  91. 

"  "  1st  Cavalry,  73. 
Newton,  John,  General,  224. 
New  York,  61st  Regiment,  187. 

"         "      51st         "  188. 

"         "      64th        "  187. 


8 


INDEX. 


New  York  79th  Regiment,  175. 
"         "      153d        "  225. 

New  York  World,  146,  151. 
Nicholson,  Gilbert  F.,  Lieutenant, 

134,  189,  225. 

Niblo,   Frank  M.,    Hospital  Ser- 
geant, 42. 

North  Carolina  1st  Regiment,  84. 
"  «        19th         "          92. 

"  "          7th         "        213. 

«  «        18th         "        213. 

O. 

Ohio  12th  Regiment,  244. 

"    116th        "          233,234. 

"    123d          "          233,  234. 
Oley,  Colonel,  246. 
Ontario  Guards,  21,  27. 
Ord,  E.  O.  C.,  General,  41,  47,  53, 

54,  72,  79*,  235. 
Ord,  Plaeides,  Captain,  41. 
Orr,  Samuel  S.,  Assistant  Surgeon, 
134,  229. 

P. 

Painter,  W.,  Captain,  41. 
Pancoast,    George     L.,    Assistant 

Surgeon,  27. 
Patrick,  General,  153. 
Peck,  John  J.,  General,  222. 
Pelham,  Major,  207*. 
Pender,  General,  208*. 
Pendelton,  General,  192. 
Pennypacker,  N.  A.,  Captain,  255, 

256. 
Pennsylvania  4th  Cavalry,  82,  88, 

102,  110. 
Pennsylvania  6th  Cavalry,  88. 

28th  Regiment,  143. 
"  51st  "         188. 

"  54th          "         254. 

"  81st  "         133. 

114th        "         210. 
"  118th        "133,192. 


Pennsylvania  121st  Infantry,  196, 

199,  224. 
Pennsylvania  142d  Regiment,  196, 

225. 
Pennsylvania     167th     Regiment, 

230. 

Phillips,  Alfred,  46. 
Piatt,  Abraham  S.,  General,  165, 

167. 

Pickett,  General,  91. 
Pierpont,  Francis  H.,  Govern  or,  46. 
Piper,  Doctor,  187. 
Pleasanton,  Alfred,  General,  136, 

173,  174,  181,  188,  222,  227. 
Pollard's  Lost  Cause,  64,  85, 180. 
Pomeroy,  John  J.,  Chaplain,  194, 

218,  247. 
Pomeroy,  John  M.,  Paymaster,  49, 

59,  73,  136,  200. 
Pope,  John,  General,  138, 139, 142, 

143,  145,   146,   147,  148,  149, 

150,  151,  152,  153,  155*,  157, 
158,  163,  165,   167,   168,   169, 
171. 

Porter,  Fitz  John,  General,  50, 
77,  80,  85,  87,  88,  89,  95*,  99, 
lOOf,  102,  115,  117,  119,  120, 
121,  123,  124,  127,  147,  150, 

151,  152,   153,   156,  158,  160, 
161,   162,  165,   168,  169,  170, 
180,  192,  198. 

Potomac  Lodge,  43. 

Prevost,  Colonel,  192. 

Pryor,  Roger  A.,  General,  112. 

R. 

Randall,   Captain,   102,   107,   109, 

111. 
Ransom,   General,   154,  161,    162, 

177,  180,  181,  183,  205,  207. 
Reed,  Thomas  B.,  Surgeon,  69. 
Reno,  Jesse  L.,  General,  146,  147, 

148,  150,   153,   156,  158,    159, 

164,  166.  174,  175,  176. 


INDEX. 


Keserve  1st  Cavalry,  42,  47,49,  51. 

"       1st  Artillery,  42,  47,  49. 

"       1st  Eifles,  41. 

"       1st  Infantry,  154. 

"      2d         "         83,  104,  105, 

144,  154,  156,  176,  206,  214, 

215. 
Reserve  3d  Infantry,  26,  238,  243, 

244,  248,  250,  254. 

Reserve  4th  Infantry,  102,  108, 
209,  214,  233,  238,  243,  244, 

245,  248,  254. 

Reserve  5th  Infantry,  81,  84,  104, 

105,  106. 

Reserve  6th  Infantry,  144,  206. 

"      7th        "         83,  102,  103, 

107,  214,  215,  236. 
Reserve  8th  Infantry,  31,  104,  105, 

106,  147,  209,  214,  236. 
Reserve  9th  Infantry,  104, 106, 206. 

"       10th      "        104,106,205. 
"       llth      "        89,  91. 
"       12th       "        104,  105. 
Reynolds,  John  Fulton,  General, 
41,  47,  49,  55,  73,  75,  78,  79, 
82,  85,  88,  91,   98,   102,   137, 
138,   144,  150,  153,  154,   156, 

158,  159,  160,  161,  162,   163, 
196,  206,  207,  211,  224,  226. 

Rice,  George  J.,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, 134,  229. 

Richards,  Washington,  Captain, 
23,  26,  42,  56,  59,  60,  196,  227. 

Richardson,  Israel  B.,  General,  77, 
187,  188. 

Richmond  Examiner,  86. 

Richmond  Enquirer,  180*. 

Ricketts,  W.  Wallace,  Colonel, 
41. 

Ricketts,  James  B.,  General,  143, 
148,  149,  151,  152,  156,  158, 

159,  160,  167,  181,  182,  184. 
Ringwalt,  Samuel,  Captain,  41,  59. 
Ripley,  R.  S.,  General,  124f,  182. 


Roberts,  Joseph  B.,  Lieutenant, 
26,  52,  59,  111,  132,  194. 

Roberts,  R.  Biddle,  Colonel,  41, 
82,  102,  186,  228, 

Rodman,  Isaac  P.,  General,  175, 
188. 

Rogers,  John,  Commodore,  120. 

Rogers,  R.  S.,  Colonel,  233. 

Rohne,  George  M.,  Lieutenant, 
222,  225,  229. 

Rosecrans,  W.  S.,  General,  241. 

Ross,  Colonel,  227. 

Rosser,  General,  232. 

Roster  of  the  Third  Reserve,  Ap- 
pendix B. 

Ruffin,  Edmund,  Honorable,  135. 

Rodine,  James,  62. 

Rose,  James,  62. 

S. 

Salem  Independents,  26. 
Scammon,    Eliakim   P.,  General, 

146,  237*. 

Scarlet,  Roland  G.,  234. 
Schank,  Adam,  234, 
Scheetz,  Henry  A.,  Lieutenant,  26, 

42,  60,  110. 

Schenck,  Robert  C.,  General,  152. 
Schooler,  Miss,  201. 
Second  Reading  Artillery,  26. 
Secrest,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  54. 
Sedgwick,     John,    General,    136, 

185,  186. 

Seifert,  Frederick  B.,  46. 
Seitzenger,  Amos  N.,  Lieutenant, 

134,  229,  254. 

Setley,  Daniel,  Lieutenant,  229. 
Seward,  William  H.,   Honorable, 

50,  72. 
Seymour,  Truman,  General,  79,  85, 

95.  98,  102,105,  106,  111,  118, 

130,  132,  133,   144,  154,    161, 

162,   163,   176,  181,  182,   183, 

184,  186,  187,  199. 


10 


INDEX. 


Sharp,  A.  Brady,  Lieutenant,  41. 
Shelmire,  John  H.,  Colonel,  73. 
Sheridan,  Philip  H.,  General,  225*. 
Sherman,  William  Tecumseh,  86. 
Shields,  General,  72. 
Shilling,    Jacob    V.,  Lieutenant, 

134,  194,  217. 

Sickle,  Horatio  Gages,  General,  21, 
23,  26,  27,  29,  33,  35,  41,  42, 
43,  69,  77,  81,  82,  83,  89,  103, 
108,  118,  120,  122,  130,  133, 

135,  144,   147,   155,  164,  172, 
194,   199,  209,  210,   218,  222, 
224,   225,  226,  231,  236,   238, 
243,  244,   245,  249,  250,  254, 
255*. 

Sigel,  Franz,  General,  143, 145, 146, 
150,  152,  153,  156,  199,  236, 
248,  249. 

Simmons,  Seneca  G.,  Colonel,  37, 
41,81,82,91,  104,  105,  111. 

Simpson,   James  H.,  Colonel,  89. 

Simpson,  Captain,  205,  206,  207. 

Sinclair,  William,  General,  199, 
218. 

Salm  Salm,  Felix.  Colonel  Prince, 
72. 

Slough,  John  P.,  General,  225. 

Slocum,  H.  W.,  General,  89. 

Smead,  Captain,  82. 

Smith,  John,  Captain,  73. 

Smith,  H.  H.,  Surgeon-General, 
36. 

Smith,  P.  I.,  Captain,  21,  23. 

Smith,  William  F.,  General,  40,  45, 
47,  50,  224. 

South  Carolina  6th  Regiment,  54, 
55. 

Spackman,  Thomas  C.,  Lieuten- 
ant, 230. 

Spear,  Henry  S.,  Lieutenant,  41. 

Stanton,  David,  Surgeon,  51. 

Stanton,  John,  Capt.,  26,  136,  230. 

Stark,  General,  182. 


Staub,  Florentine  H.,  Captain,  26, 

49,  134,  189,  194. 
Stetson,  Andrew  Jackson,  Captain, 

49,  79, 134,  194. 

Stephens,  Isaac  J.,  General,  166. 
Steward,  Samuel  S.,   Lieutenant, 

41. 
Stocker,  Anthony  E.,  Surgeon,  41, 

42. 

Stone,  Roy,  Colonel,  81,  82,  103. 
Stone,  Thomas  C.,  62. 
Stoneman,  George,  General,   126, 

211. 

Stout,  Charles  W.,  Sergeant,  227. 
Strong,  H.  L.,  42. 
Stuart,  J.  E.  B.,  General,  54,  94, 

143,  146,  173,  180,  192,  193. 
Sturges,  General,  175. 
Sumner,  Edwin  V.,  General,  64, 

78*,  97,  102,  120,  123,165.168, 

181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 199, 

203,  206,  220,  224. 
Sutton,  Harry  W.,  Captain,  194, 

229. 

Swearenger,  Adjutant,  147. 
Sweet,  Abel  T.,  Captain,  254. 
Synnamon,  Thomas,  239. 
Sykes,    George,    General,   88,  99, 

163,  169. 
Sydney,  W.  B.,  79. 

T. 

Taggart,  John  H.,  Colonel,  41,  53, 
54,  82,  83,  85,  102,  104,  106. 

Taliaferro,  General,  208,  213,  214. 

Talley,  General,  210. 

Tapper,  Thomas  F.  B.,  Colonel, 
108,  231,  248. 

Taylor,  George  W.,  General,  146. 

Taylor,  J.  H.,  Colonel,  54,  224. 

Taylor,  Doctor,  206. 

Tatnall,  Commodore,  141*. 

Thomas,  Joseph,  Captain,  26,  111, 
133,213. 


INDEX. 


11 


Thomas,  Lorenzo,  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral, 36,  208. 

Thompson,  William  S.,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  23,  26,  27,  42,  43,  45, 
69,  77,  110,  130,  133. 

Tillapaugh,  James  M.,  Captain,  41. 

Toombs,  Eobert,  General,  188. 

Tomlinson,  A.  A.,  Colonel,  240. 

Trego,  Howard,  Doctor,  136. 

Trego,  William,  Doctor,  136. 

Tressel,  Franklin,  Corporal,  136. 

Trimble,  J.  R.,  General,  122*,  146. 

Trimer,  Elwood,  79. 

Tripp,  Henry  C.,  Sergeant,  42,  227. 

Towers,  160. 

U. 

Uncle  Ben,  61. 
Union  Kifles,  26. 
United  States  1st  Cavalry,  88. 
"  5th      "      88. 

"  Battery  B,  5th  Ar- 

tillery, 234. 
Upjohn,  Charles,  215. 
Unruh,  George  W.,  Sergeant,  136. 

V. 

Van  Eenssellear,  Colonel,  237*. 
Verdigan,  Lieutenant,  237*. 
Virginia  7th  Regiment,  104. 

"   9ih    "    103. 

"   llth   "     54. 

"   14th   «     91. 

"   15th   "    250. 

"   16th   "    241. 

"   17th   "    104,  129, 
178. 

"   18th  Cavalry,  136. 

"   19th   "   252. 

"   47th   "   110,201. 

"   60th   "   243. 

W. 

Walker,  Colonel,  207. 
Walker,  W.  H.  J.,  General,  172, 179. 


Warren,  Fitz  Henry,  General,  117. 
Walters,  Michael,  Lieutenant,  134, 

217,  227. 

Weighter,  Frank,  67. 
Walters,  Miss  Marietta,  60. 
Ward,  General,  211. 
Washington  Guards,  26. 
Washington,  Mary,  73. 
Watmough,  William  H.,  Captain, 

41. 

Welch,  Stanton  A.,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, 229. 
West  Virginia  5th  Regiment,  240, 

245. 
West  Virginia  llth  Regiment,  238, 

244. 
West  Virginia  15th  Regiment,  238, 

245,  255. 

White,  Carr  B.,  Colonel,  244. 
Whiting,  George  C.,  42. 
Whitings,  General,  121. 
Whittee,  Peter  W.,  52. 
Wilcox,  0.  B.,  General,  113,  175. 
Williams,  General,  184,  185,  192. 
Winder,  C.  S.,  General,  143. 
Wise,    Henry    A.,    General,    114, 

237*. 
Woodward,  E.  M.,  Captain,  21,  23, 

26,  82. 

Woodward,  G.  A.,  Captain,  21,  23, 

26. 
Woolworth,  Rich'd  H.,  Colonel,  26, 

27,  209,   231,    233,   238,   245, 
247. 

Wonderly  David,  Captain,  27,  35, 

230. 

Worstall,  George,  137. 
Woodberry,  Colonel,  84. 

Y. 

Yardley,      Strickland,      Quarter- 
master, 26,  49,  194,  229. 
Yeich,  John  R.,  136,  234. 
Young,  Mr.,  25. 


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